Measurements of the extinction parameters of hot seeded hydrogen at high pressures
Measurement of extinction parameter of tungsten-hydrogen aerosols as function of wavelength at high pressures and temperatures
Clement, J. D.↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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The development of large diameter, high pressure, cryogenic radial static seals
Two configurations of radial static seals are developed for high-pressure 773 kg per sq cm cryogenic applications: a U-shaped fluorocarbon seal and a delta-shaped PTFE seal. The U-seal is a common commercial design consisting of a spring-loaded cup-shaped jacket; the basic principle is that the soft plastic jacket provides the interface between the piston and the bore, the jacket being held in place by a metal spring. The delta seal is based on the principle that the soft plastic delta cross section furnishes the interface at the metal face and circumferential face of the gland and cylinder. Test results indicate that both the plastic U-seal and the delta seal designs are sufficiently flexible to accommodate assembly in bore or piston grooves. Of these two configurations, the delta seal is found to be superior as it meets all the design requirements for proof pressure testing the turbopump components of the main engine in the Space Shuttle.
Burr, M. E.↗
High pressure flame system for pollution studies with results for methane-air diffusion flames
A high pressure flame system was designed and constructed for studying nitrogen oxide formation in fuel air combustion. Its advantages and limitations were demonstrated by tests with a confined laminar methane air diffusion flame over the pressure range from 1 to 50 atm. The methane issued from a 3.06 mm diameter port concentrically into a stream of air contained within a 20.5 mm diameter chimney. As the combustion pressure is increased, the flame changes in shape from wide and convex to slender and concave, and there is a marked increase in the amount of luminous carbon. The height of the flame changes only moderately with pressure.
Miller, I. M.↗
High-pressure liquid chromatography of aromatic amines
Analysis made on commercially available liquid chromatograph demonstrates high-pressure liquid chromatographic conditions for separation of approximately 50 aromatic amines ranging from simple aniline derivatives to complex multiring di- and tri-amines.
Young, P. R.↗
Longitudinal mode combustion instabilities of a high-pressure fuel-rich LOX/RP-1 preburner
During the hot-fire testing of a high-pressure fuel-rich LOX/RP-1 preburner, longitudinal mode combustion instabilities were observed. The experimental data showing how the instability varied with the chamber pressure, mixture ratio, chamber length and turbulence ring are given. Technical rationales are given for the test-to-test hardware configuration changes that eventually led to the stable result.
Fang, J. J.↗
Longitudinal mode combustion instabilities of a high-pressure fuel-rich LOX/RP-1 preburner
During the hot-fire testing of a high-pressure fuel-rich LOX/RP-1 preburner, longitudinal mode combustion instabilities were observed. This paper presents the experimental data showing how the instability varied with the chamber pressure, mixture ratio, chamber length and turbulence ring. Technical rationales are given for the test-to-test hardware configuration changes that eventually led to the stable result.
Fang, J. J.↗
Melting of troilite at high pressure in a diamond cell by laser heating
A system for measuring melting temperatures at high pressures is described. The sample is heated with radiation from a YAG laser. The beam is reflected downward through a microscope objective, through the upper diamond anvil, and focused onto the sample. Hense, intense heating is produced only at the sample and not within the diamond anvils. A vidicon system is used to observe the sample during heating. Incandescent light from the heated sample passes back through the objective lens into a grating spectrometer. The spectrum of the incandescent light is received by the photodiode array and stored in the multichannel analyzer. These data can then be transferred to floppy disk for analysis. A curve fitting program is used to compare the spectra with standard blackbody curves and to determine the temperature. Pressure is measured by the ruby fluorescence method. The system was used to study the melting behavior of natural troilite (FeS).
Bassett, William A.↗
Space Shuttle Main Engine structural analysis and data reduction/evaluation. Volume 3B: High pressure fuel turbo-pump preburner pump bearing assembly analysis
The analysis performed on the High Pressure Oxidizer Turbopump (HPOTP) preburner pump bearing assembly located on the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) is summarized. An ANSYS finite element model for the inlet assembly was built and executed. Thermal and static analyses were performed.
Power, Gloria B.↗
Effect of Mach number on over-all performance of single-stage axial-flow compressor designed for high pressure ratio
A complete stage of an axial-flow compressor designed to produce a high pressure ratio was investigated at speeds from 110 to 130 percent of design speed (836 ft/sec). The data obtained and the results of a previous investigation of the same compressor at speeds from 50 to 100 percent of design speed were used to determine the effect of Mach number on over-all performance. The peak total-pressure ratio increased from 1.095 to 1.515 and the peak adiabatic efficiency decreased from 0.93 to 0.89 as the relative inlet Mach number increased from 0.34 to 0.77. At a relative inlet Mach number of 0.91, a total-pressure ratio of 1.635 was obtained at an adiabatic efficiency of 0.74.
COMPRESSORS - AXIAL FLOW↗
Efficient High Pressure MixtureState Equations
A method is presented for an accurate noniterative, computationally efficient calculation of high pressure fluid mixture equations of state, especially targeted to gas turbines and rocket engines. Pressures above 1 bar and temperatures above 100 K are addressed. The method is based on curve fitting an effective reference state relative to departure funcitons formed using the Peng-Robinson cubic state equation. Fit parameters for H(sub 2), O(sub 2), N(sub 2), propane, n-heptane and methanol are given.
thermodynamics state equations noniterative mixtur↗
Calculation of Oxygen Fugacity in High Pressure Metal-Silicate Experiments and Comparison to Standard Approaches
Calculation of oxygen fugacity in high pressure and temperature experiments in metal-silicate systems is usually approximated by the ratio of Fe in the metal and FeO in the silicate melt: (Delta)IW=2*log(X(sub Fe)/X(sub FeO)), where IW is the iron-wustite reference oxygen buffer. Although this is a quick and easy calculation to make, it has been applied to a huge variety of metallic (Fe- Ni-S-C-O-Si systems) and silicate liquids (SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O systems). This approach has surely led to values that have little meaning, yet are applied with great confidence, for example, to a terrestrial mantle at "IW-2". Although fO2 can be circumvented in some cases by consideration of Fe-M distribution coefficient, these do not eliminate the effects of alloy or silicate liquid compositional variation, or the specific chemical effects of S in the silicate liquid, for example. In order to address the issue of what the actual value of fO2 is in any given experiment, we have calculated fO2 from the equilibria 2Fe (metal) + SiO2 (liq) + O2 = Fe2SiO4 (liq).
Righter, K.↗
Parametric Study of Pulse-Combustor-Driven Ejectors at High-Pressure
Pulse-combustor configurations developed in recent studies have demonstrated performance levels at high-pressure operating conditions comparable to those observed at atmospheric conditions. However, problems related to the way fuel was being distributed within the pulse combustor were still limiting performance. In the first part of this study, new configurations are investigated computationally aimed at improving the fuel distribution and performance of the pulse-combustor. Subsequent sections investigate the performance of various pulse-combustor driven ejector configurations operating at highpressure conditions, focusing on the effects of fuel equivalence ratio and ejector throat area. The goal is to design pulse-combustor-ejector configurations that maximize pressure gain while achieving a thermal environment acceptable to a turbine, and at the same time maintain acceptable levels of NOx emissions and flow non-uniformities. The computations presented here have demonstrated pressure gains of up to 2.8%.
pulsejet↗
57Fe Mössbauer isomer shift of pure iron and iron oxides at high pressure—An experimental and theoretical study
The 57Fe isomer shift (IS) of pure iron has been measured up to 100 GPa using synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy in the time domain. Apart from the expected discontinuity due to the α→ε structural and spin transitions, the IS decreases monotonically with increasing pressure. The absolute shifts were reproduced without semi-empirical calibrations by periodic density functional calculations employing extensive localized basis sets with several common density functionals. However, the best numerical agreement is obtained with the B1WC hybrid functional. Extension of the calculations to 350 GPa, a pressure corresponding to the Earth’s inner core, predicted the IS range of 0.00 to -0.85 mm/s, covering the span from Fe(0) to Fe(VI) compounds measured at ambient pressure. The calculations also reproduced the pressure trend from polymorphs of prototypical iron oxide minerals, FeO and Fe2O3. Analysis of the electronic structure shows a strong donation of electrons from oxygen to iron at high pressure. The assignment of formal oxidation to the Fe atom becomes ambiguous under this condition.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
High-pressure oxygen impact tester
To extend the compatibility evaluation of candidate materials in oxygen, a high-pressure oxygen impact tester has been designed, developed, and installed at NASA/MSFC, Huntsville, Alabama. The tester has an operating range from ambient to 69,000 newton/sq m (10,000 psig) pressures and from the normal boiling point of liquid oxygen to 394 K (121 C) temperatures. The tester was designed to deliver 97.63 joules (72 ft-lb) of impact energy; however, variable height and weight can be achieved for threshold analysis. The system is completely remote and highly automated to furnish safe, reliable operation. High-frequency, fast-response instrumentation capabilities are provided to ensure maximum information output with the hope of minimizing the number of tests required for material acceptance.
Raniere, F. D.↗
An in-situ view cell system for investigating swelling behavior of elastomers upon high-pressure hydrogen exposure
The transition to hydrogen as a clean and efficient energy carrier is impeded by challenges in the compatibility of hydrogen with materials used within hydrogen infrastructure. Elastomers, crucial in sealing components, often exhibit premature failures in high-pressure hydrogen environments due to excessive swelling. This study employs an innovative in-situ view cell system to assess the swelling behavior of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) under various hydrogen conditions. The system, designed to withstand pressures up to 96.5 MPa, incorporates Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for strain measurements and volume estimation. Results reveal non-linear volume increases during depressurization, challenging conventional assumptions. Furthermore, investigations into peak hydrogen pressures and pressure-holding scenarios during decompression highlight complex swelling trends. The introduction of a novel computer vision (CV) method enhances precision in volume estimation, overcoming DIC limitations. The study provides insights into mitigating elastomer swelling, crucial for developing robust materials to support future hydrogen-driven energy systems.
Elastomer↗
High-pressure phase transition of olivine-type Mg 2 GeO 4 to a metastable forsterite-III type structure and their equations of state
Germanates are often used as structural analogs of planetary silicates. We have explored the high-pressure phase relations in Mg 2 GeO 4 using diamond-anvil cell experiments combined with synchrotron X-ray diffraction and computations based on density functional theory. Upon room temperature compression, forsterite-type Mg 2 GeO 4 remains stable up to 30 GPa. At higher pressures, a phase transition to a forsterite-III type (Cmc2 1 ) structure was observed, which remained stable to the peak pressure of 105 GPa. Using a third-order Birch Murnaghan fit to the experimental data, we obtained V 0 = 305.1(3) Å3, K 0 = 124.6(14) GPa, and $K'_0$ = 3.86 (fixed) for forsterite-type Mg 2 GeO 4 and V 0 = 263.5(15) Å 3 , K 0 = 175(7) GPa, and $K'_0$ = 4.2 (fixed) for the forsterite-III type phase. The forsterite-III type structure was found to be metastable when compared to the stable assemblage of perovskite/post-perovskite + MgO, as observed during laser-heating experiments. Understanding the phase relations and physical properties of metastable phases is crucial for studying the mineralogy of impact sites, understanding metastable wedges in subducting slabs, and interpreting the results of shock compression experiments.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Strong enhancement of magnetic ordering temperature and structural/valence transitions in EuPd 3 S 4 under high pressure
We present a comprehensive study of the inhomogeneous mixed-valence compound, EuPd 3 S 4 , by electrical transport, X-ray diffraction, time-domain 151 Eu synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements under high pressure. Electrical transport measurements show that the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature, T N , increases rapidly from 2.8 K at ambient pressure to 23.5 K at ~19 GPa and plateaus between ~19 and ~29 GPa after which no anomaly associated with T N is detected. A pressure-induced first-order structural transition from cubic to tetragonal is observed, with a rather broad coexistence region (~20 GPa to ~30 GPa) that corresponds to the T N plateau. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements show a clear valence transition from approximately 50:50 Eu 2+ :Eu 3+ to fully Eu 3+ at ~28 GPa, consistent with the vanishing of the magnetic order at the same pressure. X-ray absorption data show a transition to a fully trivalent state at a similar pressure. Our results show that pressure first greatly enhances T N , most likely via enhanced hybridization between the Eu 4 f states and the conduction band, and then, second, causes a structural phase transition that coincides with the conversion of the europium to a fully trivalent state.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Design and development of a large diameter high pressure fast acting propulsion valve and valve actuator
The design and development of a large diameter high pressure quick acting propulsion valve and valve actuator is described. The valve is the heart of a major test facility dedicated to conducting full scale performance tests of aircraft landing systems. The valve opens in less than 300 milliseconds releasing a 46-centimeter- (18-in.-) diameter water jet and closes in 300 milliseconds. The four main components of the valve, i.e., valve body, safety shutter, high speed shutter, and pneumatic-hydraulic actuator, are discussed. This valve is unique and may have other aerospace and industrial applications.
Srinivasan, K. V.↗