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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 721 records · Page 40
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Boosting the Performance of Ionic-Liquid-Based Supercapacitors with Polar Additives

Recent years have witnessed growing interests in both the fundamentals and applications of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), also known as supercapacitors. A number of strategies have been explored to optimize the device performance in terms of both the energy and power densities. Because the properties of electric double layers (EDL) are sensitive to ion distributions in the close vicinity of the electrode surfaces, the supercapacitor performance is sensitive to both the electrode pore structure and the electrolyte composition. In this work, we study the effects of polar additives on EDLC capacitance using the classical density functional theory within the framework of a coarse-grained model for the microscopic structure of the porous electrodes and room-temperature ionic liquids. The theoretical results indicate that a highly polar, low-molecular-weight additive is able to drastically increase the EDLC capacitance at low bulk concentration. Additionally, the additive is able to dampen the oscillatory dependence of the capacitance on the pore size, thereby boosting the performance of amorphous electrode materials. The theoretical predictions are directly testable with experiments and provide new insights into the additive effects on EDL properties.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Three-dimensional skeleton networks of graphene wrapped polyaniline nanofibers: An excellent structure for high-performance flexible solid-state supercapacitors

Thin, robust, lightweight, and flexible supercapacitors (SCs) have aroused growing attentions nowadays due to the rapid development of flexible electronics. Graphene-polyaniline (PANI) hybrids are attractive candidates for high performance SCs. In order to utilize them in real devices, it is necessary to improve the capacitance and the structure stability of PANI. Here we report a hierarchical three-dimensional structure, in which all of PANI nanofibers (NFs) are tightly wrapped inside reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheet skeletons, for high-performance flexible SCs. The as-fabricated film electrodes with this unique structure showed a highest gravimetric specific capacitance of 921 F/g and volumetric capacitance of 391 F/cm 3 . The assembled solid-state SCs gave a high specific capacitance of 211 F/g (1 A/g), a high area capacitance of 0.9 F/cm 2 , and a competitive volumetric capacitance of 25.6 F/cm 3 . The SCs also exhibited outstanding rate capability (~75% retention at 20 A/g) as well as excellent cycling stability (100% retention at 10 A/g for 2000 cycles). Additionally, no structural failure and loss of performance were observed under the bending state. Lastly, this structure design paves a new avenue for engineering rGO/PANI or other similar hybrids for high performance flexible energy storage devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Interfacial water asymmetry at ideal electrochemical interfaces

Controlling electrochemical reactivity requires a detailed understanding of the charging behavior and thermodynamics of the electrochemical interface. Experiments can independently probe the overall charge response of the electrochemical double layer by capacitance measurements and the thermodynamics of the inner layer with potential of maximum entropy measurements. Relating these properties by computational modeling of the electrochemical interface has so far been challenging due to the low accuracy of classical molecular dynamics (MD) for capacitance and the limited time and length scales of ab initio MD. Here, we combine large ensembles of long-time-scale classical MD simulations with charge response from electronic density functional theory to predict the potential-dependent capacitance of a family of ideal aqueous electrochemical interfaces with different peak capacitances. We show that while the potential of maximum capacitance varies, this entire family exhibits an electrode charge of maximum capacitance (CMC) between -2.9 and -2.2 μC/cm 2 , regardless of the details in the electronic response. Simulated heating of the same interfaces reveals that the entropy peaks at a charge of maximum entropy (CME) of -5.1 ± 0.6 μC/cm 2 , in agreement with experimental findings for metallic electrodes. The CME and CMC both indicate asymmetric response of interfacial water that is stronger for negatively charged electrodes, while the difference between CME and CMC illustrates the richness in behavior of even the ideal electrochemical interface.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry and Steepest Descent Inversion to Measure Complex Impedance

In this paper, we present a method for estimating complex impedances using reflectometry and a modified steepest descent inversion algorithm. We simulate spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR), which can measure complex impedances on energized systems for an experimental setup with resistive and capacitive loads. A parametric function, which includes both a misfit function and stabilizer function, is created. The misfit function is a least squares estimate of how close the model data matches observed data. The stabilizer function prevents the steepest descent algorithm from becoming unstable and diverging. Steepest descent iteratively identifies the model parameters that minimize the parametric function. We validate the algorithm by correctly identifying the model parameters (capacitance and resistance) associated with simulated SSTDR data, with added 3 dB white Gaussian noise. With the stabilizer function, the steepest descent algorithm estimates of the model parameters are bounded within a specified range. Furthermore, the errors for capacitance (220pF to 820pF) and resistance (50 Ω to 270 Ω) are < 10%, corresponding to a complex impedance magnitude |R +1/jωC| of 53 Ω to 510 Ω.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Few-Layer Graphene Functionalized by Carbon Nanotubes and MnO{sub 2} Nanoparticles for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Few-layer graphene (FLG) exfoliated from graphite is an attractive electrode material due to its high conductivity and high chemical stability. But usually limited by their specific surface area (SSA), its capacitance needs to be improved when used in supercapacitors. In this study, FLG has been prepared by combining electrochemical exfoliation and thermal expansion. It has a SSA of 148 m{sup 2}/g and delivers a capacitance of 55 F/g at a discharge current density of 1 A/g. To increase its capacitance, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and MnO{sub 2} nanoparticles are functionalized onto FLG surface separately. Both modification could achieve a composite electrode with enhanced capacitance. The CNT/FLG and MnO{sub 2}/FLG electrodes show a specific capacitance of 106 and 336 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g, respectively, while the former exhibits a much better rate performance and cycling stability than the latter. This work demonstrates an optional way to improve the performance of FLG-based supercapacitors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis of polyaniline/SnO{sub 2} nanocomposite and its improved electrochemical performance

Highlights: • Supercapacitors based on PANI/SnO{sub 2} nanocomposite were reported. • Supercapacitors using this material gave a specific capacitance of 501 F g{sup −1}. • Capacitance retention was 85.8% over 2000 charge–discharge cycles. - Abstract: SnO{sub 2} was prepared by the hydrothermal route. Aniline monomer was polymerized in the suspension of SnO{sub 2} to form inorganic–organic nanocomposite materials, in which SnO{sub 2} particles were embedded within polyaniline (PANI). Morphological and structural characterizations of the prepared samples were carried out using scanning electron microscope; transmission electron microscope; power X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Their electrochemical properties were also investigated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The as-prepared nanocomposites had excellent properties in the capacitance, and its specific capacitance was up to 501 F g{sup −1} with a specific energy density of 66.8 W h kg{sup −1} at a power density of 960.6 W kg{sup −1}. The device fulfilled the requirement of long durability necessary for an energy storage system, since after 2000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles, retention of 85.8% in capacitance was observed. These results indicated that the PANI/SnO{sub 2} had a synergistic effect of the complementary properties of both components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon as robust electrode for supercapacitors

Highlights: • An efficient and facile method is developed to prepare porous N doped carbon. • A high areal capacitance of 682.8 mF cm{sup −2} is achieved by this electrode. • This electrode also exhibit outstanding cycling preformance. - Abstract: Porous carbon nanomaterials are highly attactive as electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs), but the relatively low capacitance as a result of their intrinsic electric double-layer mechanism severely hinders their practical applications. In addition, the complicated preparation processes of most porous carbon nanomaterials previously reported is less impressive for large-scale application. In this work, we report an efficient and simple method to synthesize porous N doped carbon (PNC) on flexible carbon cloth as high-performance electrode for SCs. Benefiting from the unique porous architecture and high N dopant content, the as-fabricated PNC electrode delivers excellent capacitive performance. A high areal capacitance of 682.8 mF cm{sup −2} at 2 mA cm{sup −2} and outstanding cycling performance (less than 4% capacitance fading after 10,000 cycles) is achieved by this PNC electrode. This work opens up new opportunities in developing advanced carbon-based electrode for energy storage.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

α-Fe2O3/rGO nanospindles as electrode materials for supercapacitors with long cycle life

Highlights: • Spindle-like α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} and reduced graphene (rGO) composites have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. • The synthesized samples exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with high specific capacitance. • The ASCs exhibit outstanding capacitance performance with maximum energy density. - Abstract: Spindle-like α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} and reduced graphene (rGO) composites have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The synthesized samples exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with high specific capacitance and good cycling life of about 87.5% reserved after 10,000 cycles. A solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with 1.5 V Voltage has been assembled using α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}/rGO composite anode and the NiCo{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanowires cathode. The ASCs exhibit outstanding capacitance performance with maximum energy density of 73 Wh kg{sup −1} at the power density of 1357 W kg{sup −1}, and more than 219% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Ruthenium oxide nanostring clusters anchored Graphene oxide nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitors application

Highlights: • GO-RuO{sub 2} nanocomposites were synthesized by simple hydrothermal method. • GO-RuO{sub 2} nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS. • GO-RuO{sub 2} nanostring composite has shown a maximum specific capacitance of 859 Fg{sup −1} at the scan rate of 5 mVs{sup −1}. • GO-RuO{sub 2} nanostring composite electrode exhibits tremendous cyclic stability. - Abstract: Here, we report simple hydrothermal method for the preparation of Graphene oxide (GO) is embellished with nanostring clusters of ruthenium oxide (GO-RuO{sub 2}). The structure of the nanocomposite material was ascertained using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Transmission spectroscopy (TEM). The supercapacitor performance of the nanocomposites was investigated in acidic electrolyte, 1.0 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, in a three-electrode setup. GO-RuO{sub 2} nanostring composite has shown a maximum specific capacitance of 859 Fg{sup −1} at the scan rate of 5 mVs{sup −1} using Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and by using Chronopotentiometry (CP) the specific capacitance towered up to 512 Fg{sup −1} at a current density of 2.5 Ag{sup −1}. Further, the material also possesses a high energy density of 246 Wh kg{sup -1}with a maximum power density of 1028 W kg{sup -1}. GO-RuO{sub 2} nanostring composite electrode exhibits tremendous cyclic stability with the specific capacitance retention of nearly 99% of the initial capacitance.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Supercapacitors specialities - Materials review

The electrode material is a key component for supercapacitor cell performance. As it is known, performance comparison of commercial available batteries and supercapacitors reveals significantly lower energy storage capability for supercapacitor devices. The energy density of commercial supercapacitor cells is limited to 10 Wh/kg whereas that of common lead acid batteries reaches 35-40 Wh/kg. For lithium ion batteries a value higher than 100 Wh/kg is easily available. Nevertheless, supercapacitors also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors have other advantages in comparison with batteries. As a consequence, many efforts have been made in the last years to increase the storage energy density of electrochemical capacitors. A lot of results from published work (research and review papers, patents and reports) are available at this time. The purpose of this review is a presentation of the progress to date for the use of new materials and approaches for supercapacitor electrodes, with focus on the energy storage capability for practical applications. Many reported results refer to nanostructured carbon based materials and the related composites, used for the manufacture of experimental electrodes. A specific capacitance and a specific energy are seldom revealed as the main result of the performed investigation. Thus for nanoprous (activated) carbon based electrodes a specific capacitance up to 200-220 F/g is mentioned for organic electrolyte, whereas for aqueous electrolyte, the value is limited to 400-500 F/g. Significant contribution to specific capacitance is possible from fast faradaic reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface in addition to the electric double layer effect. The corresponding energy density is limited to 30-50 Wh/kg for organic electrolyte and to 12-17 Wh/kg for aqueous electrolyte. However such performance indicators are given only for the carbon material used in electrodes. For a supercapacitor cell, where two electrodes and also other materials for cell assembling and packaging are used, the above mentioned values have to be divided by a factor higher than four. As a consequence, the specific energy of a prototype cell, hardly could exceed 10 Wh/kg because of difficulties with the existing manufacturing technology. Graphene based materials and carbon nanotubes and different composites have been used in many experiments reported in the last years. Nevertheless in spite of the outstanding properties of these materials, significant increase of the specific capacitance or of the specific energy in comparison with activated or nanoporous carbon is not achieved. Use of redox materials as metal oxides or conducting polymers in combination with different nanostructured carbon materials (nanocomposite electrodes) has been found to contribute to further increase of the specific capacitance or of the specific energy. Nevertheless, few results are reported for practical cells with such materials. Many results are reported only for a three electrode system and significant difference is possible when the electrode is used in a practical supercapacitor cell. Further improvement in the electrode manufacture and more experiments with supercapacitor cells with the known electrochemical storage materials are required. Device prototypes and commercial products with an energy density towards 15-20 Wh/kg could be realized. These may be a milestone for further supercapacitor device research and development, to narrow the storage energy gap between batteries and supercapacitors.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Supercapacitor behavior of α-MnMoO{sub 4} nanorods on different electrolytes

Graphical abstract: SEM image of α-MnMoO{sub 4} nanorods on FTO substrate. Highlights: ► Synthesis of α-MnMoO{sub 4} nanorods by spin coating method. ► First study on the effect of electrolyte on the pseudocapacitance behavior. ► α-MnMoO{sub 4} nanorods exhibit maximum specific capacitance of 998 F/g. ► At higher scan rates p-TSA electrolyte exhibits superior capacitive behavior. -- Abstract: α-MnMoO{sub 4} nanorods were prepared on conducting glass substrate via sol–gel spin coating method at the optimum doping level. The effect of electrolyte on the pseudocapacitance behavior of the α-MnMoO{sub 4} nanorods was studied using para toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA), sulfuric acid (H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as electrolytes. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the formation of α-MnMoO{sub 4} in monoclinic phase. FTIR spectra contain vibrational bands associated with Mo=O, M–O and Mo–O–Mo bonds. SEM image reveals the formation of nanorods. Supercapacitor behavior has been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. α-MnMoO{sub 4} nanorods exhibit maximum specific capacitance of 998 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s in H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} electrolyte while a specific capacitance of 784 F/g and 530 F/g have been obtained using p-TSA and HCl electrolytes, respectively. At higher scan rates p-TSA electrolyte exhibits superior capacitive behavior than H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Rational fabrication of carbon nanotubes arrays on porous nickel matrix as advanced electrode materials of supercapacitors

Highlights: • Construct self-supported porous Ni/CNTs composite arrays. • Porous Ni/CNTs arrays show superior capacitive performance. • Ni/CNTs arrays structure boosts fast electron/ion transfer. - Abstract: Rational synthesis of advanced carbon materials is of great importance to the development of supercapacitors. In this work, we propose a facile combined electrodeposition-chemical vapor deposition for tailored construction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) arrays on highly porous Ni matrix forming integrated 3D Ni/CNTs electrode. Interconnected CNTs with diameters of 20–30 nm are strongly anchored on the cross-linked porous Ni branches consisting of nanoparticles of 500–600 nm. Capacitive performance of the obtained porous Ni/CNTs electrode is thoroughly characterized by electrochemical means including charge/discharge tests and cyclic voltammetry. The 3D Ni/CNTs electrode shows good high-rate performance with a capacitance of 186 F g{sup −1} at 2.5 A g{sup −1}, and excellent cycling stability with a capacitance retention of 99% after 10,000 cycles. The integrated conductive network composed of 3D Ni/CNTs offers large active area, good electronic conductivity and fast transportation paths of ions/electrons, leading to superior capacitive performance.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Highly microporous Parinari Curatellifolia carbon nanomaterials for supercapacitors

High surface area nanostructured electrodes are essential for understanding charge storage mechanisms in high capacitance supercapacitors. Additionally, a growing number of studies provide credible evidence that the highest capacitance in carbon nanomaterials is attainable only when the pore size is in micropore range. In this study therefore, micropore-dominatedcarbon materials derived from Parinari curatellifolia (PC) waste seeds are prepared via pyrolysis and subsequent chemical activation with KOH. SEM, EDAX, TEM, Raman, and XRD studies show that the microstructure and composition of the as-prepared microporous carbon materials are influenced by adjusting the KOH to carbon mass ratio. Sorption studies demonstrate a very high BET surface area of 1898 m 2 g –1 , type I isotherm, and 99% micropore content in all the samples. The BET surface area, S micro , V micro , and total volume increased with increasing KOH content during activation. The fabricated electrodes exhibit high specific capacitances of 423 F g –1 at 5 mV s –1 and cyclic stability of 98% after 50000 cycles both of which are indicative of our carbon materials huge potential in making high performance supercapacitors. The specific capacitance increased with the micropore content in the samples signifying that the pores enhanced diffusion and hence the charge storage. The PC carbon materials deliver high specific capacitance due to the enhancement of diffusion and charge storage stemming from the synergetic interplay of the aforementioned textural parameters. As a result, the PC carbon materials therefore provide good prospects for supercapacitor applications.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Revisiting plasma hysteresis with an electronically compensated Langmuir probe

The measurement of electron temperature in plasma by Langmuir probes, using ramped bias voltage, is seriously affected by the capacitive current of capacitance of the cable between the probe tip and data acquisition system. In earlier works a dummy cable was used to balance the capacitive currents. Under these conditions, the measured capacitive current was kept less than a few mA. Such probes are suitable for measurements in plasma where measured ion saturation current is of the order of hundreds of mA. This paper reports that controlled balancing of capacitive current can be minimized to less than 20 {mu}A, allowing plasma measurements to be done with ion saturation current of the order of hundreds of {mu}A. The electron temperature measurement made by using probe compensation technique becomes independent of sweep frequency. A correction of {<=}45% is observed in measured electron temperature values when compared with uncompensated probe. This also enhances accuracy in the measurement of fluctuation in electron temperature as {delta}T{sub pk-pk} changes by {approx}30%. The developed technique with swept rate {<=}100 kHz is found accurate enough to measure both the electron temperature and its fluctuating counterpart. This shows its usefulness in measuring accurately the temperature fluctuations because of electron temperature gradient in large volume plasma device plasma with frequency ordering {<=}50 kHz.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Impedance analysis of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/H-terminated diamond metal-oxide-semiconductor structures

Impedance spectroscopy (IS) analysis is carried out to investigate the electrical properties of the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure fabricated on hydrogen-terminated single crystal diamond. The low-temperature atomic layer deposition Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} is employed as the insulator in the MOS structure. By numerically analysing the impedance of the MOS structure at various biases, the equivalent circuit of the diamond MOS structure is derived, which is composed of two parallel capacitive and resistance pairs, in series connection with both resistance and inductance. The two capacitive components are resulted from the insulator, the hydrogenated-diamond surface, and their interface. The physical parameters such as the insulator capacitance are obtained, circumventing the series resistance and inductance effect. By comparing the IS and capacitance-voltage measurements, the frequency dispersion of the capacitance-voltage characteristic is discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Ion polarization behavior in alumina under pulsed gate bias stress

Alkali metal ion incorporation in alumina significantly increases alumina capacitance by ion polarization. With high capacitance, ion-incorporated aluminas become promising high dielectric constant (high-k) gate dielectric materials in field-effect transistors (FETs) to enable reduced operating voltage, using oxide or organic semiconductors. Alumina capacitance can be manipulated by incorporation of alkali metal ions, including potassium (K{sup +}), sodium (Na{sup +}), and lithium (Li{sup +}), having different bond strengths with oxygen. To investigate the electrical stability of zinc tin oxide-based transistors using ion incorporated alumina as gate dielectrics, pulsed biases at different duty cycles (20%, 10%, and 2% representing 5 ms, 10 ms, and 50 ms periods, respectively) were applied to the gate electrode, sweeping the gate voltage over series of these cycles. We observed a particular bias stress-induced decrease of saturation field-effect mobility accompanied by threshold voltage shifts (ΔV{sub th}) in potassium and sodium-incorporated alumina (abbreviated as PA and SA)-based FETs at high duty cycle that persisted over multiple gate voltage sweeps, suggesting a possible creation of new defects in the semiconductor. This conclusion is also supported by the greater change in the mobility-capacitance (μC) product than in capacitance itself. Moreover, a more pronounced ΔV{sub th} over shorter times was observed in lithium-incorporated alumina (abbreviated as LA)-based transistors, suggesting trapping of electrons in existing interfacial states. ΔV{sub th} from multiple gate voltage sweeps over time were fit to stretched exponential forms. All three dielectrics show good stability using 50-ms intervals (20-Hz frequencies), corresponding to 2% duty cycles.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Generation of a pulsed low-energy electron beam using the channel spark device

For the generation of low-energy electron beam, the design and characteristics of channel spark discharge (CSD) operating at a low voltage are presented in this paper. The discharge voltage, discharge current, X-ray emissions, and electron beam current were experimentally determined. The effects of the applied voltage, working gas pressure, and external capacitance on the CSD and beam parameters were measured. At an applied voltage of 11 kV, an oxygen gas pressure of 25 mTorr, and an external capacitance of 16.45 nF, the maximum measured current was 900 A. The discharge current increased with the increase in the pressure and capacitance, while its periodic time decreased with the increase in the pressure. Two types of the discharge were identified and recorded: the hollow cathode discharge and the conduction discharge. A Faraday cup was used to measure the beam current. The maximum measured beam current was 120 A, and the beam signal exhibited two peaks. The increase in both the external capacitance and the applied discharge voltage increased the maximum electron beam current. The electron-beam pulse time decreased with the increase in the gas pressure at a constant voltage and increased with the decrease in the applied discharge voltage. At an applied voltage of 11 kV and an oxygen gas pressure of 15 mTorr, the maximum beam energy was 2.8 keV. The X-ray signal intensity decreased with the increase in the gas pressure and increased with the increase in the capacitance.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Memcapacitive characteristics in reactive-metal (Mo, Al)/HfO{sub X}/n-Si structures through migration of oxygen by applied voltage

Memcapacitive characteristics were investigated in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure of reactive electrode (Mo, Al) and hafnium oxide (HfO{sub X}) on n-type Si substrate. The capacitance-voltage curves exhibited sequentially changing capacitance with memory function as repeating voltage sweeps, featured the memcapacitive behaviors. The saturation capacitance was decreased by repeating +V sweeps, while barely changed by −V sweeps. Also, the capacitance-time curves disclosed the same tendency. However, the MOS structure with inert Pt electrode did not show the capacitance change. The memcapacitive behaviors were induced by the migration of oxygen ions from HfO{sub X} to reactive electrodes by applied voltage, which altered the permittivity of HfO{sub X}.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗