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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 721 records · Page 40
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Characterizing chemical abundance ratios in extremely metal-poor star-forming galaxies in DESI EDR

We present a search for galaxies in the local Universe with extremely low oxygen abundance, that is, more than 25 times lower than solar, which corresponds to 12 + log(O/H) < 7.3. To determine the oxygen abundance, we apply the directT e method for objects where the [O III]λ4363 line is detected. We identified 21 extremely metal-poor galaxies in the early data release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI EDR), for some of which we also derived N/O, Ne/O, Ar/O, and S/O ratios. We find that many DESI galaxies with extremely low oxygen abundance exhibit a higher N/O ratio in comparison to the reference low-metallicity sample collected from the literature. We suggest that the elevation in N/O ratio may be explained by a contamination with metal-rich gas caused by gas inflow or a merger event. Moreover, contrary to some recent studies, we find that Ar/O and S/O ratios are enhanced as well, while the Ne/O ratio does not show such elevation. One of the galaxies, J0713+5608, has a remarkably low oxygen abundance of 6.978 ± 0.095 dex. This measurement aligns with the lowest known oxygen abundances in galaxies to date. Given the relatively high uncertainty, this galaxy may have the lowest oxygen abundance ever found. Additionally, J0713+5608 exhibited an enhanced N/O ratio compared to the typical N/O ratio observed in metal-poor galaxies within the local Universe.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2011

The Concentrations of {sup 40}K, {sup 226}Ra and {sup 232}Th in Soil Sample in Osmaniye (Turkey)

The {sup 40}K, {sup 226}Ra and {sup 232}Th concentration is due to the magmatic structure of the earth and it can be varied from place to place. Osmaniye is located in the Eastern side of Mediteranean Region. It holds the climatic characteristics of the same region and arises with Middle Taurus Mountains from west to North and with Amonos Mounations in East and West-east parts and is situated between 35 deg. .52'-36 deg. .42' east longitudes and 36 deg. .57'-37 deg. .45' north latitudes. In this study, the natural radioactivity concentrations {sup 40}K, {sup 226}Ra and {sup 232}Th in some soil samples collected in Osmaniye have been investigated. The measurements have been performed using 3x3{sup ''} NaI(Tl) detector system.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

The natural radioactivity measurements in coastal sediment samples along the East Coast of Tamilnadu using gamma spectrometry technique

The natural radioactivity concentration in beach sediment samples collected from Pattipulam to Devanampattinam of East Coast of Tamilnadu have been determined by NaI (TI) gamma ray spectrometer. The specific activity concentrations range from ≤ 2.21 (BDL) to 37.02 Bq kg{sup −1} with a mean of 3.79 Bqkg{sup −1} for {sup 238}U, ≤ 2.11 (BDL) to 643.77 Bqkg{sup −1} with a mean of 49.60 Bqkg{sup −1} for {sup 232}Th and 300.34 Bqkg{sup −1} to 449.08 Bqkg{sup −1} with a mean of 360.23 Bqkg{sup −1} for {sup 40}K. The potential radiological hazards due to natural radionuclides content such as Radium Equivalent activity (Ra{sub eq}), Representative level index (RLI), External hazard index (H{sub ex}), absorbed gamma does rate (D{sub R}), and Annual effective dose rate (AEDR) are estimated to assess the radiation hazard associated with the sediments. The obtained data are compared with the recommended safety limits and international approved values. All the values are well below the recommended safety limits indicating that radiation levels do not poses any significant health hazard to the public in the area as a result of the natural radioactivity of beach sediments. This study may help the baseline data for more extensive works in the same subjects of future studies.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Concentration of trace elements on branded cigarette in Malaysia

Tobacco is a plant that is used as a recreational drug since the beginning of its use by the Native Americans. Now with the development of the tobacco industry, smoking has become a norm for the public in Malaysia. Trace elements in plants are mostly due to the uptake processes from the soils into the roots of the plants. The concentration of the elements may also be influenced by the elements contained in the water and also fertilizers. This paper aim to analyze the concentration of the trace elements contained in the branded cigarettes sold in Malaysia by utilizing the neutron activation analysis. The tobaccos were taken out from the cigarettes. The collected samples were air dried and passed through 2 mm sieve. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) has been used for the determination of trace elements. Samples were activated in the Nuclear Malaysia Triga Mark II reactor with a neutron flux of 2.0 x 10{sup 12} n cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}. The samples then were analyzed using ORTEC Gamma Spectrometer a co-axial n-type HPGe detector with resolution of 2.0 keV at 1332 keV and relative efficiency of 20%. The data obtained could help in assessing the concentration of the trace elements that complying with the standard limitation dose proposed by World Health Organization (WHO)

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Plasma flow reactor for steady state monitoring of physical and chemical processes at high temperatures

Here, we present the development of a steady state plasma flow reactor to investigate gas phase physical and chemical processes that occur at high temperature (1000 < T < 5000 K) and atmospheric pressure. The reactor consists of a glass tube that is attached to an inductively coupled argon plasma generator via an adaptor (ring flow injector). We have modeled the system using computational fluid dynamics simulations that are bounded by measured temperatures. In situ line-of-sight optical emission and absorption spectroscopy have been used to determine the structures and concentrations of molecules formed during rapid cooling of reactants after they pass through the plasma. Emission spectroscopy also enables us to determine the temperatures at which these dynamic processes occur. A sample collection probe inserted from the open end of the reactor is used to collect condensed materials and analyze them ex situ using electron microscopy. The preliminary results of two separate investigations involving the condensation of metal oxides and chemical kinetics of high-temperature gas reactions are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Machine-learning identification of the variability of mean velocity and turbulence intensity for wakes generated by onshore wind turbines: Cluster analysis of wind LiDAR measurements

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements of isolated wakes generated by wind turbines installed at an onshore wind farm are leveraged to characterize the variability of the wake mean velocity and turbulence intensity during typical operations, which encompass a breadth of atmospheric stability regimes and rotor thrust coefficients. The LiDAR measurements are clustered through the k-means algorithm, which enables identifying the most representative realizations of wind turbine wakes while avoiding the imposition of thresholds for the various wind and turbine parameters. Considering the large number of LiDAR samples collected to probe the wake velocity field, the dimensionality of the experimental dataset is reduced by projecting the LiDAR data on an intelligently truncated basis obtained with the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The coefficients of only five physics-informed POD modes are then injected in the k-means algorithm for clustering the LiDAR dataset. The analysis of the clustered LiDAR data and the associated supervisory control and data acquisition and meteorological data enables the study of the variability of the wake velocity deficit, wake extent, and wake-added turbulence intensity for different thrust coefficients of the turbine rotor and regimes of atmospheric stability. Furthermore, the cluster analysis of the LiDAR data allows for the identification of systematic off-design operations with a certain yaw misalignment of the turbine rotor with the mean wind direction.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Images reveal that atmospheric particles can undergo liquid-liquid phase separations

A large fraction of submicron atmospheric particles contains both organic material and inorganic salts. As the relative humidity cycles in the atmosphere, these mixed particles can undergo a range of phase transitions, possibly including liquid-liquid phase separation. If liquid-liquid phase separation occurs, the gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds, the scattering and absorption of solar radiation, and the uptake of reactive gas species on atmospheric particles will be affected, with important implications for climate predictions. The actual occurrence of these types of phase transitions within individual atmospheric particles has been considered uncertain, in large part because of the absence of observations for real-world samples. Here, using optical and fluorescence microscopy, we observe the coexistence of two non-crystalline phases in particles generated from real-world samples collected on multiple days in Atlanta, Georgia, and in particles generated in the laboratory using atmospheric conditions. These results reveal that atmospheric particles can undergo liquid-liquid phase separations. Using a box model, we show that liquid-liquid phase separation can result in increased concentrations of gas-phase NO3 and N2O5 in the Atlanta region, due to decreased particle uptake of N2O5.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Gut microbiome changes with micronutrient supplementation in children with attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the MADDY study

Micronutrients have demonstrated promise in managing inattention and emotional dysregulation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The biological mechanism by which micronutrients improve these symptoms remains unclear. One plausible pathway is through the gut-brain axis, the bi-directional communication network that links the gastrointestinal tract with the brain. This study examines changes in gut microbiome composition and diversity after micronutrients supplementation in children with ADHD (N=44) and sheds light on potential mechanisms responsible for the response to micronutrients as measured by clinician-rated global impression. Participants from this investigation represent a sub-group of the Micronutrients for ADHD in Youth (MADDY) study, a double blind randomized controlled study in which participants received either micronutrients or a placebo for 8 weeks, followed by an 8-week open label extension with micronutrients for all participants. Stool samples collected at baseline, week 8, and week 16 were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing targeting the V4 hypervariable region. Pairwise compositional analyses served as the primary means for investigating changes in gut microbiome composition between micronutrients versus placebo groups and responders versus non-responders. A significant change in microbial evenness, as measured by alpha diversity, was observed following micronutrients, and the phylum Actinobacteriota decreased in the micronutrients group compared to placebo. Additionally, two bacterial families: Rikenellaceae and Oscillospiraceae, exhibited a significant increase in change of gut microbiome composition following micronutrients between responders and non-responders. These findings suggest that micronutrients modulated the composition of the gut microbiome and point towards specific bacterial changes associated with response to micronutrients.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

DYNAMICAL MODEL FOR THE ZODIACAL CLOUD AND SPORADIC METEORS

The solar system is dusty, and would become dustier over time as asteroids collide and comets disintegrate, except that small debris particles in interplanetary space do not last long. They can be ejected from the solar system by Jupiter, thermally destroyed near the Sun, or physically disrupted by collisions. Also, some are swept by the Earth (and other planets), producing meteors. Here we develop a dynamical model for the solar system meteoroids and use it to explain meteor radar observations. We find that the Jupiter Family Comets (JFCs) are the main source of the prominent concentrations of meteors arriving at the Earth from the helion and antihelion directions. To match the radiant and orbit distributions, as measured by the Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar (CMOR) and Advanced Meteor Orbit Radar (AMOR), our model implies that comets, and JFCs in particular, must frequently disintegrate when reaching orbits with low perihelion distance. Also, the collisional lifetimes of millimeter particles may be longer ({approx}> 10{sup 5} yr at 1 AU) than postulated in the standard collisional models ({approx}10{sup 4} yr at 1 AU), perhaps because these chondrule-sized meteoroids are stronger than thought before. Using observations of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite to calibrate the model, we find that the total cross section and mass of small meteoroids in the inner solar system are (1.7-3.5) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 11} km{sup 2} and {approx}4 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 19} g, respectively, in a good agreement with previous studies. The mass input required to keep the zodiacal cloud in a steady state is estimated to be {approx}10{sup 4}-10{sup 5} kg s{sup -1}. The input is up to {approx}10 times larger than found previously, mainly because particles released closer to the Sun have shorter collisional lifetimes and need to be supplied at a faster rate. The total mass accreted by the Earth in particles between diameters D = 5 {mu}m and 1 cm is found to be {approx}15,000 tons yr{sup -1} (factor of two uncertainty), which is a large share of the accretion flux measured by the Long Term Duration Facility. The majority of JFC particles plunge into the upper atmosphere at <15 km s{sup -1} speeds, should survive the atmospheric entry, and can produce micrometeorite falls. This could explain the compositional similarity of samples collected in the Antarctic ice and stratosphere, and those brought from comet Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft. Meteor radars such as CMOR and AMOR see only a fraction of the accretion flux ({approx}1%-10% and {approx}10%-50%, respectively), because small particles impacting at low speeds produce ionization levels that are below these radars' detection capabilities.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Reducing systematic error in weak lensing cluster surveys

Weak lensing provides an important route toward collecting samples of clusters of galaxies selected by mass. Subtle systematic errors in image reduction can compromise the power of this technique. We use the B-mode signal to quantify this systematic error and to test methods for reducing this error. We show that two procedures are efficient in suppressing systematic error in the B-mode: (1) refinement of the mosaic CCD warping procedure to conform to absolute celestial coordinates and (2) truncation of the smoothing procedure on a scale of 10'. Application of these procedures reduces the systematic error to 20% of its original amplitude. We provide an analytic expression for the distribution of the highest peaks in noise maps that can be used to estimate the fraction of false peaks in the weak-lensing κ-signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) maps as a function of the detection threshold. Based on this analysis, we select a threshold S/N = 4.56 for identifying an uncontaminated set of weak-lensing peaks in two test fields covering a total area of ∼3 deg{sup 2}. Taken together these fields contain seven peaks above the threshold. Among these, six are probable systems of galaxies and one is a superposition. We confirm the reliability of these peaks with dense redshift surveys, X-ray, and imaging observations. The systematic error reduction procedures we apply are general and can be applied to future large-area weak-lensing surveys. Our high-peak analysis suggests that with an S/N threshold of 4.5, there should be only 2.7 spurious weak-lensing peaks even in an area of 1000 deg{sup 2}, where we expect ∼2000 peaks based on our Subaru fields.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Measurement of integrated luminosities at BESIII for data samples at center-of-mass energies between 4.0 and 4.6 GeV*

Abstract The integrated luminosities of data samples collected in the BESIII experiment in 2016–2017 at center-of-mass energies between 4.19 and 4.28 GeV are measured with a precision better than 1% by analyzing large-angle Bhabha scattering events. The integrated luminosities of old datasets collected in 2010–2014 are updated by considering corrections related to detector performance, offsetting the effect of newly discovered readout errors in the electromagnetic calorimeter, which can haphazardly occur.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

A 4 tonne demonstrator for large-scale dual-phase liquid argon time projection chambers

A 10 kilo-tonne dual-phase liquid argon TPC is one of the detector options considered for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The detector technology relies on amplification of the ionisation charge in ultra-pure argon vapour and offers several advantages compared to the traditional single-phase liquid argon TPCs. A 4.2 tonne dual-phase liquid argon TPC prototype, the largest of its kind, with an active volume of \three has been constructed and operated at CERN. In this paper we describe in detail the experimental setup and detector components as well as report on the operation experience. We also present the first results on the achieved charge amplification, prompt scintillation and electroluminescence detection, and purity of the liquid argon from analyses of a collected sample of cosmic ray muons.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of the ATLAS forward proton Time-of-Flight detector in Run 2

We present performance studies of the Time-of-Flight (ToF) subdetector of the ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) detector at the LHC. Efficiencies and resolutions are measured using high-statistics data samples collected at low and moderate pile-up in 2017, the first year when the detectors were installed on both sides of the interaction region. While low efficiencies are observed, of the order of a few percent, the resolutions of the two ToF detectors measured individually are 21 ps and 28 ps, yielding an expected resolution of the longitudinal position of the interaction, z vtx , in the central ATLAS detector of 5.3 ± 0.6 mm. This is in agreement with the observed width of the distribution of the difference between z vtx , measured independently by the central ATLAS tracker and by the ToF detector, of 6.0 ± 2.0 mm.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2011

Determination of Jet Energy Calibration and Transverse Momentum Resolution in CMS

Measurements of the jet energy calibration and transverse momentum resolution in CMS are presented, performed with a data sample collected in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns. The transverse momentum balance in dijet and gamma/Z+jets events is used to measure the jet energy response in the CMS detector, as well as the transverse momentum resolution. The results are presented for three different methods to reconstruct jets: a calorimeter-based approach, the 'Jet-Plus-Track' approach, which improves the measurement of calorimeter jets by exploiting the associated tracks, and the 'Particle Flow' approach, which attempts to reconstruct individually each particle in the event, prior to the jet clustering, based on information from all relevant subdetectors.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Light-responsive expression atlas reveals the effects of light quality and intensity in Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi, a plant with crassulacean acid metabolism

Abstract Background Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a specialized mode of photosynthesis, enables plant adaptation to water-limited environments and improves photosynthetic efficiency via an inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism. Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi is an obligate CAM model featuring a relatively small genome and easy stable transformation. However, the molecular responses to light quality and intensity in CAM plants remain understudied. Results Here we present a genome-wide expression atlas of K. fedtschenkoi plants grown under 12 h/12 h photoperiod with different light quality (blue, red, far-red, white light) and intensity (0, 150, 440, and 1,000 μmol m–2 s–1) based on RNA sequencing performed for mature leaf samples collected at dawn (2 h before the light period) and dusk (2 h before the dark period). An eFP web browser was created for easy access of the gene expression data. Based on the expression atlas, we constructed a light-responsive co-expression network to reveal the potential regulatory relationships in K. fedtschenkoi. Measurements of leaf titratable acidity, soluble sugar, and starch turnover provided metabolic indicators of the magnitude of CAM under the different light treatments and were used to provide biological context for the expression dataset. Furthermore, CAM-related subnetworks were highlighted to showcase genes relevant to CAM pathway, circadian clock, and stomatal movement. In comparison with white light, monochrome blue/red/far-red light treatments repressed the expression of several CAM-related genes at dusk, along with a major reduction in acid accumulation. Increasing light intensity from an intermediate level (440 μmol m-2 s-1) of white light to a high light treatment (1,000 μmol m–2 s–1) increased expression of several genes involved in dark CO2 fixation and malate transport at dawn, along with an increase in organic acid accumulation. Conclusions This study provides a useful genomics resource for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the light regulation of physiology and metabolism in CAM plants. Our results support the hypothesis that both light intensity and light quality can modulate the CAM pathway through regulation of CAM-related genes in K. fedtschenkoi.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mixed waste contamination selects for a mobile genetic element population enriched in multiple heavy metal resistance genes

Abstract Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like plasmids, viruses, and transposable elements can provide fitness benefits to their hosts for survival in the presence of environmental stressors. Heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) are frequently observed on MGEs, suggesting that MGEs may be an important driver of adaptive evolution in environments contaminated with heavy metals. Here, we report the meta-mobilome of the heavy metal-contaminated regions of the Oak Ridge Reservation subsurface. This meta-mobilome was compared with one derived from samples collected from unimpacted regions of the Oak Ridge Reservation subsurface. We assembled 1615 unique circularized DNA elements that we propose to be MGEs. The circular elements from the highly contaminated subsurface were enriched in HMRG clusters relative to those from the nearby unimpacted regions. Additionally, we found that these HMRGs were associated with Gamma and Betaproteobacteria hosts in the contaminated subsurface and potentially facilitate the persistence and dominance of these taxa in this region. Finally, the HMRGs were associated with conjugative elements, suggesting their potential for future lateral transfer. We demonstrate how our understanding of MGE ecology, evolution, and function can be enhanced through the genomic context provided by completed MGE assemblies.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

A leaf-level spectral library to support high-throughput plant phenotyping: predictive accuracy and model transfer

Abstract Leaf-level hyperspectral reflectance has become an effective tool for high-throughput phenotyping of plant leaf traits due to its rapid, low-cost, multi-sensing, and non-destructive nature. However, collecting samples for model calibration can still be expensive, and models show poor transferability among different datasets. This study had three specific objectives: first, to assemble a large library of leaf hyperspectral data (n=2460) from maize and sorghum; second, to evaluate two machine-learning approaches to estimate nine leaf properties (chlorophyll, thickness, water content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur); and third, to investigate the usefulness of this spectral library for predicting external datasets (n=445) including soybean and camelina using extra-weighted spiking. Internal cross-validation showed satisfactory performance of the spectral library to estimate all nine traits (mean R2=0.688), with partial least-squares regression outperforming deep neural network models. Models calibrated solely using the spectral library showed degraded performance on external datasets (mean R2=0.159 for camelina, 0.337 for soybean). Models improved significantly when a small portion of external samples (n=20) was added to the library via extra-weighted spiking (mean R2=0.574 for camelina, 0.536 for soybean). The leaf-level spectral library greatly benefits plant physiological and biochemical phenotyping, whilst extra-weight spiking improves model transferability and extends its utility.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

A1 Signature pattern and phylogenetic analysis of full-length env genes in 20 hemophiliacs infected with Korean subclade of HIV-1 subtype B

Twenty patients with hemophilia (HP) were diagnosed with HIV-1, one to two years after exposure to domestic clotting factor IX (DCF), in 1989–90. Previous analysis of pol and vif genes confirmed that HIV-1 transmission to 20 HPs occurred through infusion of DCF. In this study, we determined full-length env gene sequences (about 2,550 bp) in 21 HPs, three plasma donors whose plasma were used in DCF production, and 45 local controls. The env gene from frozen stored sera obtained 1–3 years after diagnosis as well as from samples collected years after infection, was amplified by RT-PCR, and subjected to direct sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences were subtype B, with 109 sequences from 64 patients (20 HPs, 3 serum donors, 41 local controls, LCs) belonging to the Korean subclade (KSB) and 13 sequences from 5 patients (1HP infected outside Korea, 4 LCs) not in the KSB. Sequences of the env gene from donors O and P plus the 20 HPs comprised two subclusters within KSB. In addition, signature pattern analysis revealed signature nucleotides at 45 positions between the HPs and LCs (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, specific signature nucleotides positions were conserved 100% in clusters O and P only (at 4 and 1 positions, respectively) with none in LCs. Within both clusters, sequence identity was high. These results are consistent with our previous conclusion that these 20 HPs were infected with viruses in the DCF used for treatment. In addition, we found that there are 25 signature pattern residues in amino acids in env gene of KSB distinct from subtype B.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗