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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 721 records · Page 40
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2015

NASA Ames UV-LED Poster Overview

UV-LED is a small satellite technology demonstration payload being flown on the Saudisat-4 spacecraft that is demonstrating non-contacting charge control of an isolated or floating mass using new solid-state ultra-violet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs). Integrated to the rest of the spacecraft and launched on a Dnepr in June 19, 2014, the project is a collaboration between the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Stanford University, and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). Beginning with its commissioning in December, 2015, the data collected by UV-LED have validated a novel method of charge control that will improve the performance of drag-free spacecraft allowing for concurrent science collection during charge management operations as well as reduce the mass, power and volume required while increasing lifetime and reliability of a charge management subsystem. UV-LED continues to operate, exploring new concepts in non-contacting charge control and collecting data crucial to understanding the lifetime of ultra-violet light emitting diodes in space. These improvements are crucial to the success of ground breaking missions such as LISA and BBO, and demonstrates the ability of low cost small satellite missions to provide technological advances that far exceed mission costs.

KACST↗
NASA NTRS2015

Aligning, Bonding, and Testing Mirrors for Lightweight X-ray Telescopes

High-resolution, high throughput optics for x-ray astronomy entails fabrication of well-formed mirror segments and their integration with arc-second precision. In this paper, we address issues of aligning and bonding thin glass mirrors with negligible additional distortion. Stability of the bonded mirrors and the curing of epoxy used in bonding them were tested extensively. We present results from tests of bonding mirrors onto experimental modules, and on the stability of the bonded mirrors tested in x-ray. These results demonstrate the fundamental validity of the methods used in integrating mirrors into telescope module, and reveal the areas for further investigation. The alignment and integration methods are applicable to the astronomical mission concept such as STAR-X, the Survey and Time-domain Astronomical Research Explorer.

mirror alignment↗
NASA NTRS2016

New Satellite Project Aerosol-UA: Remote Sensing of Aerosols in the Terrestrial Atmosphere

We discuss the development of the Ukrainian space project Aerosol-UA which has the following three main objectives: (1) to monitor the spatial distribution of key characteristics of terrestrial tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols; (2) to provide a comprehensive observational database enabling accurate quantitative estimates of the aerosol contribution to the energy budget of the climate system; and (3) quantify the contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to climate and ecological processes. The remote sensing concept of the project is based on precise orbital measurements of the intensity and polarization of sunlight scattered by the atmosphere and the surface with a scanning polarimeter accompanied by a wide-angle multispectral imager-polarimeter. Preparations have already been made for the development of the instrument suite for the Aerosol-UA project, in particular, of the multi-channel scanning polarimeter (ScanPol) designed for remote sensing studies of the global distribution of aerosol and cloud properties (such as particle size, morphology, and composition) in the terrestrial atmosphere by polarimetric and spectrophotometric measurements of the scattered sunlight in a wide range of wavelengths and viewing directions from which a scene location is observed. ScanPol is accompanied by multispectral wide-angle imager-polarimeter (MSIP) that serves to collect information on cloud conditions and Earths surface image. Various components of the polarimeter ScanPol have been prototyped, including the opto-mechanical and electronic assemblies and the scanning mirror controller. Preliminary synthetic data simulations for the retrieval of aerosol parameters over land surfaces have been performed using the Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties (GRASP) algorithm. Methods for the validation of satellite data using ground-based observations of aerosol properties are also discussed. We assume that designing, building, and launching into orbit a multi-functional high-precision scanning polarimeter and an imager-polarimeter should make a significant contribution to the study of natural and anthropogenic aerosols and their climatic and ecological effects.

remote sensing↗
NASA NTRS2012

Advances in Spectral-Spatial Classification of Hyperspectral Images

Recent advances in spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral images are presented in this paper. Several techniques are investigated for combining both spatial and spectral information. Spatial information is extracted at the object (set of pixels) level rather than at the conventional pixel level. Mathematical morphology is first used to derive the morphological profile of the image, which includes characteristics about the size, orientation, and contrast of the spatial structures present in the image. Then, the morphological neighborhood is defined and used to derive additional features for classification. Classification is performed with support vector machines (SVMs) using the available spectral information and the extracted spatial information. Spatial postprocessing is next investigated to build more homogeneous and spatially consistent thematic maps. To that end, three presegmentation techniques are applied to define regions that are used to regularize the preliminary pixel-wise thematic map. Finally, a multiple-classifier (MC) system is defined to produce relevant markers that are exploited to segment the hyperspectral image with the minimum spanning forest algorithm. Experimental results conducted on three real hyperspectral images with different spatial and spectral resolutions and corresponding to various contexts are presented. They highlight the importance of spectral–spatial strategies for the accurate classification of hyperspectral images and validate the proposed methods.

hyperspectral image↗
NASA NTRS2016

C/NOFS Remote Sensing of Ionospheric Reflectance

Alfvn waves play critical roles in the electrodynamic coupling of plasmas at magnetically conjugate regions in near-Earth space. Associated electric (E*) and magnetic (dec B*) field perturbations sampled by sensors on satellites in low-Earth orbits are generally super positions of incident and reflected waves. However, lack of knowledge about ionospheric reflection coefficients (alpha) hinders understanding of generator outputs and load absorption of Alfvn wave energies. Here we demonstrate a new method for estimating using satellite measurements of ambient E* and dec B* then apply it to a case in which the Communication Navigation Outage Forecasting System (CNOFS) satellite flew conjugate to the field of view of a 630.0 nm all-sky imager at El Leoncito, Argentina, while medium-scale traveling ionosphere disturbances were detected in its field of view. In regions of relatively large amplitudes of E* and B*,calculated values ranged between 0.67 and 0.88. This implies that due to impedance mismatches, the generator ionosphere puts out significantly more electromagnetic energy than the load can absorb. Our analysis also uncovered caveats concerning the methods range of applicability in regions of low E* and B*. The method can be validated in future satellite-based auroral studies where energetic particle precipitation fluxes can be used to make independent estimates of alpha.

Burke, W. J.↗
NASA NTRS2017

The MINERVA Software Development Process

This paper presents a software development process for safety-critical software components of cyber-physical systems. The process is called MINERVA, which stands for Mirrored Implementation Numerically Evaluated against Rigorously Verified Algorithms. The process relies on formal methods for rigorously validating code against its requirements. The software development process uses: (1) a formal specification language for describing the algorithms and their functional requirements, (2) an interactive theorem prover for formally verifying the correctness of the algorithms, (3) test cases that stress the code, and (4) numerical evaluation on these test cases of both the algorithm specifications and their implementations in code. The MINERVA process is illustrated in this paper with an application to geo-containment algorithms for unmanned aircraft systems. These algorithms ensure that the position of an aircraft never leaves a predetermined polygon region and provide recovery maneuvers when the region is inadvertently exited.

Narkawicz, Anthony↗
NASA NTRS2017

Electrically Heated Testing of the Kilowatt Reactor Using Stirling Technology (KRUSTY) Experiment Using a Depleted Uranium Core

The Kilopower project aims to develop and demonstrate scalable fission-based power technology for systems capable of delivering 110 kW of electric power with a specific power ranging from 2.5 - 6.5 Wkg. This technology could enable high power science missions or could be used to provide surface power for manned missions to the Moon or Mars. NASA has partnered with the Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration, Los Alamos National Labs, and Y-12 National Security Complex to develop and test a prototypic reactor and power system using existing facilities and infrastructure. This technology demonstration, referred to as the Kilowatt Reactor Using Stirling TechnologY (KRUSTY), will undergo nuclear ground testing in the summer of 2017 at the Nevada Test Site. The 1 kWe variation of the Kilopower system was chosen for the KRUSTY demonstration. The concept for the 1 kWe flight system consist of a 4 kWt highly enriched Uranium-Molybdenum reactor operating at 800 degrees Celsius coupled to sodium heat pipes. The heat pipes deliver heat to the hot ends of eight 125 W Stirling convertors producing a net electrical output of 1 kW. Waste heat is rejected using titanium-water heat pipes coupled to carbon composite radiator panels. The KRUSTY test, based on this design, uses a prototypic highly enriched uranium-molybdenum core coupled to prototypic sodium heat pipes. The heat pipes transfer heat to two Advanced Stirling Convertors (ASC-E2s) and six thermal simulators, which simulate the thermal draw of full scale power conversion units. Thermal simulators and Stirling engines are gas cooled. The most recent project milestone was the completion of non-nuclear system level testing using an electrically heated depleted uranium (non-fissioning) reactor core simulator. System level testing at the Glenn Research Center (GRC) has validated performance predictions and has demonstrated system level operation and control in a test configuration that replicates the one to be used at the Device Assembly Facility (DAF) at the Nevada National Security Site. Fabrication, assembly, and testing of the depleted uranium core has allowed for higher fidelity system level testing at GRC, and has validated the fabrication methods to be used on the highly enriched uranium core that will supply heat for the DAF KRUSTY demonstration.

Briggs, Maxwell H.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Electrically Heated Testing of the Kilowatt Reactor Using Stirling TechnologY (KRUSTY) Experiment Using a Depleted Uranium Core

The Kilopower project aims to develop and demonstrate scalable fission-based power technology for systems capable of delivering 1 to 10 kW of electric power with a specific power ranging from 2.5 to 6.5 W/kg. This technology could enable high-power science missions or could be used to provide surface power for manned missions to the Moon or Mars. NASA has partnered with the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), and Y−12 National Security Complex to develop and test a prototypic reactor and power system using existing facilities and infrastructure. This technology demonstration, referred to as the "Kilowatt Reactor Using Stirling TechnologY (KRUSTY)," will undergo nuclear ground testing by the end of calendar year (CY) 2017 at the NNSS. The 1-kWe variation of the Kilopower system was chosen for the KRUSTY demonstration. The concept for the 1-kWe flight system consists of a 4 kWt highly enriched uranium-molybdenum reactor operating at 800 degC coupled to sodium heat pipes. The heat pipes deliver heat to the hot ends of eight 125-W Stirling convertors producing a net electrical output of 1 kW. Waste heat is rejected using titanium-water heat pipes coupled to carbon composite radiator panels. The KRUSTY test, based on this design, uses a prototypic highly enriched uranium-molybdenum core coupled to prototypic sodium heat pipes. The heat pipes transfer heat to two Advanced Stirling Convertors (ASC−E2s) and six thermal simulators, which simulate the thermal draw of full-scale power conversion units. Thermal simulators and Stirling engines are gas cooled. The most recent project milestone was the completion of nonnuclear system-level testing using an electrically heated depleted uranium (DU) (nonfissioning) reactor core simulator at the NASA Glenn Research Center. System-level testing has validated performance predictions and has demonstrated system-level operation and control in a test configuration that replicates the one to be used at the Device Assembly Facility (DAF) at the NNSS. Fabrication, assembly, and testing of the DU core has allowed for higher fidelity system-level testing at Glenn, and has validated the fabrication methods to be used on the highly enriched uranium core that will supply heat for the DAF KRUSTY demonstration.

Briggs, Maxwell H.↗
NASA NTRS2014

UV-LED

UV-LED is part of a small satellite technology demonstration mission that will demonstrate non-contacting charge control of an isolated or floating mass using new solid-state ultra-violet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs). Integrated to the Saudisat-4 spacecraft and launched onboard the Dnepr in June 19, 2014, the project is a collaboration between the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Stanford University, and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). This technology demonstration will validate a novel method of charge control that will improve the performance of drag-free spacecraft allowing for concurrent science collection during charge management operations as well as reduce the mass, power and volume required while increasing lifetime and reliability of a charge management subsystem. These improvements are crucial to the success of ground breaking missions such as LISA and BBO, and demonstrate the ability of low cost small satellite missions to provide technological advances that far exceed mission cost.

Faied, Dohy↗
NASA NTRS2014

UV-LED Project

UV-LED is part of a small satellite technologydemonstration mission that willdemonstrate non-contacting charge controlof an isolated or floating mass usingnew solid-state ultra-violet light emittingdiodes (UV-LEDs). Integrated tothe Saudisat-4 spacecraft and launchedonboard the Dnepr in June 19, 2014,the project is a collaboration betweenthe NASA Ames Research Center (ARC),Stanford University, and King AbdulazizCity for Science and Technology(KACST). This technology demonstrationwill validate a novel method of chargecontrol that will improve the performanceof drag-free spacecraft allowingfor concurrent science collection duringcharge management operations as wellas reduce the mass, power and volumerequired while increasing lifetime and reliabilityof a charge management subsystem.These improvements are crucial tothe success of ground breaking missionssuch as LISA and BBO, and demonstratethe ability of low cost small satellite missionsto provide technological advancesthat far exceed mission cost.

Soulage, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2019

Computation Simulations of Electric Propulsion Aircraft: The X-57 Maxwell

Outline - Introduction: X-57 CFD task overview; Motivation. Part I, Computational simulations without propulsion: Establishing CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) Best Practices - Grid generation - Mesh refinement study - Numerical methods - Wind tunnel validation study; Power-Off Aerodynamic Database Results. Part II, Computational simulations with propulsion: Cruise Power-On Database; High-Lift Power-On Database. Summary.

Duensing, Jared C.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Radar Altimetry as a Proxy for Determining Terrestrial Water Storage Variability in Tropical Basins

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has provided us with unforeseen information on terrestrial water-storage (TWS) variability, contributing to our understanding of global hydrological processes, including hydrological extreme events and anthropogenic impacts on water storage. Attempts to decompose GRACE-based TWS signals into its different water storage layers, i.e., surface water storage (SWS), soil moisture, groundwater and snow, have shown that SWS is a principal component, particularly in the tropics, where major rivers flow over arid regions at high latitudes. Here, we demonstrate that water levels, measured with radar altimeters at a limited number of locations, can be used to reconstruct gridded GRACE-based TWS signals in the Amazon basin, at spatial resolutions ranging from 0.5 to 3°, with mean absolute errors (MAE) as low as 2.5 cm and correlations as high as 0.98. We show that, at 3° spatial resolution, spatially-distributed TWS time series can be precisely reconstructed with as few as 41 water-level time series located within the basin. The proposed approach is competitive when compared to existing TWS estimates derived from physically based and computationally expensive methods. Also, a validation experiment indicates that TWS estimates can be extrapolated to periods beyond that of the model regression with low errors. The approach is robust, based on regression models and interpolation techniques, and offers a new possibility to reproduce spatially and temporally distributed TWS that could be used to fill inter-mission gaps and to extend GRACE-based TWS time series beyond its timespan.

Terrestrial water storage↗
NASA NTRS2020

Defining Handling Qualities of Unmanned Aerial Systems: Phase II Final Report

Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) are no longer coming, they are here, and operators from first responders to Google and Amazon are demanding access to the National Airspace System (NAS) for a wide variety of missions. This includes a proliferation of small UAS or sUAS that will operate beyond line of sight at altitudes of 500 ft and below. A myriad of issues continues to slow the development of verification, validation, and certification methods that will enable the safe introduction of UAS to the NAS. These issues include the lack of both a consensus in UAS categorization process and quantitative certification requirements, including the definition of handling qualities. Because of the wide variety of UAS types (fixed wing, rotary wing from traditional helicopters to multirotor configurations, ducted fans, airships, etc.) and vehicle size from micro vehicles to the Global Hawk with a wing span similar to that of a Boeing 737, there cannot be a one-size-fits-all set of requirements. To address these issues, Systems Technology Inc. (STI) has developed the UAS Handling Qualities Assessment (UAS-HQ) process and corresponding draft specification that will guide UAS stakeholders through a systematic evaluation process. The work described herein builds on the existing, highly successful, military rotorcraft handling qualities specifications that features a mission-oriented approach, a concept that originated at STI. The vehicle is first identified by a simple weight-based classification and then the associated vehicle mission task elements are considered. These missions have specific tasks inclusive to them that then dictate the criteria and demonstration maneuvers necessary to evaluate the UAS handling qualities. An assessment of both modeled responses and flight test data can then be conducted to examine the predicted versus actual handling qualities and, if required, design modifications can then be made. Mr. David Klyde, Vice President and Technical Director, Engineering Services, served as Principal Investigator, while Dr. Natalia Alexandrov served as the NASA LaRC technical representative. In the Phase II program, STI was joined by David Mitchell of Mitchell Aerospace Research and the University of Minnesota. Mr. Mitchell led the draft specification development effort, while the University of Minnesota UAV Lab conducted sUAS flight tests under the direction of Dr. Peter Seiler.

Klyde, David H.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluating Novel Approaches for In Situ Analysis in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life

Universal approaches to detect extraterrestrial life are required to determine whether life exists outside of earth. A significant limitation of current detection strategies is the absence of a reliable, universal approach. They do not provide mechanisms to detect life that has evolved distinctly from life on Earth. We hypothesize that the most basic, essential features of life that can be detected are that they decrease their internal entropy at the expense of free energy obtained from their surroundings and that they produce heat associated with metabolic reactions. We propose that by using a thermodynamic analysis of the energy associated with these fundamental components of life, one can readily quantify the degree of free energy difference between life forms or their remnants and their abiotic surroundings. Analysis of the free energy entropy term (and thus structural complexity) and enthalpy term (as a manifestation of the energy release caused by metabolic reactions) may provide definitive detection of the presence of life. As a part of our analysis we review data available in the literature about the thermodynamics of microbial growth to assess the extent microbial metabolism and growth may contribute to negative entropy of maintenance (metabolism) and structural complexity. Additionally, we evaluate the different mechanisms by which structural complexity can be measured using calorimetry. An experimental framework is considered using concepts from previous work that could be used to further validate the calorimetric methods for life detection by potentially differentiating between life forms or their remnants from an abiotic surrounding. Results obtained demonstrate the applications of this approach and indicate that modification of a microcalorimetric technique has potential for incorporation into a space exploration platform as a life-detection payload.

Life Detection, Calorimetry↗
NASA NTRS2017

Large-scale fine-resolution products of forest disturbance using new approaches from spaceborne SAT interferometry

Spaceborne SAR interferometry (InSAR) has the potential ofdetecting forest change on a global scale with fine (meter-level)spatial resolution as well as on a monthly/weekly basis under allweather conditions. This is significant to characterize the land usechange and its impact on climate change. In this paper, bothsingle-pass and repeat-pass SAR interferometry from spacebornesensors are combined in order to detect and quantify (withNormalized RMSE 30%) forest disturbance at a large scale(dozens of kilometers) however with a fine spatial resolution (<1 hectare) based on two newly developed approaches. The singlepassInSAR approach is not only able to detect forest disturbancebut also capable of characterizing meter (or even sub-meter)level change of forest phase-center (mean) height due to forestgrowth and/or degradation. The methodology described in thispaper can be considered as complimentary tools and thus can becombined with the existing PolInSAR technique (that has beenwidely used for retrieving forest height from single-pass SARinterferometry). These methods are extensively validated with thepast and current spaceborne single-pass and repeat-pass InSARmissions (i.e. JAXA’s ALOS-1, ALOS-2 and DLR’s TanDEM-X)over subtropical forests in Australia as well as tropical forestsin Brazil. Such techniques also serve as observing prototypes forthe fusion of the future spaceborne InSAR missions (such asNASA-ISRO’s NISAR and DLR’s TanDEM-L).

Schmidt, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2022

Formal Methods for Trusted Space Autonomy, Boon or Bane?

Trusted Space Autonomy is challenging in that space systems are complex artifacts deployed in a high stakes environment with complicated operational settings. Thus far these challenges have been met using the full arsenal of tools: formal methods, informal methods, testing, runtime techniques, and operations processes. Using examples from previous deployments of autonomy to the Remote Agent on DS-1, Autonomous Sciencecraft on EO-1, WATCH on MER, IPEX, AEGIS on MER, MSL, and M2020, and the M2020 Onboard planner, we discuss how each of these approaches have been used to enable successful deployment of autonomy. We next focus on relatively limited use of formal methods (both prior to deployment and runtime methods). From the needs perspective, formal methods represent the best chance for reliable autonomy as testing, informal methods, and operations accommodations do not scale well with increasing complexity of the autonomous system. However from the practice perspective, formal methods have been limited in their application due to difficulty in eliciting formal specifications and challenges in representing complex constraints such as metric time and resources. We discuss some of these challenges as well as the opportunity to extend formal and informal methods into runtime validation systems.

Chien, Steve↗
NASA NTRS2021

Global Intercomparison of hyper-resolution ECOSTRESS coastal sea surface temperature measurements from the Space Station with VIIRS-N20

The ECOSTRESS multi-channel thermal radiometer on the Space Station has an unprecedented spatial resolution of 70 m and a return time of hours to 5 days. It resolves details of oceanographic features not detectable in imagery from MODIS or VIIRS, and has open-ocean coverage, unlike Landsat. We calibrated two years of ECOSTRESS sea surface temperature observations with L2 data from VIIRS-N20 (2019–2020) worldwide but especially focused on important upwelling systems currently undergoing climate change forcing. Unlike operational SST products from VIIRS-N20, the ECOSTRESS surface temperature algorithm does not use a regression approach to determine temperature, but solves a set of simultaneous equations based on first principles for both surface temperature and emissivity. We compared ECOSTRESS ocean temperatures to well-calibrated clear sky satellite measurements from VIIRS-N20. Data comparisons were constrained to those within 90 min of one another using co-located clear sky VIIRS and ECOSTRESS pixels. ECOSTRESS ocean temperatures have a consistent 1.01 ◦C negative bias relative to VIIRS-N20, although deviation in brightness temperatures within the 10.49 and 12.01 µm bands were much smaller. As an alternative, we compared the performance of NOAA, NASA, and U.S. Navy operational split-window SST regression algorithms taking into consideration the statistical limitations imposed by intrinsic SST spatial autocorrelation and applying corrections on brightness temperatures. We conclude that standard bias-correction methods using already validated and well-known algorithms can be applied to ECOSTRESS SST data, yielding highly accurate products of ultra-high spatial resolution for studies of biological and physical oceanography in a time when these are needed to properly evaluate regional and even local impacts of climate change.

Nicolas Weidberg↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CLARREO Pathfinder Mission Overview and its Intercalibration Capabilities

NASA's Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder (CPF) mission will deploy an Earth-observing reflected solar (RS) spectrometer, designed to measure Earth-reflected solar radiation from the International Space Station with a remarkable SI-traceable radiometric uncertainty of 0.3% (k=1). This spectrometer, known as the Hyperspectral Imager for Climate Science (HySICS), will provide measurements within a spectral range of 350-2300 nm with 3-nm spectral intervals. Covering a nadir swath of 70 km, HySICS captures 480 discrete measurement pixels that provide spectrally-resolved Earth-reflected radiances. The CPF mission encompasses two principal objectives. The first objective is to demonstrate on-orbit calibration methodologies that achieve and uphold an unprecedented level of accuracy while maintaining traceability to SI standards. The second objective is to showcase an innovative on-orbit intercalibration approach, which involves the intercalibration of two other RS sensors—namely, the shortwave (SW) channel of the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) and the Reflective Solar (RS) bands of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)—against CPF benchmark measurements. The targeted intercalibration methodology uncertainty for these target instruments is 0.3% (k=1). Empowered by the CPF payload's two-axis pointing capability, moderate spatial sampling of 0.5 km, and wide spectral coverage, the CPF instrument will capture near-simultaneous temporal, spatial, angular, and spectrally matched observations with intercalibration targets. The CPF intercalibration science development team has devised novel methods to address spatial, spectral, polarization, and angular differences between CPF and the target instruments' intercalibration footprints to achieve the stringent 0.3% intercalibration methodology uncertainty. Comprehensive details of these methods and their validation will be elaborated upon during the conference presentation.

Hyperspectral↗