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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 757 records · Page 42
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DOE OSTI2020

Electromagnetic & Weak Probes: Experimental Overview

Electromagnetic and electroweak probes are the most versatile probes in the study of heavy-ion collisions. Produced at every stage in the evolution of QCD matter, its messengers are practically inert to the strongly interacting medium they travel through. In this contribution, I will discuss a selection of new results from experiments at the LHC, RHIC, and SIS facilities, spanning almost four orders of magnitude in beam energy. Finally, I will conclude with a brief overview of the experimental landscape in the near future.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Measurement of proton electromagnetic form factors in the time-like region using initial state radiation at BESIII

The electromagnetic process e + e - → $p\bar{p}$ is studied with the initial-state-radiation technique using 7.5 fb -1 of data collected by the BESIII experiment at seven energy points from 3.773 to 4.600 GeV. The Born cross section and the effective form factor of the proton are measured from the production threshold to 3.0 GeV/c 2 using the $p\bar{p}$ invariant-mass spectrum. The ratio of electric and magnetic form factors of the proton is determined from the analysis of the proton-helicity angular distribution.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electromagnetic probes: Theory and experiment

We review the current state of research on electromagnetic probes in the context of heavy-ion collisions. The focus is on thermal photons and dileptons which provide unique insights into the properties of the created hot and dense matter. This review is intended to provide an introductory overview of the topic as well as a discussion of recent theoretical and experimental results. In particular, we discuss the role of vector-meson spectral functions in the calculation of photon and dilepton rates and present recent results obtained from different frameworks. Furthermore, we will highlight the special role of photons and dileptons to provide information on observables such as the temperature, the lifetime, the polarization and the electrical conductivity of the produced medium as well as their use to learn about chiral symmetry restoration and phase transitions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mechanisms of electromagnetic field control on mineral scaling in brackish water reverse osmosis: Combined homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation

Electromagnetic field (EMF) treatment has emerged as a promising approach for scaling control due to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and low energy consumption. However, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms by which applied EMF impacts mineral scaling in reverse osmosis (RO) systems. This has led to inconclusive and varied results and uncertainties regarding its effectiveness. This study elucidates the impacts of EMF on homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation and membrane performance during RO desalination of different feedwaters. Our results reveal that EMF exhibits greater efficacy in treating near-saturated water (SI∼0), especially when coupled with extended hydraulic flushing (HF). For saturated brackish water desalination, heterogeneous scaling predominantly occurs on membrane surfaces, with the effectiveness of EMF in inhibiting scaling primarily attributed to the hydration effect. In supersaturated solutions, EMF promotes bulk precipitation due to the magnetohydrodynamic effect, quickly blocking membrane pores. Thus, when the saturation reaches a certain high level during RO desalination, magnetohydrodynamic EMF effects can accelerate flux decline caused by homogeneous scaling. In conclusion, this work provides an efficient method for predicting EMF efficiency, emphasizing the importance of saturation conditions and HF cleaning duration in determining membrane performance, suggesting these show promise for improving undersaturated or near-saturated feedwater desalination via RO.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling, testing, and mitigation of electromagnetic pulse on PV systems

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) poses a significant threat to the normal operation of power systems, especially with the increasing penetration of renewable energy. Without adequate protection, EMP can severely damage equipment or result in circuit breakdowns or short circuits. Solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities are particularly susceptible to EMP since PV systems are outdoors and exposed to EMP radiation. To assess and mitigate this threat, this paper summarizes various models and tests used to study the effects of EMP on PV systems, assesses the nature of the threat, and identifies measures to mitigate it. The paper provides a comprehensive review by categorizing analytical methods based on their pros and cons, introducing and describing EMP-related events, and providing a taxonomy of analytical methods for studying EMP. This paper compares the processes of modeling, testing, and mitigating EMP at both the component and system levels of PV systems. Furthermore, it also presents a case study that reveals the vulnerability of solar inverters to EMP using the pulse current injection method. Finally, the paper discusses some of the remaining challenges that should be considered in future solar PV system design and deployment.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Quantitative 3D electromagnetic field determination of 1D nanostructures from single projection

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures have been regarded as the most promising building blocks for nanoelectronics and nanocomposite material systems as well as for alternative energy applications. Although they result in confinement of a material, their properties and interactions with other nanostructures are still very much three-dimensional (3D) in nature. In this work, we present a novel method for quantitative determination of the 3D electromagnetic fields in and around 1D nanostructures using a single electron wave phase image, thereby eliminating the cumbersome acquisition of tomographic data. Using symmetry arguments, we have reconstructed the 3D magnetic field of a nickel nanowire as well as the 3D electric field around a carbon nanotube field emitter, from one single projection. The accuracy of quantitative values determined here is shown to be a better fit to the physics at play than the value obtained by conventional analysis. Moreover the 3D reconstructions can then directly be visualized and used in the design of functional 3D architectures built using 1D nanostructures.

1D nanostructures↗
DOE OSTI2026

Suppression and enhancement of electromagnetic pulses from laser–target interactions by strong magnetic fields

Laser–target interactions generate intense electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) that can interfere with measurements and damage equipment. In this paper we show that applying a magnetic field to nanosecond pulse laser–target interactions decreases the magnitude of EMPs. We demonstrate this effect in two experiments with different geometries (spherical versus planar), laser intensities ( ∼10 13 versus ∼10 15 W/cm 2 ) and applied field strength (12 versus 0.1 T) that both observed suppression of EMPs in approximately the 1 GHz band (by factors of 0.65× and 0.32×, respectively). We then observe the opposite effect at high intensities with a picosecond pulse: for planar experiments with laser intensities of approximately 10 19 W/cm 2 and magnetic fields of 6–10 T, the magnitude of EMPs is increased by a factor of 1.75×. These results provide a benchmark for models of EMP generation, but suggest that magnetic fields are not a viable solution for mitigating EMPs in the high-intensity laser facilities where they are most damaging.

electromagnetic pulse↗
DOE OSTI2019

Perturbation theory to model shielding effectiveness of cavities loaded with electromagnetic dampeners

It is notable that a slotted resonant cavity with high-quality factor exhibits interior electromagnetic (EM) fields that may be even larger than the external field. The authors aspire to reduce the cavity's EM fields and quality factor over a frequency band analytically, numerically, and experimentally by introducing microwave absorbing materials in the cavity. A perturbation model approach was developed to estimate the quality factor of loaded cavities, which is validated against full-wave simulations and experiments. Conclusions with 78.7 mils (2 mm) thick ECCOSORB-MCS absorber placed on the inside cavity wall above and below the aperture slot (with only 0.026% cavity volume) result in a reduction of shielding effectiveness >19 dB and reductions in quality factor >91%, providing confirmation of the efficacy of this approach.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2010

Perpendicular propagating electromagnetic envelope solitons in electron-positron-ion plasma

The nonlinear amplitude modulation of electromagnetic waves propagating perpendicular to the direction of ambient magnetic field in a uniform collisionless magnetized electron-positron-ion plasma is studied. The Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky perturbation method is employed to derive nonlinear Schroedinger equation, which describes the amplitude dynamics of perturbed magnetic field. The modulation instability criterion reveals that the low frequency mode is always stable, whereas the high frequency mode becomes modulationally unstable for certain ranges of wave number and positron-to-electron density ratio. Furthermore, the positron-to-electron density ratio as well as the strength of ambient magnetic field is found to have significant effect on the solitary wave solutions of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation, namely, dark and bright envelope solitons.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

Dispersion characteristics of the electromagnetic waves in a relativistic electron beam guided by the ion channel

In this article, the dispersion characteristics of the paraxial (near axis) electromagnetic (EM) waves in a relativistic electron beam guided by the ion channel are investigated. Equilibrium fields such as ion-channel electrostatic field and self-fields of relativistic electron beam are included in this formalism. In accordance with the equilibrium field structure, radial and azimuthal waves are selected as base vectors for EM waves. It is shown that the dispersion of the radially polarized EM and space charge waves are influenced by the equilibrium fields, but azimuthally polarized wave remain unaffected. In some wave number domains, the radially polarized EM and fast space charge waves are coupled. In these regions, instability is analyzed as a function of equilibrium structure. It is shown that the total equilibrium radial force due to the ion channel and electron beam and also relativistic effect play a key role in the coupling of the radially polarized EM wave and space charge wave. Furthermore, some asymptotic behaviors such as weak and strong ion channel, nonrelativistic case and cutoff frequencies are discussed. This instability could be used as an amplification mechanism for radially polarized EM waves in a beam-plasma system where a relativistic electron beam is guided by the ion channel.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

A Pulsed Laser-Electromagnetic Hybrid Accelerator For Space Propulsion Application

A fundamental study of a newly developed rectangular pulsed laser-electromagnetic hybrid thruster was conducted, in which laser-ablation plasma was induced through laser beam irradiation onto a solid target and accelerated by electrical means instead of direct acceleration only by using a laser beam. The performance of the thruster was evaluated by measuring the mass per shot and impulse bit. As results, significantly high specific impulse ranging from 5,000 approx6,000 sec were obtained at energies of 0.1 and 8.6 J, respectively. In addition, the typical thrust efficiency varied from 17% to 19% depending on the charge energy.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2010

On the cubic zero-order solution of electromagnetic waves. I. Periodic slabs with lossy plasmas

Electromagnetic waves are considered for periodic structures consisting of lossy plasmonic components and dielectric host media. For the plasmonic components, not only low-loss metals but also high-loss gas plasmas are taken into consideration. For small filling fractions of the plasmonic components, the intercell interactions are kept to a minimum. In this way, the zero-order solution to the dispersion relation is solved by focusing on its cubic nonlinearity in frequency. Analysis shows that there are two types of solutions: propagating waves and stationary states, depending on the magnitudes of the temporal attenuation rates. Depending on the relative strengths of the material loss of the plasmonic component and its filling fraction, several key critical parameters for the transitions between these two solution types are thus identified. In the following companion paper of Paper II, the cubic nonlinearities in frequency of the dispersion relations stem from different origins. Notwithstanding, they lead to strikingly similar features such as the transitions in wave types and Hopf bifurcations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

On the cubic zero-order solution of electromagnetic waves. II. Isolated particles with lossy plasmas

Electromagnetic waves are examined for a single isolated nanoparticle, which is composed of lossy plasmonic components and immersed in an unbounded homogeneous dielectric host medium. Wave characteristics thus obtained on resonance play crucial roles as the zero-order solution for periodic structures such as linear particle chains. The dispersion relation with cubic nonlinearity in frequency accounts for radiation damping in addition to dynamic depolarization. It is theoretically analyzed on the parameter plane spanned by the material loss and the plasma frequency. As in the preceding companion paper of Paper I, analysis shows two types of solutions: propagating waves and stationary states. In addition, the temporal attenuation rate exhibits a maximum feature at a certain material loss in confirmation of experimental results. However, physical behaviors of a nanoparticle turn out quite distinct from those illustrated in Paper I. The reasons are that the different mathematical structures are involved, and different geometries require different underlying assumptions. In special, the issue of series convergence in choosing proper solutions will be addressed. In addition, solutions to nanoparticles made of polarizable dielectric materials are found not to exist.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

Instabilities and generation of a quasistationary magnetic field by the interaction of relativistically intense electromagnetic wave with a plasma

It is shown that the interaction of the superstrong laser radiation with an isotropic plasma leads to the generation of low frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves and in particular a quasistationary magnetic field. When the relativistic circularly polarized transverse EM wave propagates along z-axis, it creates a ponderomotive force, which affects the motion of particles along the direction of its propagation. On the other hand, motion of the particles across the direction of propagation is defined by the ponderomotive potential. The dispersion relation for the transverse EM wave using a special distribution function, which has an anisotropic form, is derived. The dispersion relation is subsequently investigated for a number of special cases. In general, it is shown that the growth rate of the EM wave strongly depends upon its intensity.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

Broad-band polarization-independent absorption of electromagnetic waves by an overdense plasma

Surface plasmon-polaritons can be efficiently excited on a plasma-vacuum interface by an electromagnetic wave when a subwavelength diffraction grating is placed in front of the plasma boundary. The excitation efficiency depends strongly on the wave frequency (or plasma density, when the frequency is fixed) and polarization. We show both experimentally and theoretically that this sensitivity can be essentially suppressed. A nonzero angle of incidence and an axially symmetric diffraction grating ensure near-total absorption of the incident wave in a broad range of wave frequencies (or plasma densities, when the frequency is fixed). Direct detection of surface plasmon-polaritons has been achieved for the first time using a miniature antenna embedded in the plasma. A new absorption mechanism which is not associated with surface plasma wave excitation is revealed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

Recent Studies of Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors

The electromagnetic form factors of nucleons are fundamental quantities in nucleon structure. As such, they have been studied extensively both theoretically and experimentally. Significant progress has been made with new measurements at Jlab, MAMI and MIT-Bates, with emphases on expanding the momentum-transfer range and on higher precision. In this paper, we describe the status of this field and present new results from measurements at both low and high momentum transfers. We also compare the experimental data to model predictions, and mention possible implications of the new results to other fields.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Propagation of high power electromagnetic beam in relativistic magnetoplasma: Higher order paraxial ray theory

This paper presents an analysis of self-consistent, steady-state, theoretical model, which explains the ring formation in a Gaussian electromagnetic beam propagating in a magnetoplasma, characterized by relativistic nonlinearity. Higher order terms (up to r{sup 4}) in the expansion of the dielectric function and the eikonal have been taken into account. The condition for the formation of a dark and bright ring derived earlier by Misra and Mishra [J. Plasma Phys. 75, 769 (2009)] has been used to study focusing/defocusing of the beam. It is seen that inclusion of higher order terms does significantly affect the dependence of the beam width on the distance of propagation. Further, the effect of the magnetic field and the nature of nonlinearity on the ring formation and self-focusing of the beam have been explored.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗