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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2019

Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols

Atmospheric deposition is a source of potentially bioavailable iron (Fe) and thus can partially control biological productivity in large parts of the ocean. However, the explanation of observed high aerosol Fe solubility compared to that in soil particles is still controversial, as several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this observation. Here, a statistical analysis of aerosol Fe solubility estimated from four models and observations compiled from multiple field campaigns suggests that pyrogenic aerosols are the main sources of aerosols with high Fe solubility at low concentration. Additionally, we find that field data over the Southern Ocean display a much wider range in aerosol Fe solubility compared to the models, which indicate an underestimation of labile Fe concentrations by a factor of 15. These findings suggest that pyrogenic Fe-containing aerosols are important sources of atmospheric bioavailable Fe to the open ocean and crucial for predicting anthropogenic perturbations to marine productivity.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS2013

Scalable Adaptive Graphics Environment (SAGE) Software for the Visualization of Large Data Sets on a Video Wall

The use of collaborative scientific visualization systems for the analysis, visualization, and sharing of "big data" available from new high resolution remote sensing satellite sensors or four‐dimensional numerical model simulations is propelling the wider adoption of ultra‐resolution tiled display walls interconnected by high speed networks. These systems require a globally connected and well‐integrated operating environment that provides persistent visualization and collaboration services. This abstract and subsequent presentation describes a new collaborative visualization system installed for NASA's Shortterm Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) program at Marshall Space Flight Center and its use for Earth science applications. The system consists of a 3 x 4 array of 1920 x 1080 pixel thin bezel video monitors mounted on a wall in a scientific collaboration lab. The monitors are physically and virtually integrated into a 14' x 7' for video display. The display of scientific data on the video wall is controlled by a single Alienware Aurora PC with a 2nd Generation Intel Core 4.1 GHz processor, 32 GB memory, and an AMD Fire Pro W600 video card with 6 mini display port connections. Six mini display‐to‐dual DVI cables are used to connect the 12 individual video monitors. The open source Scalable Adaptive Graphics Environment (SAGE) windowing and media control framework, running on top of the Ubuntu 12 Linux operating system, allows several users to simultaneously control the display and storage of high resolution still and moving graphics in a variety of formats, on tiled display walls of any size. The Ubuntu operating system supports the open source Scalable Adaptive Graphics Environment (SAGE) software which provides a common environment, or framework, enabling its users to access, display and share a variety of data‐intensive information. This information can be digital‐cinema animations, high‐resolution images, high‐definition video‐teleconferences, presentation slides, documents, spreadsheets or laptop screens. SAGE is cross‐platform, community‐driven, open‐source visualization and collaboration middleware that utilizes shared national and international cyberinfrastructure for the advancement of scientific research and education.

Jedlovec, Gary↗

NASA NTRS2020

Dynamic IT Security Database and Analytics for Launch Control Systems Software

During the Summer 2020 session, I worked with intern Destani S. Van Arsdalen of EGS Software. Together, we co-created a tool to aid the dynamic investigation, updated over time,of the security compliance of LCS COTS and open source software. We originally planned touse spreadsheet software for management and analysis, but through this exploratoryproject, chose to use Python and JSON after receiving feedback on our project’s current anddesired capabilities at that time.At first, the project was solely designed to help on-board new COTS software, based on aquestionnaire that could be filled out for each software package. This, combined with usingthe spreadsheet application’s web-query capabilities to fetch information from the NVD,allowed presentation and analytics cells to automatically populate as elements of themanually-filled questionnaire changed. While this system was promising, we decided tochange technologies for a few reasons. In the spreadsheet, single cells could not hold complexdata like arrays and objects. The automatic population of cells and dynamic updates made itdifficult to manage and add new features. And finally, it had limited extensibility sinceadding new software required significant understanding of how both the spreadsheet wasconstructed, and the more obscure, proprietary scripting languages packaged with it.The pivot to a standard computer science database language of JSON, aided by thescripting capabilities of Python, greatly helped to improve the project’s functionality. First,and most importantly, the script’s import and analysis of database data is easilyreproducible. Additional data analysis can be modularly added without requiringmodification of the script and is capable of routine scheduling. The revised process can besplit into three parts. First, the conversion of LCS asset and software documentation into theJSON hierarchical database format. Second, the merging of this database with the NVD,forming a new data structure, using CPEs of the CVE object as a linking element betweenthem. And third, the automatically performed analytics and analysis of the combined data,in a modular and extensible format, to produce better informed business decisions. The outputted graphs, for example, are automatically generated by the Python script inconnection with the combined database. This allows updated graphs and any analytics to be re-rendered automatically following updates to the LCS’s initial asset documentation. Afinal report can then be programmatically and easily constructed from these sources to allow fully reproducible metrics for heavily evidenced risk management decisions.

it↗

DOE OSTI2025

ORBIT-2 Dataset for Scaling Exascale Vision Foundation Models for Weather and Climate Downscaling

This dataset release corresponds to the work conducted in ORBIT-2: Scaling Exascale Vision Foundation Models for Weather and Climate Downscaling, where large-scale AI methods were applied to improve climate and weather resolution. The collection integrates four widely used, publicly available datasets: ERA5, PRISM, DAYMET, and IMERG. To prepare the data for ORBIT-2 model training and evaluation, we applied a preprocessing pipeline that generates paired low-resolution and high-resolution samples, enabling supervised downscaling experiments. The transformation from coarse to fine scales was performed using bilinear regridding, consistent with the procedures described in WeatherBench2, a community benchmark for weather and climate AI models. This dataset supports the development and evaluation of foundation models designed for weather and climate downscaling at exascale. Additional details on methodology and applications can be found in Wang et al., ORBIT-2 (arXiv:2505.04802, 2025).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Ultra-thin lithium aluminate spinel ferrite films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and low damping

Ultra-thin films of low damping ferromagnetic insulators with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy have been identified as critical to advancing spin-based electronics by significantly reducing the threshold for current-induced magnetization switching while enabling new types of hybrid structures or devices. Here, we have developed a new class of ultra-thin spinel structure Li 0.5 Al 1.0 Fe 1.5 O 4 (LAFO) films on MgGa 2 O 4 (MGO) substrates with: 1) perpendicular magnetic anisotropy; 2) low magnetic damping and 3) the absence of degraded or magnetic dead layers. These films have been integrated with epitaxial Pt spin source layers to demonstrate record low magnetization switching currents and high spin-orbit torque efficiencies. These LAFO films on MGO thus combine all of the desirable properties of ferromagnetic insulators with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, opening new possibilities for spin based electronics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Common workflows for computing material properties using different quantum engines

The prediction of material properties based on density-functional theory has become routinely common, thanks, in part, to the steady increase in the number and robustness of available simulation packages. This plurality of codes and methods is both a boon and a burden. While providing great opportunities for cross-verification, these packages adopt different methods, algorithms, and paradigms, making it challenging to choose, master, and efficiently use them. We demonstrate how developing common interfaces for workflows that automatically compute material properties greatly simplifies interoperability and cross-verification. We introduce design rules for reusable, code-agnostic, workflow interfaces to compute well-defined material properties, which we implement for eleven quantum engines and use to compute various material properties. Each implementation encodes carefully selected simulation parameters and workflow logic, making the implementer’s expertise of the quantum engine directly available to non-experts. All workflows are made available as open-source and full reproducibility of the workflows is guaranteed through the use of the AiiDA infrastructure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

UMap: An application-oriented user level memory mapping library

Exploiting the prominent role of complex memories in exascale node architecture, the UMap page fault handler offers new capabilities to access large memory-mapped data sets directly. UMap provides flexible configuration options to customize page handling to each application, including analysis of massive observational and simulation data sets. The high-performance design features I/O decoupling, dynamic load balancing, and application-level controls. Page faults triggered by application threads and processes accessing data mapped to a UMapp’ed region are handled via the Linux userfaultfd protocol, an asynchronous message-oriented kernel-user communication mechanism that avoids the context switch penalty of traditional signal fault handlers. UMap is fully open source. In this paper, we give an overview of the UMap library architecture, its extensible plugin architecture, and the use/performance of UMap in emerging heterogeneous memory hierarchies such as near-node Non-volatile Memory (NVM) and network attached memories. We highlight new capabilities in two pagefault management plugins, the NetworkStore and SparseStore. We demonstrate the integration between UMap and multiple ECP products including Caliper, Metall, ZFP, Mochi, and Ripples.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Down-selection of Innovative Fusion Materials

The goal of this proposal is to develop and fundamentally understand the microstructure of refractory multi-component alloys (MCA) as fusion-relevant plasma facing and structural materials, a step to down-select innovative fusion materials prior to the process of advancing their technology readiness level (TRL). Developing materials is paramount to enable fusion as energy source since no existing material is capable of coping with such extreme conditions. We will aim at understanding the role of chemistry and microstructure in these complex multi-component alloys systematically comparing their performance with pure tungsten materials in terms of mechanical properties and manufacturability. Such understanding will open opportunities to optimize MCAs for fusion applications and has a potential of attracting industry partnership.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Slow control and data acquisition systems in the Mu2e experiment

The Mu2e experiment at the Fermilab Muon Campus will search for the coherent neutrinolessconversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus with a sensitivityimprovement by a factor of 10,000 over existing limits. The Mu2e Trigger and Data AcquisitionSystem (TDAQ) usesotsdaqas the online Data Acquisition System (DAQ) solution. Developed atFermilab,otsdaqintegrates both theartdaqDAQ and theartanalysis frameworks for event transfer,filtering, and processing.otsdaqis an online DAQ software suite with a focus on flexibility andscalability and provides a multi-user, web-based, interface accessible through a web browser. Thedata stream from the detector subsystems is read by a software filter algorithm that selects eventswhich are combined with the data flux coming from a Cosmic Ray Veto System. The DetectorControl System (DCS) has been developed using the Experimental Physics and Industrial ControlSystem (EPICS) open source platform for monitoring, controlling, alarming, and archiving. TheDCS System has been integrated intootsdaq. A prototype of the TDAQ and the DCS systems hasbeen built at Fermilab’s Feynman Computing Center. In this paper, we report on the progress ofthe integration of this prototype in the onlineotsdaqsoftware.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

MENUS—Materials engineering by neutron scattering

Materials engineering by neutron scattering (MENUS) at the second target station will be a transformational high-flux, versatile, multiscale materials engineering diffraction beamline with unprecedented new capabilities for the study of complex materials and structures. It will support both fundamental and applied materials research in a broad range of fields. MENUS will combine unprecedented long-wavelength neutron flux and unique detector coverage to enable real-time studies of complex structural and functional materials under external stimuli. The incorporated small angle neutron scattering and transmission/imaging capabilities will extend its sensitivity to larger length scales and higher spatial resolution. Multimodal MENUS will provide crystallographic and microstructure data to the materials science and engineering community to understand lattice strain/phase transition/microstructure/texture evolution in three orthogonal directions in complex material systems under combined extreme applied conditions. Finally, the capabilities of MENUS will open new scientific opportunities and meet the research needs for science challenges to enable studies of a range of phenomena and answer the key questions in material design/exploration, advanced material processing, transformative manufacturing, and material operations of national impacts in our daily life.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Database development and exploration of process–microstructure relationships using variational autoencoders

The paper demonstrates graphical representation of a large database containing process–microstructure relationships using an unsupervised machine learning algorithm. Correlating microstructural features to processing is an essential first step to answer the difficult problem of process sequence design. Here, a large database of 346,200 orientation distribution functions resulting from a variety of process sequences is constructed, where each sequence comprises up to four stages of tension, compression and rolling along different directions in various permutations. This open-source database is constructed for collaborative development of process design algorithms. The paper demonstrates a novel application of the large database: graphical representation of texture–process relationships. A variational autoencoder is used to reduce the entire database to a two dimensional latent space where variations in processes and properties can be visualized. Using proximity analysis in this latent space, we can quickly unearth multiple process solutions to the problem of texture or property design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Online DAQ and slow control interface for the Mu2e experiment

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2023

Machine Learning for Geothermal Resource Exploration in the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico

Geothermal energy is considered an essential renewable resource to generate flexible electricity. Geothermal resource assessments conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey showed that the southwestern basins in the U.S. have a significant geothermal potential for meeting domestic electricity demand. Within these southwestern basins, play fairway analysis (PFA), funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Geothermal Technologies Office, identified that the Tularosa Basin in New Mexico has significant geothermal potential. This short communication paper presents a machine learning (ML) methodology for curating and analyzing the PFA data from the DOE’s geothermal data repository. The proposed approach to identify potential geothermal sites in the Tularosa Basin is based on an unsupervised ML method called non-negative matrix factorization with custom k-means clustering. This methodology is available in our open-source ML framework, GeoThermalCloud (GTC). Using this GTC framework, we discover prospective geothermal locations and find key parameters defining these prospects. Our ML analysis found that these prospects are consistent with the existing Tularosa Basin’s PFA studies. This instills confidence in our GTC framework to accelerate geothermal exploration and resource development, which is generally time-consuming.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Open Source Visualization and Analysis Platform for 3D Reconstructions of Materials by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Three-dimensional characterization of materials at the nano- and meso-scale has become possible with transmission and scanning transmission electron microscopes (S/TEM). Its importance has extended to a wide class of nanomaterials such as hydrogen fuel cells, solar cells, industrial catalysts, new battery materials and semiconductor devices, as well as spanning high-tech industry, universities, and national labs. While capable instrumentation is abundant, this rapidly expanding demand for high-resolution tomography is bottlenecked by software that is instead tailored for lower-dose, biological applications and not optimized for higher-resolution materials applications. Existing tomography fails to utilize the chemical information provided by S/TEM spectrometers. To address this problem, this project delivered a scalable, fully functional, freely-distributable, open Source materials tomography package with a modern user interface that enables automated acquisition, alignment, and real-time reconstruction of raw tomography data, and provides advanced segmentation, three-dimensional chemical visualization and analysis optimized for materials applications. It has established an extendable framework capable of automation for high-throughput for the tomography of materials from data acquisition to visualization. Phase I and II delivered a full-featured, cross-platform, clean and integrated application for S/TEM materials tomography. It can read projection data from the microscope, with graphical tools for alignment of data, tomographic reconstruction, segmentation, and visualization of the reconstructed 3D volume. The entire pipeline can be saved to an XML state file, enabling fully reproducible data processing and analysis with a full Python environment for the development of custom algorithms, processing, and analysis requirements. Phase IIB extended the application to provide real-time tomographic reconstruction, "live updates" as data is processed, analysis of big data, and multi-channel tomography. Here, quantitative assessment of nanomaterials can occur as data is being recorded on a 3D visualization platform that accommodates additional information from multiple channels. We provide unmatched high-throughput tomography, where the complete tomographic pipeline from measurement to 3D visualization can occur rapidly. The project was extended to offer capabilities for micro-CT, X-ray, neutron, focused ion beam, atomic electron tomography and atom probe tomography. With over 600 transmission electron microscopes worldwide and approximately 50 coming online each year, the demand and impact of an open-source tomography tool is large. Significant opportunities exist in high-tech industry, universities, and national labs to enable or enhance three-dimensional imaging at the nanoscale and bring automated high-throughput approaches that will accelerate progress in materials characterization and metrology. The project supports a service based business model by enabling lab-specific acquisition and processing customization and integration-support and development that will be provided into Phase III and beyond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Simulation-Based Analysis of Impacts of Reduced Envelope and Duct Air Leakage on Indoor Air Pollutant Concentrations in Occupied Manufactured Homes

This report presents a simulation-based analysis that estimates the magnitude of indoor air pollutant concentration changes that could result from the proposed energy conservation standards. The analysis was conducted for a 1568 ft 2 , double-wide MH with variations in heating and cooling equipment (either furnace + air conditioner or heat pump) and various types of whole-house mechanical ventilation (continuous exhaust fan or central fan integrated supply), in three locations with varying climate conditions: Chicago IL, Fresno, CA; and Houston TX. The simulations tracked four air pollutants that can reach levels exceeding established safe target levels in homes: acrolein, formaldehyde, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). The simulations considered acrolein and formaldehyde emitted from continuous indoor sources; acrolein, NO 2 and PM 2.5 from cooking; PM 2.5 from dispersed occupant activities; and NO 2 and PM 2.5 from outdoors, using historical data to identify typical levels. The impacts in homes operating or not operating whole-house mechanical ventilation equipment, kitchen and bath exhaust fans, and window opening as ventilation approaches were examined.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

NASA NTRS2003

Investigations of Relatively Easy To Construct Antennas With Efficiency in Receiving Schumann Resonances: Preparations for a Miniaturized Reconfigurable ELF Receiver

Relatively little is known about the cavity between the Earth and the ionosphere, which opens opportunities for technological advances and unique ideas. One effective means to study this cavity is with extremely low frequency (ELF) antennas. Possible applications of these antennas are global weather prediction, earthquake prediction, planetary exploration, communication, wireless transmission of power, or even a free energy source. The superconducting quantum interference device SQUID) and the coil antenna are the two most acceptable receivers discovered for picking up ELF magnetic fields. Both antennas have the potential for size reduction, allowing them to be portable enough for access to space and even for personal ware. With improvements of these antennas and signal processing, insightful analysis of Schumann resonance (SR) can give the science community a band of radio frequency (RF) signals for improving life here on Earth and exploring beyond.

Farmer, Brian W.↗

DOE OSTI2018

Alteration trends and geochemical source region characteristics preserved in the fluviolacustrine sedimentary record of Gale crater, Mars

The Mars Science Laboratory’s Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) instrument suite on-board the Curiosity rover has analysed ~1200 sedimentary targets during the mission up to sol 1482. These targets have included sedimentary rock, diagenetic features (e.g., fracture-associated alteration halos, mineral veins, nodules, and erosion resistant raised ridges), active aeolian fines, soils and float. We have isolated ChemCam geochemical trends relating to diagenetic features and alteration products from those of the sedimentary rock in order to identify the compositional characteristics of Gale crater’s sediment source regions. The effects of grain size variation on sedimentary unit geochemistry have been taken into account by grouping and analysing geological units according to grain size. With obvious diagenetic features removed from the database, and predominately isochemical aqueous alteration inferred for the Mt Sharp Group samples, we propose that source region composition is a stronger source of geochemical change between the Bradbury and Mt Sharp Groups than open-system alteration. Additionally, a lack of correlation between the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values and SiO 2 , MgO or FeO T indicates that the slight increase in chemical weathering of the Mt Sharp Group sediments was insufficient to overprint sediment source compositional signatures. This has led to the identification of five unique igneous endmember compositions which we hypothesise to have contributed to Gale crater’s stratigraphic record. These endmembers are: (1) a subalkaline basalt, compositionally similar to the tholeiitic Adirondack Class basalts of Gusev crater, and dominant within the finer grained units up to the base of Mt Sharp; (2) a trachybasalt, mostly identified within conglomerate units from the Darwin waypoint to the base of Mt Sharp; (3) a potassium-rich volcanic source, determined from strong potassium enrichment and a high abundance of sanidine that is most dominant in the fluvial sandstones and conglomerates of the Kimberley formation; (4) a highly evolved, silica-rich igneous source that correlates with the presence of tridymite, and is recorded in the lacustrine mudstone of Mt Sharp’s Marias Pass locality; and, (5) a fractionated, relatively SiO 2 -rich subalkaline basalt, seen to have influenced the composition of mudstone deposited in the lower part of the Mt Sharp Group. Endmembers (1), (2), (3), and (4) have previously been identified at specific waypoints along the rover’s traverse, but we show that their influence extends throughout Gale’s stratigraphic record. The occurrence of detected endmembers is also strongly correlated with stratigraphic position, which suggests changing sediment source regions with time. We conclude that Gale sediment provenances were much more varied than suggested by the largely homogenous, globally-distributed Martian basalt inferred from orbit, showing that complex magmatic assemblages exist within the ancient highland crust surrounding Gale.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Reliability metrics and their management implications for open pond algae cultivation

The prevalence of contaminating organisms in outdoor algae cultivation, with the often-associated dramatic crop failures, necessitates the need for metrics describing production system reliability. Standard metrics for algae cultivation reliability are critically needed to be able to map improvements in operational parameters, but do not currently exist. In this work, we present a set of standard metrics including mean time to failure (MTTF) and mean time between failures (MTBF) as the basis for the calculation of pond failure rate (FR) and reliability coefficient (RC). Metrics associated with the numbers of contaminating organisms such as abundance ratio (AR), prevalence of infection (PI), and mean intensity of infection (MII) are also relevant. These metrics, based on measured experimental values of outdoor pond performance during the Algae Testbed Public-Private Partnership (ATP3) Unified Field Studies (UFS), provide a basis for quantifying pond failure and provide insight into potential pond management and contaminant mitigation strategies. From these reliability metrics applied to this dataset, we are able to link operational parameters, such as harvest frequency and inoculum source, to pond reliability for different algae strains and seasons, and from an assessment of AR, provide contamination thresholds beyond which a culture may be unrecoverable. Ultimately, the implementation of widely-practiced and simple-to-calculate algae pond reliability metrics calculated from rapid and easy to collect data or observations will reduce risk and uncertainty in large-scale algae deployment and aid in the development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗