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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 721 records · Page 40
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NASA NTRS1975

Magnetochemistry of the Apollo landing sites

A coherent magnetochemical picture of lunar samples is presented which was determined from a synthesis of available magnetic-property data and corresponding chemical and petrographic data for soils and rock samples collected at the Apollo landing sites. The magnetic properties of the samples are correlated with Al/Si ratio as well as with telescope spectral reflectivity curves, and magnetochemical diagrams based on composition-sensitive magnetic parameters describing the Fe metal and Fe(2+) contents are used to classify the samples. It is shown that the relative metal-fraction size distribution and magnetic stability for different rock types and soils of varying Al/Si values are reflected in a plot of the ratio of saturation isothermal remanence to saturation magnetization vs the ratio of remanent coercive force to coercive force. It is concluded that all the Apollo landing sites have distinct telescope curves correlated with petrology, chemistry, Al/Si values, and magnetic properties. The established correlations suggest the possibility of estimating the magnetic properties of the regolith from remote-sensing observations.

Wasilewski, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Lunar glass compositions - Apollo 16 core sections 60002 and 60004

Approximately 500 glasses between 1 mm and 125 microns in size have been analyzed from fourteen samples from the Apollo 16 core sections 60002 and 60004. The majority of glasses have compositions comparable to those found in previous studies of lunar surface soils; however, two new and distinct glass compositions that are probably derived in part from mare material occur in the core samples. The major glass composition in all samples is that of Highland Basalt glass, but it also appears that high-K Fra Mauro Basalt (KREEP) glass is more common at the Apollo 16 site than was previously thought. The relative abundance of glasses within the core samples is random in distribution: each sample is characterized by a particular assemblage and distribution of the constituent glass compositions.

Meyer, H. O. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Geologic setting of Boulder 1, Station 2, Apollo 17 landing site

Boulder 1 at Station 2 is one of three boulders sampled by Apollo 17 at the base of the South Massif, which rises 2.3 km above the floor of a linear valley interpreted as a graben formed by deformation related to the southern Serenitatis impact. The boulders probably rolled from the upper part of the massif after emplacement of the light mantle. The massif exposures are suggested to represent the upper part of thick ejecta deposited by the southern Serenitatis impact near the rim of the transient cavity. The ring structure of the southern Serenitatis basin and the radial grabens that give the massifs definition were imposed on this ejecta at a slightly later stage in the basin-forming process. There is no clear-cut compositional, textural, or photogeological evidence that Imbrium ejecta was collected at the Apollo 17 site.

Wolfe, E. W.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Pulmonary function evaluation during the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz missions

Previous experience during Apollo postflight exercise testing indicated no major changes in pulmonary function. Pulmonary function has been studied in detail following exposure to hypoxic and hyperoxic normal gravity environments, but no previous study has reported on men exposed to an environment that was both normoxic at 258 torr total pressure and at null gravity as encountered in Skylab. Forced vital capacity (FVC) was measured during the preflight and postflight periods of the Skylab 2 mission. Inflight measurements of vital capacity (VC) were obtained during the last 2 weeks of the second manned mission (Skylab 3). More detailed pulmonary function screening was accomplished during the Skylab 4 mission. The primary measurements made during Skylab 4 testing included residual volume determination (RV), closing volume (CV), VC, FVC and its derivatives. In addition, VC was measured in flight at regular intervals during the Skylab 4 mission. Vital capacity was decreased slightly (-10%) in flight in all Skylab 4 crewmen. No major preflight-to-postflight changes were observed. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) crewmen were studied using equipment and procedures similar to those employed during Skylab 4. Postflight evaluation of the ASTP crewmen was complicated by their inadvertent exposure to nitrogen tetroxide gas fumes upon reentry.

Sawin, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Local lunar topography from the Apollo 17 ALSE radar imagery and altimetry

The Apollo 17 ALSE (Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment) VHF radar provided imagery and continuous profiling data around the moon during two revolutions. The imagery data are used to derive depth and diameter measurements of small craters (diameters less than 30 km). The profiling data are used to study the topography of a few large craters: the bulged floors in Hevelius, Neper, and Aitken; central peaks in Neper and Buisson; and the depressed floor of Maraldi. The same data provided accurate (better than 25 m) profiles of Mare Crisium and Mare Serenitatis.

Elachi, C.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Nuclear emulsion measurements of the dose contribution from tissue disintegration stars on the Apollo-Soyuz mission

A total of 996 disintegration stars were prong-counted in two 100 micron llford K.2 emulsions from the dosimeter of the Docking Pilot on Apollo-Soyuz. The change of slope of the distribution at a prong number of about 6 or 7 indicates 219 stars as originating in gelatin. Applying the QF values set forth in official regulations to the energy spectra of the proton and a alpha prongs of the gelatin stars leads to a tissue star dose of 7.8 millirad or 45 millirem. The quoted values do not include the dose contribution from star-produced neutrons since neutrons do not leave visible prongs in emulsion. Nuclear theory, in good agreement with measurements of galactic radiation in the earth's atmosphere, indicates that the dose equivalent from neutrons is about equal to the one from all ionizing secondaries of stars. Application of this proposition to the star prong spectrum found on Apollo-Soyuz would set the total tissue star dose for the mission at approximately 90 millirem.

Schaefer, H. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The Apollo program

The Apollo program was designed to land men on the moon and return them safely to earth. The Apollo lunar missions were informally divided into series, each series having similar spacecraft configurations, number of experiments, and complexity of tasks. Specific information on these missions is given.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1976

Apollo-Soyuz experiments summary

The science and technology program conducted by the Apollo crew during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project consisted of 28 separate experiments including five conducted jointly with the Soyuz crew. Experiments were classified in the broad categories of space sciences (astronomy and earth studies), life sciences (particle radiation effects on living cells, the human immune system, and the vestibular system), and materials processing (electrophoresis and solid processing). Experimental designs and results are summarized.

Giuli, R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Crater clusters and light mantle at the Apollo 17 site - A result of secondary impact from Tycho

The morphologies of Tycho secondary craters and their ejecta deposits were studied using full-moon, Lunar-Orbiter, and Apollo panoramic photographs. These data were compared with similar data for the secondary craters and light mantle of the Apollo 17 landing site. The results indicate that (1) the central crater cluster and the light mantle can be attributed to Tycho, (2) the dominant mechanism for emplacement of the light mantle was impact by secondary craters that threw material across the valley floor, and (3) level sheets of material may be emplaced locally by secondary impact. Analysis of returned samples confirms that secondary impacts rework mostly local material.

Lucchitta, B. K.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Early results of the ionospheric experiment of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

A description is presented of a spacecraft-to-spacecraft Doppler-tracking experiment which was performed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory on the occasion of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The experiment involved the measurement of the relative velocity between the ASTP docking module and the Apollo command service module by a Doppler-tracking method. The objectives of the ionospheric experiment include the measurement of the time changes of the columnar electron content between the two spacecraft. The obtained data can provide a basis for the determination of the horizontal gradients of electron density at the height of 220 km.

Grossi, M. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Extralunar sulfur in Apollo 16 and 17 lunar fines

An evaluation of Apollo 16 and 17 lunar fines data by the use of mixing models demonstrates evidence of extralunar sulfur in the fines. Fines are enriched in sulfur with respect to their component rocks. The enrichment of sulfur in 25 Apollo 16 and 17 fines samples shows a positive correlation with a CC-1 like meteoritic component as estimated from siderophilic element concentrations. Mixing models were calculated with variations in mare basalt sulfur concentration values to account for possible variability in mare basalt contribution due to reduction and sulfur loss during flow implacement. Implantation of sulfur by meteoritic processes provides a source for sulfur during regolith maturation and a mechanism for exposure related enrichment in S-34.

Cripe, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Variations in chemical composition of Apollo 15 mare basalts

Chemical analyses of 30 different Apollo 15 mare basalts were examined to evaluate the effects of closure on the pearson moment correlation coefficient. It is shown possible to describe the Apollo 15 mare basalts in terms of an opaque, an olivine/pyroxene, an anorthite, and a KREEP component, if significant correlations are identified using the expected correlations as null values. Using Q-mode cluster analysis and nonlinear mapping, it is possible to recognize three groups of the mare basalts, groups 1 and 2 belonging to the olivine normative basalt cluster and group 3 to the quartz normative cluster.

Butler, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Sr isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis of Apollo 17 mare basalts

Sr-isotopic results are obtained for three basalt samples from Station 4, and it is shown that these basalts have Rb-Sr crystallization ages and initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios which are nearly identical to those of other Apollo 17 basalts. However, their Rb/Sr ratios have been increased two-to-four fold more at the time of their genesis than were those of the majority of Apollo 17 basalts. It is argued that this observation is consistent with their production by small degrees of partial melting of a source containing clinopyroxene as a residual phase.

Nyquist, L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Thorium and uranium variations in Apollo 17 basalts, and K-U systematics

It is found that Apollo 11 low-K and in particular Apollo 17 mare basalts show a wide range of Th/U ratios unlike other rocks; such variations cannot be explained by near surface crystal fractionation. A two-stage fractional crystallization-partial melting model involving a clinopyroxene cumulate as the major phase can explain the variations in Th/U ratios. Due to the Sm-Nd systematics constraint, several source cumulates are invoked to explain the observed Th/U continuum.

Laul, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Cosmic ray exposure ages of Apollo 17 samples and the age of Tycho

Cosmic ray exposure data for Apollo 17 samples and quantitative photogeologic data are presented which support the hypothesis that the Central Cluster unit and the Bright Mantle at the Apollo 17 landing site are related to impact of ejecta from the crater Tycho, lying about 2000 km to the southwest. The exposure ages point to a site-wide event 96 m.y ago, which included emplacement of the Bright Mantle and Central Cluster units.

Arvidson, R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Apollo 17 KREEPy basalt - A rock type intermediate between mare and KREEP basalts

The Apollo 17 KREEPy basalt is a unique lunar volcanic rock, observed only as clasts in the light friable breccia matrix (72275) of Boulder 1, Station 2 at Taurus-Littrow. Its status as a volcanic rock is confirmed by the absence of any meteoritic contamination, a lack of cognate inclusions or xenocrystal material, and low Ni contents in metal grains. The basalt was extruded 4.01 + or - 0.04 b.y. ago, approximately contemporaneously with the high-alumina mare basalts at Fra Mauro; shortly afterwards it was disrupted, probably by the Serenitatis impact, and its fragments emplaced in the South Massif. The basalt, which is quartz-normative and aluminous, is chemically and mineralogically intermediate between the Apollo 15 KREEP basalts and the high-alumina mare basalts in most respects. It consists mainly of plagioclase and pigeonitic pyroxene in approximately equal amounts, and 10-30% of mesostatis.

Ryder, G.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Apollo Soyuz mission report

A complete report on the goals and results of the Apollo-Soyuz mission is presented. Descriptions of the docking module, command and service modules and crew stations are provided. The overall performance of the Apollo spacecraft and of ground support and biomedical operations is evaluated. The pilot's report is presented, together with launch phase and anomaly summaries.

Lee, C. M.↗