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Preliminary data correlating the magnetization of Mars' crust with surficial geologic units suggest that the martian dynamo may have shut off more than 4 billion years ago.
This second paper of the series investigates the transverse response of a magnetic field to the independent relaxation of its flux tubes of fluid seeking hydrostatic and energy balance, under the frozen-in condition and suppression of cross-field thermal conduction. The temperature, density, and pressure naturally develop discontinuities across the magnetic flux surfaces separating the tubes, requiring the finite pressure jumps to be compensated by magnetic-pressure jumps in cross-field force balance. The tangentially discontinuous fields are due to discrete currents in these surfaces, {delta}-function singularities in the current density that are fully admissible under the rigorous frozen-in condition but must dissipate resistively if the electrical conductivity is high but finite. The magnetic field and fluid must thus endlessly evolve by this spontaneous formation and resistive dissipation of discrete currents taking place intermittently in spacetime, even in a low-{beta} environment. This is a multi-dimensional effect in which the field plays a central role suppressed in the one-dimensional (1D) slab model of the first paper. The study begins with an order-of-magnitude demonstration that of the weak resistive and cross-field thermal diffusivities in the corona, the latter is significantly weaker for small {beta}. This case for spontaneous discrete currents, as an important example of the general theory of Parker, is illustrated with an analysis of singularity formation in three families of two-dimensional generalizations of the 1D slab model. The physical picture emerging completes the hypothesis formulated in Paper I that this intermittent process is the origin of the dynamic interiors of a class of quiescent prominences revealed by recent Hinode/SOT and SDO/AIA high-resolution observations.
The propagation of surface waves on a semi-bounded quantum plasma in the presence of the external magnetic field and collisional effects is investigated by using quantum magnetohydrodynamics model. A general analytical expression for the dispersion relation of surface waves is obtained by considering the boundary conditions. It is shown that, in some special cases, the obtained dispersion relation reduces to the results reported in previous works. It is also indicated that the quantum, external magnetic field and collisional effects can facilitate the propagation of surface waves on a semi-bounded plasma. In addition, it is found that the growth rate of the surface wave instability is enhanced by increasing the collision frequency and plasmonic parameter.
Surface plasmon resonances arising in the course of scattering of an H-polarized plane electromagnetic wave by an axially magnetized plasma column are analyzed. Main attention is paid to the behavior of these resonances in the presence of collisional loss in the magnetoplasma filling the scatterer. The frequencies, Q factors, and amplitude coefficients of the electromagnetic field of multipole surface plasmon resonances of different orders are found, and conditions under which the collisional loss in the plasma completely suppresses a given resonance are determined.
The impact of nonmagnetic and magnetic impurities on topological insulators is a central focus concerning their fundamental physics and possible spintronics and quantum computing applications. Combining scanning tunneling spectroscopy with transport measurements, we investigate, both locally and globally, the effect of nonmagnetic and magnetic substituents in SmB 6 , a predicted topological Kondo insulator. Around the so-introduced substitutents and in accord with theoretical predictions, the surface states are locally suppressed with different length scales depending on the substituent’s magnetic properties. For sufficiently high substituent concentrations, these states are globally destroyed. Similarly, using a magnetic tip in tunneling spectroscopy also resulted in largely suppressed surface states. Hence, a destruction of the surface states is always observed close to atoms with substantial magnetic moment. This points to the topological nature of the surface states in SmB 6 and illustrates how magnetic impurities destroy the surface states from microscopic to macroscopic length scales.
In this research, collimated soft X-ray (SXR) emissivity measurements from multi-channel cameras on the Compact Toroidal Hybrid (CTH) tokamak/torsatron device are incorporated in the 3D equilibrium reconstruction code V3FIT to reconstruct the shape of flux surfaces and infer the current distribution within the plasma. Equilibrium reconstructions of sawtoothing plasmas that use data from both SXR and external magnetic diagnostics show the central safety factor to be near unity under the assumption that SXR iso-emissivity contours lie on magnetic flux surfaces. The reconstruction results are consistent with those using the external magnetic data and a constraint on the location of q = 1 surfaces determined from the sawtooth inversion surface extracted from SXR brightness profiles. The agreement justifies the use of approximating SXR emission as a flux function in CTH, at least within the core of the plasma, subject to the spatial resolution of the SXR diagnostics. Lastly, this improved reconstruction of the central current density indicates that the current profile peakedness decreases with increasing external transform and that the internal inductance is not a relevant measure of how peaked the current profile is in hybrid discharges.
This is the first of a series of papers showing that when an efficient dynamo can be maintained by accretion disks around supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei, it can lead to the formation of a powerful, magnetic helix that could explain both the observed radio jet/lobe structures on very large scales and ultimately the enormous power inferred from the observed ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. In this work, we solve a set of one-dimensional equations similar to the steady-state standard accretion disk model, but now including the large-scale magnetic fields giving rises to jets. We find that the frequently made assumption that large-scale fields are frozen into the disk is fundamentally incorrect, due to the necessity for current and the accreting mass to flow perpendicular to magnetic flux surfaces. A correct treatment greatly simplifies the calculations, yielding fields that leave the disk nearly vertically with magnetic profiles uniquely determined by disk angular momentum conservation. Representative solutions of the magnetic fields in different radial regions of the disk surface are given, and they determine the overall key features in the jet structure and its dissipation, which will be the subjects of later papers.
The longitudinal asymmetry of the surface magnetic-field strength at Jupiter causes a longitudinal asymmetry in the equatorial plasma mass density within the Jovian magnetosphere. The rotation of these density variations with the planet causes a diurnal variation of the radial distance on the night side at which the centrifugal stress of the magnetospheric plasma exceeds the local magnetic-field tension. This is approximately the distance at which the magnetic field opens to interplanetary space; we estimate that the opening distance can vary by as much as 14% as a result of the observed surface field asymmetry. Such a diurnal variation of the boundary of the particle trapping region can account for the observed ten-hour modulation of relativistic electrons emitted from Jupiter into interplanetary space.
Here, we study the dynamical control of a magnetic skyrmion bubble by using counter-propagating surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in a ferromagnet. First, we determine the bubble mass and derive the force due to SAWs acting on a magnetic bubble using Thiele’s method. The force that pushes the bubble is proportional to the strain gradient for the major strain component. We then study the dynamical pinning and motion of magnetic bubbles by SAWs in a nanowire. In a disk geometry, we propose a SAWs-driven skyrmion bubble oscillator with two resonant frequencies.
A lunar surface field comparable in intensity to the earth's magnetic field, existing from 3.6 to 3.8 AE, is suggested by paleointensity estimation measurements of more than 50 lunar samples by means of the saturation remanence normalization method. The present data differ from previous descriptions of the lunar field's variation with time, in that the oldest samples are among the most weakly magnetized, and the time of extrusion of the Apollo 11 low and high potassium basalts is suggested to have dropped in paleointensity by an order of magnitude. The coincidence of the high field era with the termination of basin forming impacts at the beginning of mare basalt extrusion suggests a common cause, such as the close approach of the moon to the earth at 3.8 AE.
For a given voltage across a divergent poloidal magnetic field, two electric potential distributions, each supported by a rigid-rotor electron cloud rotating with a different frequency, are found analytically. The two rotation frequencies correspond to the slow and fast rotation frequencies known in uniform plasma. Due to the centrifugal force, the equipotential surfaces, that correspond to the two electric potential distributions, diverge more than the magnetic surfaces do, the equipotential surfaces in the fast mode diverge largely in particular. The departure of the equipotential surfaces from the magnetic field surfaces may have a significant focusing effect on the ions accelerated by the electric field. The focusing effect could be important for laboratory plasma accelerators as well as for collimation of astrophysical jets.
The self-organization and magnetic properties of small iron and cobalt nanostructures embedded into the first layer of a Cu(100) surface are investigated using the self-learning kinetic Monte Carlo method and density functional theory. The similarities and differences between the Fe/Cu(100) and the Co/Cu(100) are underlined. The time evolution of magnetic properties of a copper monolayer with embedded magnetic atoms at 380 K is discussed.
The propagation of low-frequency electrostatic surface waves on the interface between a vacuum and an electron-ion quantum plasma is studied in the direction perpendicular to an external static magnetic field which is parallel to the interface. A new dispersion equation is derived by employing both the quantum magnetohydrodynamic and Poisson equations. It is shown that the dispersion equations for forward and backward-going surface waves are different from each other.
Surface effects on the magnetization of Zn-doped SnO{sub 2} are investigated using first principles method. Magnetic behavior of Zn-doped bulk and highest and lowest energy surfaces—(001) and (110), respectively, are investigated in presence and absence of other intrinsic defects. The Zn-doped (110) and (001) surfaces of SnO{sub 2} show appreciable increase in the magnetic moment (MM) compared to Zn-doped bulk SnO{sub 2}. Formation energies of Zn defects on both the surfaces are found to be lower than those in bulk SnO{sub 2}. Zn doping favors the formation of oxygen vacancies. The density of states analysis on the Zn-doped (110) surface reveals that the spin polarization of the host band occurs primarily from p-orbitals of bridging oxygen atoms and the Zn atom itself contributes minimally. The present work provides a key understanding on the role played by the surfaces in inducing the magnetism of doped nanoparticles and thin films.
Determining Confounding Sensitivities In Eddy Current Thin Film Measurements Ethan Gros, Lalita Udpa, Electrical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824 James A. Smith, Experiment Analysis, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls ID 83415 Eddy current (EC) techniques are widely used in industry to measure the thickness of non-conductive films on a metal substrate. This is done using a system whereby a coil carrying a high-frequency alternating current is used to create an alternating magnetic field at the surface of the instrument's probe. When the probe is brought near a conductive surface, the alternating magnetic field will induce ECs in the conductor. The substrate characteristics and the distance of the probe from the substrate (the coating thickness) affect the magnitude of the ECs. The induced currents load the probe coil affecting the terminal impedance of the coil. The measured probe impedance is related to the lift off between coil and conductor as well as conductivity of the test sample. For a known conductivity sample, the probe impedance can be converted into an equivalent film thickness value. The EC measurement can be confounded by a number of measurement parameters. It is the goal of this research to determine which physical properties of the measurement set-up and sample can adversely affect the thickness measurement. The eddy current testing is performed using a commercially available, hand held eddy current probe (ETA3.3H spring loaded eddy probe running at 8 MHz) that comes with a stand to hold the probe. The stand holds the probe and adjusts the probe on the z-axis to help position the probe in the correct area as well as make precise measurements. The signal from the probe is sent to a hand held readout, where the results are recorded directly in terms of liftoff or film thickness. Understanding the effect of certain factors on the measurements of film thickness, will help to evaluate how accurate the ETA3.3H spring loaded eddy probe is at measuring film thickness under varying experimental conditions. This research will study the effects of a number of factors such as i) calibration, ii) conductivity, iii) edge effect, iv) surface finish of base material and v) cable condition and compare with the long term reproducibility of a standard measurement. This work was performed with support from the Department of Energy under the United States National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) at the Idaho National Laboratory.
Highlights: ► A method developed for the preparation of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} clusters@SiO{sub 2} nanocomposites. ► This method permits production of core/shell nanomaterials with high yields. ► Resultant superparamagnetic particles are monodisperse with high magnetizations. - Abstract: We developed a modified straightforward method for the fabrication of uniformly sized silica-coated magnetite clusters core/shell type nanocomposite particles. Proposed simple one-step processing method permits quick production of materials in high yield. The structural, surface, and magnetic characteristics of the nanocomposite particles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The sphere-shaped particles almost have the average diameter of 120 nm, with a magnetic cluster core of 80 ± 15 nm, and a silica shell of 25 ± 10 nm thickness. The particles are superparamagnetic and present strong magnetization (18 emu/g) due to the fact that they possess core of the magnetic clusters. Subsequently, the silica surface of core/shell particles was amino-functionalized via N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (EDS). Findings of the present work highlight the potential for using amino-functionalized magnetic silica core/shell nanocomposite particles in biological applications since they possess useful magnetic properties and proper structure.
This paper describes 2D imaging measurements of plasma turbulence made in the scrape-off layer of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak simultaneously at two different poloidal locations, one near the outer midplane and the other near the divertor X-point region. These images were made with radial and poloidal resolution using two gas puff imaging diagnostics not directly connected along a B field line. The turbulence correlation structure has a significantly different tilt angle with respect to the local flux surfaces for the midplane and X-regions, and a slightly different ellipticity and size. The time-averaged turbulence velocities can be different in the midplane and X-regions, even within the same flux surface in the same shot. The structures are partially consistent with a magnetic flux tube mapping model, and the velocities are compared with various models for turbulence flow.
The large van der Waals gap in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offers an avenue to tune the ground state of 2D materials through the intercalation of magnetic atoms. Here, we investigate the charge correlations in Fe 1/3 TaS 2 , Co 1/3 TaS 2 , and Fe 0.35 NbS 2 by combining angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), x-ray scattering, magnetometry, and density functional theory (DFT). We find that, while short-range charge fluctuations develop in Ta-based compounds, Fe 0.35 NbS 2 exhibits long-range charge order which is strongly coupled with magnetic order and tunable by external magnetic field. Our electronic structure analysis reveals that intercalation reconstructs the Fermi surface via charge transfer and band renormalization, yet does not generate the nesting conditions compatible with the observed ordering vectors. Complementary phonon calculations further exclude a conventional electron-phonon origin of charge order. Together, these results establish magnetoelastic coupling as the dominant mechanism behind charge ordering in Fe 0.35 NbS 2 and highlight the contrasting role of Nb and Ta hosts in stabilizing correlated ground states in intercalated TMDs.