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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Environmental Control and Life Support Technology Development for Exploration: 2020 to 2021 Overview

This PowerPoint presentation supports the following paper submission's abstract (STRIVES 20210015025). This paper provides an overview of NASA supported activities developing Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLSS) technologies in the following capability areas: life support, environmental monitoring, fire safety, and logistics. NASA has been refining technology needs for deep space missions including Gateway, lunar surface, Mars transit, and Mars surface missions. Validating technologies in relevant environments, both in low earth orbit (LEO) and ground tests is critical in understanding technology performance and long duration performance. On-orbit and ground tests inform NASA’s technology decisions to fill exploration gaps. NASA has multiple technology projects across the technology readiness spectrum with potential to fill or partially fill exploration gaps. For each capability area, this paper will describe select capability gaps, NASA technology project maturation over the past year, and key performance parameters (KPPs). KPPs are evolving but they still provide a useful measure in communicating progress and identifying development needs to fill exploration gaps. The intent is to provide a very high-level overview describing the projects that are supporting gap closure and provide references to additional technical details, progress, and KPPs.

Life Support↗
DOE OSTI2021

BETO 2021 Peer Review - Strategic Analysis Support WBS 4.1.1.30

Strategic Analysis Support. The objective of the NREL strategic support project is to provide sound, unbiased, and consistent analyses to inform the strategic direction of the DOE BETO office. This project addresses key technological questions, provides critical data needed to inform strategy, and highlights barriers, gaps and data needs in support of the DOE BETO's mission to improve the affordability of bio-based fuels and products. This task employs various quantitative (techno-economic analysis, TEA) and qualitative (gap analysis) approaches to allow for direct comparisons of biomass conversion technologies across a wide slate of processing platforms and products. Furthermore, this project develops and utilizes novel analyses beyond traditional biorefinery focused TEA/LCAs to identify both technical (e.g., in sustainable design) and non-technical (e.g., in value proposition) barriers, as well as to outline mitigation strategies and R&D needs for emerging technologies. Additionally, the project is tasked with evaluating drivers that support the growing bio-economy, which is achieved by the development and public release of tools to advance the understanding and facilitate comparisons of socio-economic impacts along the supply chain. Critical to the success of this project is the development of defensible methodologies, analyses, and tools that are publicly available to support stakeholders and bioeconomy growth. To develop such high-quality analyses, the biggest challenge to this project, as with most analysis focused projects, is the availability and reliability of the underlying data. Therefore, the project team works extensively with key stakeholders (e.g., policy makers, bioenergy technology developers, and investors) in developing and reviewing the results of these analyses to overcome this challenge. Any remaining uncertainties associated with the analysis efforts are clearly defined and quantified.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS1996

NASA's Advanced Life Support Systems Human-Rated Test Facility

Future NASA missions to explore the solar system will be long-duration missions, requiring human life support systems which must operate with very high reliability over long periods of time. Such systems must be highly regenerative, requiring minimum resupply, to enable the crews to be largely self-sufficient. These regenerative life support systems will use a combination of higher plants, microorganisms, and physicochemical processes to recycle air and water, produce food, and process wastes. A key step in the development of these systems is establishment of a human-rated test facility specifically tailored to evaluation of closed, regenerative life supports systems--one in which long-duration, large-scale testing involving human test crews can be performed. Construction of such a facility, the Advanced Life Support Program's (ALS) Human-Rated Test Facility (HRTF), has begun at NASA's Johnson Space Center, and definition of systems and development of initial outfitting concepts for the facility are underway. This paper will provide an overview of the HRTF project plan, an explanation of baseline configurations, and descriptive illustrations of facility outfitting concepts.

NASA Discipline Number 61-10↗
NASA NTRS1996

Bioregenerative life support systems for long-term space habitation: a conceptual approach

Life support systems represent one of the most critical aspects of human space exploration. Future long-term missions such as the establishment of human-tended Lunar and Martian bases require closed life support systems. A conceptual approach to an Engineered Closed/Controlled EcoSystem incorporating bioregenerative capabilities by integrating humans, plants, and waste management processes is presented. The integration of physical/chemical and biological waste treatment processes is suitable for supporting plant growth through hydroponics and materially closing the human and plant metabolic loops. This conceptual design separates wastes into individual loops for treatment according to the specific metabolic needs of humans and plants. The means through which an integrated Engineered Closed/Controlled EcoSystem meets the life support objectives of long-term space habitation are summarized.

Non-NASA Center↗
DOE OSTI2023

Monitoring Structural and Electronic Changes of Supported Metal Catalysts Using Combined X‐Ray Techniques

Supported metal nanoparticle catalysts have become increasingly crucial for many catalytic applications. However, long-term catalyst stability remains a problem due to catalyst deactivation caused by coke formation and sintering. The deposition of a thin overcoating via atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto metal-supported nanoparticles has shown to greatly inhibit catalyst deactivation. This work utilizes a model catalyst system comprised of Pt nanoparticles supported on Al 2 O 3 to demonstrate the effect of an atomically thin overcoating on supported metal nanoparticles. Continuous operando small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) monitor structural and electronic changes to the catalyst and overcoating during calcination. SAXS data fitting reveals the formation of nanopores in the overcoating at high temperatures, while XANES monitors the oxidation state of the Pt catalyst. Herein, the usefulness of combined X-ray techniques is demonstrated to characterize supported metal catalysts to further understanding of the synergistic effects of the ALD overcoating to aid in the design of new catalyst materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Tailoring the Cooperative Acid-Base Effects in Silica-Supported Amine Catalysts: Applications in the Continuous Gas-Phase Self-Condensation of n -Butanal

A highly efficient solid-base organocatalyst for the gas-phase aldol self-condensation of n -butanal to 2-ethylhexenal was developed by grafting site-isolated amines on tailored silica surfaces. The catalytic activity depends largely on the nature of amine species, the surface concentration of amine and silanol groups, and the spatial separation between the silanol and amine groups. In situ FTIR measurements demonstrated that the formation of nucleophilic enamines leads to the enhanced catalytic activity of secondary amine catalysts, whereas the formation of imines (stable up to 473 K) leads to the low activity observed for silica-supported primary amines. Blocking the silanol groups on the silica support by silylation or cofeeding water into the reaction stream drastically decreased the reaction rates, demonstrating that weaker acidic silanol groups participate cooperatively with the amine groups to catalyze the condensation reaction. This work demonstrates that the spatial separation of the weakly acidic silanols and amines can be tuned by the controlled dehydration of the supporting silica and by varying the linker length of the amine organosilane precursor used to graft the amine to the support surface. A mechanism for aldol condensation was proposed and then analyzed by DFT calculations. DFT analysis of the reaction pathway suggested that the rate-limiting step in aldol condensation is carbon-carbon bond formation, which is consistent with the observed kinetics. The calculated apparent activation barrier agrees reasonably with that measured experimentally. Secondary amines come first: A solid-base organocatalyst achieved by grafting amines onto silica surfaces is applied to the gas-phase aldol self-condensation of n-butanal to 2-ethylhexenal. Silica-supported secondary amine catalysts demonstrate a much higher catalytic activity than the primary amine analogues, owing to the respective formation of enamines as shown by in situ FTIR analysis. The reaction pathway is analyzed by DFT calculations.

acidity↗
DOE OSTI2018

Exploring the Effect of Gold Support on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Metal Porphycenes

It has been a long-standing goal to find alternative, cost effective catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. Molecular complexes capable of efficiently catalyzing ORR, when supported on a conducting solid surface could provide interesting hybrid materials combining the best of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we utilize density functional theory to study the ORR activity of molecular (unsupported) and gold supported 3d metal (II)-porphycenes (MPc). All the 3d metal-porphycenes adsorb strongly on the Au(111) support with negative free energy of formation ranging from 1.0–3.0 eV while solvation lowers the energy of molecular MPc by only 0.5 eV compared to the gas phase. These indicate that the 3d MPc are stable and anchored firmly to the gold surface under ORR conditions. Based on our analysis, the gold support enhances the ORR activity in some of the examined MPc systems. We find that the molecular MnPc and FePc are the best ORR electrocatalysts with theoretical overpotentials of 0.44 V and 0.36 V. Thus, this work highlights the important role of the support in preserving/increasing the activity of molecular catalyst.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of Highly Selective Support for CO Hydrogenation to Light Olefins with Partially Passivated Iron Catalysts

To rule out disturbances from water=soluble efficient promoters (e. g., K 2 O or combination of S/Na), a simplified iron/support catalyst system was employed to investigate novel supports for the catalytic conversion of syngas (CO+H 2 ) to light olefins (FTO). A series of supports with nominal compositions of ZnAl 2 O 4 ∙ x Al 2 O 3 ( x =1, 2, 3) were prepared by coprecipitation and subsequent high temperature calcination at 1200 °C for 24 h to generate partially passivated ZnAl 2 O 4 and Al 2 O 3 phases, through which each formed component of a catalyst may minimize interactions among them and exhibit unique activity. Iron catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness of iron salts over these supports. At a total pressure of ca. 20 bar and a CO conversion of 35 %, a catalyst with a nominal composition of 15 %Fe/85 %(ZnAl 2 O 4 ∙ 3Al 2 O 3 ) exhibits a surprising C 2 = -C 4 = hydrocarbon distribution of 58 %, which reaches a huge increase by almost 100 % in comparison with iron catalysts over regular supports (e. g., carbon, gamma-Al 2 O 3 , etc.). This catalyst demonstrates the 1200 °C passivated ZnAl 2 O 4 ∙ 3Al 2 O 3 as probably the most selective support material for iron-based FTO catalysts. At CO conversion of 35 %, the contents of ethylene in C 2 , propylene in C 3 , and butylene in C 4 products achieve extraordinary values of 82%, 92%, and 91%, respectively.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Bidentate N‐based Ligands for Highly Reusable, Ligand‐coordinated, Supported Pt Hydrosilylation Catalysts

Abstract A significant challenge in designing supported metal‐ligand catalysts for solution‐phase reactions is the stabilization of the metal active sites against leaching into solution. Here, we examine alkene hydrosilylation reactions as model systems to improve the stability of highly dispersed Pt using a metal‐ligand coordination strategy on high surface area oxide supports. By evaluating a series of bidentate N‐based ligands, we demonstrate several design strategies to improve stability of the highly dispersed Pt 2+ centers against leaching, while maintaining a high level of catalytic activity, selectivity, and recyclability for alkene hydrosilylation batch reactions under mild conditions. These involve a bi‐functional approach to ligand design, which considers interaction to the support and a well‐defined coordination environment for the metal active site. Three strategies are reported: modifying ligands for stronger interaction with oxide surfaces, mixing ligands, and pre‐depositing an “anchoring ligand” to the support before loading the metal‐ligand catalyst. Each of these is successful in enhancing Pt recyclability. Particularly, two Pt‐phenanthroline catalysts exhibit excellent reusability for multiple batch reaction cycles, due to high stability of the active Pt species. Addressing the active site leaching problem significantly enhances the utility of ligand‐coordinated supported metal catalysts as highly stable and selective catalysts for solution‐phase reactions.

Chen, Linxiao↗
DOE OSTI2025

CO 2 Oxidative Ethane Dehydrogenation on CeO 2 /SiO 2 ‐Supported NiFe 3 Catalysts

CO 2 -assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is a sustainable alternative to steam cracking for ethylene production. In this study, a series of CeO 2 on SiO 2 supported NiFe 3 catalysts were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation and tested for oxidative dehydrogenation performance. The CeO 2 /SiO 2 supported catalysts with high weight loading of CeO 2 (50%–75%) provided higher activity than the lower CeO 2 (0%–25%) loaded catalysts (with ethylene production rates of 0.62–0.98 µmol/g cat /s and 0.19–0.3 µmol/g cat /s, respectively) while maintaining high ethylene selectivity (43%–45%). In contrast, the NiFe 3 supported on only CeO 2 also exhibited high activity (ethylene production rate of 0.71 µmol/g cat /s), but the ethylene selectivity (16%) was greatly decreased compared to the mixed system. Temperature programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy all indicate the creation of a solid solution of the Fe and Ni doped into the CeO 2 crystal structure in the catalysts with high CeO 2 loading/bulk CeO 2 support. Here, the high ethylene selectivity in the high CeO 2 loading catalysts indicates that the Fe is preferentially creating the solid solution, with the decrease in selectivity observed in the CeO 2 -only supported catalyst likely resulting from CeO 2 interacting directly with Ni, creating Ni-CeO X interfaces that are known active sites for the unwanted side reaction of dry reforming.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Titania-Supported Single-Atom Platinum Catalyst for Water-Gas Shift Reaction

Density functional theory (DFT) and microkinetic modeling are used to examine the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction on TiO 2 (110)-supported single Pt atoms. A CO-adsorbed Pt atom supported on a TiO 2 surface exhibits a lower activity for the WGS than the Pt 2+ ion supported on a doped TiO 2 surface, although DFT predicts the CO-adsorbed Pt on an undoped TiO 2 surface to be thermodynamically more stable. Finally, trends observed in WGS activity for different active sites of TiO 2 -supported Pt catalysts can be explained in terms of CO adsorption strength and the ability to form an oxygen vacancy on the oxide support.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell with Significantly Enhanced Catalysis

High-temperature electrolysis (HTE) using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is a promising hydrogen production technology and has attracted substantial research attention over the last decade. While most studies are conducted on hydrogen electrode-supported type cells, SOEC operation using metal-supported cells has received minimal attention. The development of metal-supported SOECs with performance similar to the best conventional SOECs is reported. These cells have stainless steel supports on both sides, 10Sc1CeSZ electrolyte and electrode backbones, and nano-structured catalysts infiltrated on both hydrogen and oxygen electrode sides. Samarium-doped ceria (SDC) mixed with Ni is infiltrated as a hydrogen electrode catalyst, and the effect of ceria:Ni ratio is studied. On the oxygen electrode side, catalysts including lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF), praseodymium oxide (Pr 6 O 11 ), and their composite catalysts with SDC (i.e., LSM-SDC, LSCF-SDC, and Pr 6 O 11 -SDC) are compared. Utilizing the materials with highest catalytic activity (Pr 6 O 11 -SDC and SDC40-Ni60) and optimizing the catalyst infiltration processes, excellent electrolysis performance of metal-supported cells is achieved. Current densities of –5.31, –4.09, –2.64, and –1.62 A cm –2 are accomplished at 1.3 V and 50 vol% steam content at 800, 750, 700, and 650 °C, respectively.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2022

Synthesizing Carbon‐Supported, High‐Loading, Ultra‐Small Pt 3 Ni Nanoparticles via Tuning the Surface Electrostatic Effect

Carbon‐supported nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used as catalysts in fuel cells and electrolyzers. While it is well known that NPs with smaller size and higher loading often lead to better catalytic activity, they remain challenging to synthesize due to the weak control over the surface properties of the support. Herein, a facile approach to synthesize carbon‐supported, high‐loading, and ultra‐small Pt 3 Ni NPs via applying thermal shock on strongly interacted carbon support with metal salt is reported. Specifically, sodium citrate is introduced into the precursor solution and substrate mixture, which induces strong electrostatic effect between metal salts and carbon particles that markedly improves precursor anchoring and dispersion, thereby achieving high particle loading as well as small size and distribution. As a proof‐of‐concept, the synthesis of Pt 3 Ni NPs supported on carbon black with particle size of 1.56 ± 0.36 nm at 30 wt% loading and 1.66 ± 0.56 nm at 40 wt% loading is reported, where the sizes are among the smallest while the loadings are among the highest in the literature. This approach can be readily extended to many compositions and substrates, with tunable particle size and loading, thereby substantially expanding the synthesis space for NP catalysts in various electrochemical applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Developing an Interactive Data Visualization Tool to Assess the Impact of Decision Support on Clinical Operations

Due to mandates from recent legislation, clinical decision support (CDS) software is being adopted by radiology practices across the country. This software provides imaging study decision support for referring providers at the point of order entry. CDS systems produce a large volume of data, providing opportunities for research and quality improvement. In order to better visualize and analyze trends in this data, an interactive data visualization dashboard was created using a commercially available data visualization platform. Following the integration of a commercially available clinical decision support product into the electronic health record, a dashboard was created using a commercially available data visualization platform (Tableau, Seattle, WA). Data generated by the CDS were exported from the data warehouse, where they were stored, into the platform. This allowed for real-time visualization of the data generated by the decision support software. The creation of the dashboard allowed the output from the CDS platform to be more easily analyzed and facilitated hypothesis generation. Integrating data visualization tools into clinical decision support tools allows for easier data analysis and can streamline research and quality improvement efforts.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Alkaline Ethanol Oxidation Reaction on Carbon Supported Ternary PdNiBi Nanocatalyst using Modified Instant Reduction Synthesis Method

Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC) still lack active and efficient electrocatalysts for the alkaline ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). In this work, a new instant reduction synthesis method was developed to prepare carbon supported ternary PdNiBi nanocatalysts with improved EOR activity. Synthesized catalysts were characterized with a variety of structural and compositional analysis techniques in order to correlate their morphology and surface chemistry with electrochemical performance. The modified instant reduction synthesis results in well-dispersed, spherical Pd85Ni10Bi5 nanoparticles on Vulcan XC72R support (Pd85Ni10Bi5/C(II-III)), with sizes ranging from 3.7 +/- 0.8 to 4.7 +/- 0.7 nm. On the other hand, the common instant reduction synthesis method leads to significantly agglomerated nanoparticles (Pd85Ni10Bi5/C-(I)). EOR activity and stability of these three different carbon supported PdNiBi anode catalysts with a nominal atomic ratio of 85:10:5 were probed via cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry using the rotating disk electrode method. Pd85Ni10Bi5/C-(II) showed the highest electrocatalytic activity (150 mA.cm(-2); 2678 mA.mg(-1)) with low onset potential (0.207 V) for EOR in alkaline medium, as compared to a commercial Pd/C and to the other synthesized ternary nanocatalysts Pd85Ni10Bi5/C-(I) and Pd85Ni10Bi5/C-(III). This new synthesis approach provides a new avenue to developing efficient, carbon supported ternary nanocatalysts for future energy conversion devices. The modified instant reduction method for synthesis of ternary Pd85Ni10Bi5/C-(II) nanocatalyst using Vulcan XC72R as carbon support initiates an agglomeration reduction, provides low average particle size, and enables enhanced activity for the alkaline ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) compared to the common instant reduction method and to a commercial Pd/C catalyst.

Alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell↗
DOE OSTI2024

Characterization of SimulCam, a standoff Raman system for scientific support of SuperCam operations on Mars

During the development activities of SuperCam Calibration Target, target intended for one of the two first Raman instruments to be deployed on another planetary body, our group developed a laboratory instrument that could simulate to some extent the Raman capabilities of one of such instruments and could provide data with similar quality. The use of this kind of laboratory instruments has demonstrated its utility in the evaluation of potential calibration targets or anticipating the science outcome that an instrument could provide. The present work describes our laboratory setup to support SuperCam, evaluating similarities between both instruments, despite of differences in the hardware. Evaluation of data gathered by SuperCam on Mars and the availability of one replica of SuperCam’s Calibration Target allowed the comparison on the same set of targets, demonstrating how similar Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) could be achieved from both instruments. The higher energy per pulse on SimulCam is compensated by a greater analytical footprint and the use of smaller collection optics. The results show how spectra obtained at representative distances of SuperCam are comparable. Operational principles are also comparable in terms of time resolution, and close in terms of spectral resolution. This similarity has allowed different science support works using SimulCam data, as well as the support to Mars detections using our setup. We provide examples of this support that will be shared with the community in different papers, as well as examples of possible operations activities that could benefit from experiments performed with SimulCam. We show how this setup can complement the two laboratory replicas in Los Alamos and Toulouse in providing support data to different experiments.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Early osteoinductive human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells support an enhanced hematopoietic cell expansion with altered chemotaxis- and adhesion-related gene expression profiles

Bone marrow (BM) microenvironment has a crucial role in supporting hematopoiesis. Here, by using a microarray analysis, we demonstrate that human BM mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) in an early osteoinductive stage (e-MSCs) are characterized by unique hematopoiesis-associated gene expression with an enhanced hematopoiesis-supportive ability. In comparison to BM-MSCs without osteoinductive treatment, gene expression in e-MSCs was significantly altered in terms of their cell adhesion- and chemotaxis-related profiles, as identified with Gene Ontology and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Noteworthy, expression of the hematopoiesis-associated molecules CXCL12 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 was remarkably decreased in e-MSCs. e-MSCs supported an enhanced expansion of CD34{sup +} hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and generation of myeloid lineage cells in vitro. In addition, short-term osteoinductive treatment favored in vivo hematopoietic recovery in lethally irradiated mice that underwent BM transplantation. e-MSCs exhibited the absence of decreased stemness-associated gene expression, increased osteogenesis-associated gene expression, and apparent mineralization, thus maintaining the ability to differentiate into adipogenic cells. Our findings demonstrate the unique biological characteristics of e-MSCs as hematopoiesis-regulatory stromal cells at differentiation stage between MSCs and osteoprogenitor cells and have significant implications in developing new strategy for using pharmacological osteoinductive treatment to support hematopoiesis in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell transplantation. - Highlights: • Human BM-MSCs in an early osteoinductive stage (e-MSCs) support hematopoiesis. • Adhesion- and chemotaxis-associated gene signatures are altered in e-MSCs. • Expression of CXCL12 and VCAM1 is remarkably decreased in e-MSCs. • e-MSCs are at differentiation stage between MSCs and osteoprogenitor cells. • Osteoinductive treatment favors hematopoietic recovery after BMT in mice.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrically controlling and optically observing the membrane potential of supported lipid bilayers

Supported lipid bilayers are a well-developed model system for the study of membranes and their associated proteins, such as membrane channels, enzymes, and receptors. These versatile model membranes can be made from various components, ranging from simple synthetic phospholipids to complex mixtures of constituents, mimicking the cell membrane with its relevant physiochemical and molecular phenomena. In addition, the high stability of supported lipid bilayers allows for their study via a wide array of experimental probes. In this work, we describe a platform for supported lipid bilayers that is accessible both electrically and optically, and demonstrate direct optical observation of the transmembrane potential of supported lipid bilayers. We show that the polarization of the supported membrane can be electrically controlled and optically probed using voltage-sensitive dyes. Membrane polarization dynamics is understood through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the analysis of an equivalent electrical circuit model. In addition, we describe the effect of the conducting electrode layer on the fluorescence of the optical probe through metal-induced energy transfer, and show that while this energy transfer has an adverse effect on the voltage sensitivity of the fluorescent probe, its strong distance dependency allows for axial localization of fluorescent emitters with ultrahigh accuracy. We conclude with a discussion on possible applications of this platform for the study of voltage-dependent membrane proteins and other processes in membrane biology and surface science.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗