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DOE OSTI2025

National serosurvey and risk mapping reveal widespread distribution of Coxiella burnetii in Kenya

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an emerging pathogen that has the potential to cause severe chronic infections in animals and humans worldwide. The detrimental impact on public health is projected to be higher in the low- and middle-income countries given their lower capacity to sustain effective surveillance and response measures. We implemented a national serosurvey of cattle in Kenya to map the spatial distribution of the pathogen. The study used serum samples that were collected from randomly selected cattle in different ago-ecological zones across the country. These samples were screened for the pathogen using PrioCHECK Ruminant Q Fever AB Plate ELISA kit. The laboratory findings were analyzed using INLA package to identify risk factors for C. burnetii exposure from herd- and animal-level factors, area, and bioclimatic datasets accessed from online databases. A total of 6,593 cattle were recruited for the study; of these, 7.9% (95% CI; 7.2–8.5) were seropositive. Outputs from the multivariable analysis revealed that the animal age and some of the geographical variables including wind speed, area under shrubs and “petric calcisols” type of soil were significantly associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. Being a calf, weaner or subadult was associated with lower odds of exposure compared to being an adult by 0.24 (credibility interval: 2.5% and 97.5%), 0.41 (0.30–0.55) and 0.51 (0.38–0.69), respectively. In addition, a unit increase in the wind speed increased the odds of C. burnetii seropositivity by 1.27 (1.05–1.52) while an increase on the land area under shrubs was associated with lower odds of exposure (0.67 [0.47–0.69]). The effect of petric calcisols was non-linear; an increase of the land area with this soil type was associated with an exponential increase in C. burnetii seropositivity. This study provides new data on C. burnetii seroprevalence, information of its risk factors and a prevalence map that can be used for C. burnetii risk surveillance and control. The identification of environmental risk factors for C. burnetii exposure, and the increasing awareness of the zoonotic potential of the pathogen, calls for the need to enhance the existing collaborations for the surveillance and control of C. burnetii in line with the One Health framework. The evidence generated on the potential role of environmental factors can also be used to design nature-based interventions, such as replacement of vegetation in denuded areas, to reduce potential for the aerosolization of the pathogen. Livestock vaccination in the hotspots would also reduce animal infections and hence the contamination of the environment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Seismic Tomographic Modeling of the Crust and Upper Mantle beneath Israel and the Middle East: Improved Resolution through Optimized Model Parameterization

Accurate regional seismic travel-time (RSTT) predictions rely on regional phases (e.g., Pg, Lg, Pn, Sn ) to account for 3D effects in the crust and upper mantle that are not captured by 1D models traditionally used for real-time location. The RSTT prediction model accounts for regional-scale crust and upper mantle structure globally by incorporating regional seismic phases into its travel-time calculations. Previous versions of the RSTT model have used a constant grid cell size of 1°. To improve the tomographic accuracy of recovering velocity structure at regional scales, we, in this study, perform data-driven grid refinement on the RSTT model down to a 0.125° grid (~14 km) in pursuit of two main goals: (1) to test the limits of RSTT capability and accuracy of determined velocity structure through variable grid refinement and (2) to image smaller structures in Israel and the Middle East and illuminate upper mantle dynamics operating in this complex tectonic area. We investigate the effects of model parameterization as grid cell size decreases and the trade-offs between recovered velocity structures. Our final dataset includes 4751 events and 499 stations that recorded 79,344 Pn and 7489 Pg . The variable grid refinement method allows recovery of finer-scale velocity structures and reduces travel-time residuals in areas with the highest data coverage. At smaller grid cell sizes, longer paths need to be upweighted to stabilize the inversion. Results illuminate tectonic features undefined in coarser grid-size models; in particular, we observe mantle perturbations related to the subduction zone around the Cyprian arc and crustal anomalies near the Dead Sea fault and throughout the Anatolian plate.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

CFD Modeling of High-Flux Plate-and-Frame Membrane modules for industrial carbon capture

In this work, we explore the use of CO2-selective flat sheet membranes for capturing CO2 from point sources. We employ Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models to design high-flux plate-and-frame membrane modules to achieve uniform flow distribution among membrane elements, minimize dead-end zones, and ease the common concentration polarization issue for gas separation membranes. The goal is to drive membrane technology improvements by providing better module designs for given membrane properties and operating conditions.

Dosso, Cheick↗

DOE OSTI2024

CFD Modeling of High-Flux Plate-and-Frame Membrane Modules for Industrial Carbon Capture

Dosso, Cheick↗

DOE OSTI2024

CFD modeling of high-flux plate-and-frame membrane modules for industrial carbon capture

Dosso, Cheick↗

DOE OSTI2023

Cascadia Subduction Zone Fault Heterogeneities From Newly Detected Small Magnitude Earthquakes

The Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) is known to host M9 megathrust ruptures; however, no such event has occurred in historical observation. The distribution and characteristics of small- to moderate-sized earthquakes can be used to determine the behavior of the megathrust fault but are notably absent offshore the CSZ due to the distance from onshore seismometers. We use automated subspace detection coupled with an onshore-offshore seismic deployment to find small-magnitude earthquakes in the offshore seismogenic zone and analyze their locations in the context of interseismic locking and seismogenic zone extent. Here we detected and located 5,282 earthquakes, 4,096 of which had been previously undetected. We find that the downdip extent of the seismogenic zone as defined by interplate seismicity agrees with the 20% locking contour of the Schmalzle et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GC005172) geodetic model and extends deeper than predicted by previous thermal models. We cannot determine the updip extent of the seismogenic zone; this may be due to a lack of templates for detection in the updip source area, stress shadows updip of asperity loading, and/or strong locking to the trench. We present a map of possible asperities determined by the small earthquakes in this study. Our asperity locations and extents show some, but not complete, agreement with the asperities modeled from the 1700 M9 rupture and geodetic locking models, and good agreement with the paleo-rupture extents determined from offshore turbidites and forearc basin-based asperity estimates. This highlights the need of continued offshore observations over time, and to elucidate fine-scale variation in locking.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Room temperature corrosion behaviour of plastically deformed AISI 304 stainless steel by friction stir welding in neutral and acidified chloride solutions

Severe plastic deformation of 304L stainless steel plate was carried out by friction stirring under an isothermal tool temperature at 825°C. The friction stirred zone showed extensive grain refinement, high fraction of low angle grain boundaries due to dislocation rearrangement, Σ3 and Σ9 special grain boundaries and discrete Fe–Cr–Mn-rich particles. Electrochemical polarisation measurements were done on the base metal (BM) and friction stir welded (FSW) specimens in the neutral and acidified 3.5% NaCl solutions. The BM showed marginally better pitting resistance in the neutral chloride solution than the FSW because of a larger fraction of special grain boundaries, and larger grain size. Whereas in acidified 3.5% NaCl solution, the FSW showed better corrosion resistance than the BM. Furthermore, the surface film of the FSW had a lower impedance and a lower defect concentration than the BM indicating higher diffusivity of point defects in the FSW.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Electrical Conductivity and Sound Velocities of Talc Under High Pressure and High Temperature Conditions and Application to the Subducting Cocos Plate

Talc is expected to be an important water carrier in Earth's upper mantle, and understanding its electrical and seismic properties under high pressure and temperature conditions is required to detect possible talc-rich regions in subduction zones imaged using geophysical observations. Here, we conducted acoustic and electrical experiments on natural talc aggregates at relevant pressure-temperature conditions. Compressional wave velocity (V p ) was measured using ultrasonic interferometry in a Paris-Edinburgh press at pressures up to 3.4 GPa and temperatures up to 873 K. Similar Vp values are obtained regardless of the initial crystallographic preferred orientation of the samples, which can be explained by talc grain reorientation during the experiment, with the (001) plane becoming perpendicular to the uniaxial compression axis. Electrical conductivity of the same starting material was determined using impedance spectroscopy in a multi-anvil press up to 6 GPa and 1263 K. Two conductivity jumps are observed, at ∼860–1025 K and ∼940–1080 K, depending on pressure, and interpreted as talc dehydroxylation and decomposition, respectively. Electrical anisotropy is observed at low temperature and decreases with increasing pressure (∼10 at 1.5 GPa and ∼2 at 3.5 GPa). Comparison of acoustic and electrical results with geophysical observations in central Mexico supports the presence of a talc-bearing layer atop the subducted Cocos plate.

Cocos plate↗

DOE OSTI2026

Comprehensive earthquake catalogue update and spatiotemporal distribution analysis for Iraq and surrounding regions, northeastern Arabian Plate

The updated earthquake catalogue for Iraq covers the period from 1900 to the end of 2021 and includes over 37 000 recorded earthquakes. To create this comprehensive catalogue, five key steps were taken: compiling bulletins, calculating moment magnitudes, harmonizing magnitudes, establishing empirical conversion relations and evaluating the completeness of the catalogue. A notable enhancement in this update is the direct calculation of moment magnitudes for approximately 2800 earthquakes, achieved through the coda envelope technique and waveform data from the Mesopotamian Seismological Network (MPSN) in Iraq. This updated catalogue serves as a valuable resource for examining the spatiotemporal distribution of earthquakes, with respect to earthquake density, maximum moment magnitude and seismogenic depths. Additionally, the Gutenberg–Richter relationship was applied to calculate the a- and b-values specific to Iraq. The findings show that the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt has a seismogenic layer (source) that ranges from 2 to 33 km deep and experiences high seismic activity. In contrast, the Mesopotamian Foredeep has a seismogenic layer ranging from 1 to 25 km deep and has lower seismic activity. The greatest seismic activity is concentrated around the Mandili-Badra-Teeb fault, which has experienced significant ruptures over time. The Outer Arabian Platform is identified as the main area of seismic activity, while additional activity occurs on the Inner Arabian Platform. Three major tectonic boundaries define the distribution of earthquakes in the northeastern Arabian Plate. These boundaries are defined by the Main Zagros Reverse Fault, the Zagros Foredeep Fault and the Anah Graben and Abu Jir-Euphrates Fault Zone. These boundaries highlight variations in seismicity levels and the spatial distribution of deformation in the region. The updated earthquake catalogue presented in this study is expected to play a vital role in regional seismicity assessments and seismic hazard analyses for Iraq and its surrounding areas.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Experimental and Computational Studies of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloys 308/309 and 82/182 Weldments in Corrosive and Radiation Environment

The goal of the project was to determine factors that influence SCC and IASCC in weldments found in LWR nuclear power plants. We focused on a SA508-304L SS weldment fabricated by EPRI using gas tungsten arc welding and used an aggressive BWR normal water chemistry (NWC) immersion environment. This weldment used 309L butter and 308L groove filler material. The microstructure of the 309L butter was non-uniform, exhibiting a 20–30μm thick martensitic layer closest to the SA508 interface, a 1–4 mm thick single γ austenite phase dilution zone, and a γ–δ duplex region extending to the 308L groove filler. The 308L groove filler had an entirely γ–δ duplex microstructure. Two approximately 1-inch thick 304L and SA508 plates approximately 12 by 6 square inches were joined using standard nuclear grade welding techniques. This included a post weld heat treatment of the 309L butter after application, a 0.32 cm fit-up root opening, and 57 bead lines of 308L groove filler applied in 18 layers. A 60 degree weld bevel angle was used and the 309L butter was 1.5 cm thick. Displacement cascade damage was induced using proton irradiation at the Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory. The incident proton energy was 2 MeV, the sample temperature was 360 ºC, and the calculated dpa value at 10 μm (60% of the Bragg peak depth of ~18 μm) was 5 dpa using the quick Kinchin-Pease model. Proton irradiation to this damage level required approximately 125 hours of beam time. Two types of samples were irradiated, tensile specimens and TEM bars. Samples were selected from all regions of the weldment, including the SA508-309L butter interface, the 309L-308L interface, and 308L-304L interface. The stainless steel alloys (304L, 308L, and 309L) within the heat affected zone are characterized by a duplex skeletal morphology of δ-ferrite and γ-austenite resulting from the recrystallization associated with weld fabrication. Approximately 7 to 8 mm of length along the specimen was irradiated. The gauge volume surfaces were mechanically polished and then electro-polished to remove mechanical damage from the mechanical polishing step prior to irradiation. Immersion tests were performed in a recirculating autoclave under BWR NWC conditions (2000 ppb wt. dissolved oxygen, neutral pH, 288 ºC, 10 MPa, and inlet water conductivity <100 nS/cm) to accelerate corrosion. Constant strain rate tests were performed either to failure or to approximately 5% strain. Strain rates of 10 -7 to 10 -6 mm/mm/s were used and typical immersion testing required four to six weeks to achieve failure or strains near 5%. Analysis primarily used advanced electron microscopy techniques of FIB lift out specimens.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2021

The Indian Ocean, its supra-subduction history, and implications for ophiolites

We report Ophiolite complexes represent fragments of ocean crust and mantle formed at spreading centers and emplaced on land. The setting of their origin, whether at mid-ocean ridges, back-arc basins, or forearc basins has been debated. Geochemical classification of many ophiolite extrusive rocks reflect an approach interpreting their tectonic environment as the same as rocks with similar compositions formed in various modern oceanic settings. This approach has pointed to the formation of many ophiolitic extrusive rocks in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) environment. Paradoxically, structural and stratigraphic evidence suggests that many apparent SSZ-produced ophiolite complexes are more consistent with mid-ocean ridge settings. Compositions of lavas in the southeastern Indian Ocean resemble those of modern SSZ environments and SSZ ophiolites, although Indian Ocean lavas clearly formed in a mid-ocean ridge setting. These facts suggest that an interpretation of the tectonic environment of ophiolite formation based solely on their geochemistry may be unwarranted. New seismic images revealing extensive Mesozoic subduction zones beneath the southern Indian Ocean provide one mechanism to explain this apparent paradox. Cenozoic mid-ocean-ridge–derived ocean floor throughout the southern Indian Ocean apparently formed above former sites of subduction. Compositional remnants of previously subducted mantle in the upper mantle were involved in generation of mid-ocean ridge lavas. The concept of historical contingency may help resolve the ambiguity on understanding the environment of origin of ophiolites. Many ophiolites with “SSZ” compositions may have formed in a mid-ocean ridge setting such as the southeastern Indian Ocean.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Evaluation of Physical Microphysical Property Retrieval Algorithms During the 2020 IMPACTS Field Campaign

The NASA Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign provides high-quality, high-altitude aircraft lidar (532 nm), radar (W-band) and in-cloud microphysical aircraft data taken during wintertime storm events impacting the United States. This study evaluates two mass-dimensional relationships (Brown and Francis (1995, BF95); Heymsfield (2014, H14) and two lidar-radar microphysical retrieval algorithms (Cloudsat and CALIPSO Ice Cloud Property Product (2C-ICE); VarPy (a variational method derived from the satellite lidar-radar data community)) to estimate aircraft-retrieved volume extinction coefficient (σ), ice water content (IWC), and effective radius (r e ) during the 2020 IMPACTS deployment. BF95 and H14 have a close 1:1 correlation (R 2 = 0.98) with in-situ observations of σ. However, only BF95 displays a linear, consistent, and almost temperature-independent low bias for IWC and r e , which likely arises from the environmental conditions used to determine each. Unlike the field-campaign-derived BF95 and H14 relationships, VarPy and 2C-ICE directly ingest the aircraft-based lidar and radar data to simulate σ, IWC, and r e . For all three microphysical parameters, VarPy and 2C-ICE retrieval errors became notably more pronounced around the dendritic growth zone (-15°C to -10°C) and near freezing (≥-5°C), which suggests that both algorithms experience difficulty addressing riming and aggregation processes and with larger particles (dendrites and plates) due in part to their simplified ice particle assumptions. However, the mean-melt diameter ice-particle assumption did yield more accurate IWC estimates, which led to slightly better overall results for VarPy.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Frictional and Lithological Controls on Shallow Slow Slip at the Northern Hikurangi Margin

Slow slip events (SSEs) have been identified at subduction zones globally as an important link in the continuum between elastodynamic ruptures and stable creep. The northern Hikurangi margin is home to shallow SSEs which propagate to within 2 km of the seafloor and possibly to the trench, providing insights into the physical conditions conducive to SSE behavior. We report on a suite of friction experiments performed on protolith material entering the SSE source region at the Hikurangi margin, collected during the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 375. We performed velocity stepping and slide-hold-slide experiments over a range of fault slip rates, from plate rate (5 cm/yr or 1.6 × 10 –9 m/s) to ~1 mm/s (10 –3 m/s) and quantified the frictional velocity dependence and healing rates for a range of lithologies atdifferent stresses. The frictional velocity dependence (a-b) and critical slip distance DC increase with fault slip rate in our experiments. We observe atransition from velocity weakening to strengthening at slip rates of ~0.3 µm/s. This velocity dependence of DC could be due to a combination of dilatant strengthening and a widening of the active shear zone at higher slip rates. We document low healing rates in the clay-rich volcaniclastic conglomerates, which lie above the incoming plate basement at least locally, and relatively higher healing rates in the chalk lithology. Finally, our experimental constraints on healing rates in different input lithologies extrapolated to timescales of 1–10 years are consistent with the geodetically inferred low stress drops and healing rates characteristic of the Hikurangi SSEs.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

First snowflake divertor experiments in MAST-U tokamak

First snowflake (SF) divertor experiments in the MAST-U tokamak demonstrated steady-state snowflake-plus divertor configurations in 450 kA ohmic L-mode plasmas. The SF divertor configuration features a second poloidal field (PF) null in the divertor region close by or overlapping with the main X-point. The resulting low PF region and two additional divertor legs (strike points) may lead to additional power and particle flux sharing via a hypothesized convective cell, and increased plasma-wetted area and radiation. The free-boundary Grad–Shafranov equilibrium code FIESTA was used to design SF configurations with several inter-null distances and orientations. In the experiment, the SF configurations with inter-null distances 0.13–0.20 m and lasting 0.2–0.3 s were obtained. Parallel connection lengths between the midplane and the outer strike point in the SF configurations (evaluated at field lines 1–2 mm from the separatrix in the midplane) were 25–30 m, higher than in the standard divertor (20–25 m) or the Super-X divertor (25 m). Diagnostic measurements highlighted salient SF features. The infra-red video bolometer diagnostic showed that the radiated power peaking in the PF null region was not as pronounces as in the standard divertor. Divertor ion fluxes measured by target Langmuir probes showed increased ion flux in the plate region where a secondary SF strike point landed, concomitantly with the SF formation. These measurements may suggest that some particle and heat redistribution was taking place in the convective SF zone. The first SF experiments provide a basis for future SF studies in MAST-U tokamak with higher input power, improved plasma control and diagnostic measurements, to be compared with the modeling predictions of plasma convective SF mixing and lower density strike point detachment threshold.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

In Situ Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Laser-Remelted Al-Si Alloys: Towards Enhanced Additive Manufacturing

Laser surface remelting of aluminum alloys has emerged as a promising technique to enhance mechanical properties through refined microstructures. This process involves rapid cooling rates ranging from 10 3 to 10 8 °C/s, which increase solid solubility within aluminum alloys, shifting their eutectic composition to a larger value of silicon content. Consequently, the resulting microstructure combines a strengthened aluminum matrix with silicon fibers. This study focuses on the laser scanning of Al-Si aluminum alloy to reduce the size of aluminum matrix spacings and transform fibrous silicon particles from micrometer to nanometer dimensions. Analysis revealed that the eutectic structure contained 17.55% silicon by weight, surpassing the equilibrium eutectic composition of 12.6% silicon. Microstructure dimensions within the molten zones, termed ‘melt pools’, were extensively examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at intervals of approximately 20 μm from the surface. A notable increase in hardness, exceeding 50% compared to the base plate, was observed in the melt pool regions. Thus, it is exemplified that laser surface remelting introduces a novel strengthening mechanism in the alloy. Moreover, this study develops an in situ method for predicting melt pool properties and dimensions. A predictive model is proposed, correlating energy density and spectral signals emitted during laser remelting with mechanical properties and melt pool dimensions. This method significantly reduces characterization time from days to seconds, offering a streamlined approach for future studies in additive manufacturing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Magnetostrictive EMAT for Nuclear Spent Fuel Canisters

One approach for mitigation of stainless steel (SS) spent fuel canisters (SFCs) is to coat the welds or even the entire SFC with a cold-sprayed nickel coating. The coating can serve as a magnetostrictive interface between an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) and the SS plate material. The EMAT can send ultrasound into the canister and “listen” for reflections caused by chloride-initiated stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) or other damage mechanisms that may lead to leaks if undetected and unmitigated. Here, this project outlines an approach for monitoring the integrity of SFCs using magnetostrictive EMAT sensors, which emit and detect discontinuity-initiated reflections indicative of pits or cracks likely arising from CISCC. Flat 13 mm SS plates with welds similar to actual canister welds were prepared, with flat-bottom holes 3 mm and 6 mm deep and 6 mm in diameter placed within the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ). The most effective sensor configurations were able to detect critical discontinuities more than 2 m away. Although a single sensor could be robotically deployed, the large volume covered by each sensor could support a small number of permanently mounted sensors, equipped with an external connector for periodic interrogation. The HAZ of a hypothetical SFC cylindrical surface could be effectively monitored with just 16 sensors.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of residual stresses in isothermal friction stir welded 304L stainless steel plates

Friction stir welding was performed on 304L SS plates in order to heal simulated cracks created by electrical discharge machining. Two different tool temperatures (825 and 725 °C) were chosen for this study. Both neutron diffraction and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to evaluate the residual stresses along two orthogonal reference directions, longitudinal (syy) and transverse (sxx). The former technique was also used to measure residual stresses at various depths. It was found that, at 1 mm depth from the top surface inside the stir zone (SZ), the longitudinal component was tensile in nature while the transverse component was compressive. The nature and magnitude of the residual stress fields, and the position of the peak residual stresses were found to vary with the weld depth. The SZ of the 725 °C weld exhibited higher peak stress than 825 °C weld mainly due to a lack of stress relief at the lower temperature.

Friction stir welding, Steel↗

DOE OSTI2022

Laser ablation for structuring Li-ion electrodes for fast charging and its impact on material properties, rate capability, Li plating, and wetting

Laser ablation is a scalable technique for decreasing the effective tortuosity of electrodes by selectively removing material with high precision. Applied to ≈ 110 um thick electrode coatings, this work focuses on understanding the impact of laser ablation on electrode material properties at the beginning of life and synergistic impacts of ablated channels on cell performance throughout their cycle life. Post laser ablation, local changes in chemistry, crystallography, and morphology of the laser-impacted electrode regions are investigated. It is shown that femtosecond pulsed laser ablation can achieve high-rate material removal with minor material damage locally at the interface of the impacted zones. The capacity achieved during a 6C (10 min) constant-current constant-voltage charge to 4.2 V improved from 1 mAh cm -2 for the non-ablated electrodes to almost 2 mAh cm -2 for the ablated electrodes. This benefit is attributed to a synergistic effect of enhanced wetting and decreased electrode tortuosity. The benefit was maintained for over 120 cycles, and upon disassembly decreased Li-plating on the graphite anode was observed. Finally, multi-physics modeling in conjunction with wetting analyses showed that laser ablating either one of the electrodes led to substantial improvements in wetting and rate capability, indicating that substantial performance benefits can be achieved by ablating only the graphite anode as apposed to both electrodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗