Delineating the Factors Impacting the Electrochemical Behavior of Single-Crystal High-Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes
High-nickel (Ni) (≥80%) single-crystal LiNi 1-x-y Mn x Co y O 2 (NMCs) have garnered recent interest as cathodes in lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LIBs). However, capacity fade at high voltages, particularly after the onset of the H2–H3 phase transition, hampers their viability. In this study, single-crystal LiNi 0.8 Mn x Co 0.2-x O 2 (x = 0.2, 0.1, 0) are synthesized and tested in LiPF 6 in ethyl methyl carbonate-based electrolytes, with and without monofluoroethylene carbonate and LiF 2 PO 2 additives, to clarify the effects of Co/Mn ratio and surface stabilization on high-voltage cycling degradation. By imposing a kinetic barrier to the accessible H2–H3 capacity, surface reconstruction is identified as the primary driver of high-voltage capacity loss, being greater in the Co-free cathode and in the absence of fluorinated electrolyte components. This is attributed to a synergy between increased mechanical stress due to worsened bulk and interfacial H2–H3 kinetics and decreased interfacial stability due to the poor passivating capability of the electrolyte. Here, the findings highlight the importance of limiting cathode impedance growth during high-voltage cycling, which can be achieved by tuning bulk dopants and electrolyte chemistry.