Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “secure data”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Implementing Neural Adaptive Filtering in Engineered Detection Systems

The retina plays an important role in animal vision --- namely to pre-process visual information before sending it to the brain. The goal of this LDRD was to develop models of motion-sensitive retinal cells for the purpose of developing retinal-inspired algorithms to be applied to real-world data specific to Sandia's national security missions. We specifically focus on detection of small, dim moving targets amidst varying types of clutter or distractor signals. We compare a classic motion-sensitive model, the Hassenstein-Reichardt model, to a model of the OMS (object motion- sensitive) cell, and find that the Reichardt model performs better under continuous clutter (e.g. white noise) but is very sensitive to particular stimulus conditions (e.g. target velocity). We also demonstrate that lateral inhibition, a ubiquitous characteristic of neural circuitry, can effect target-size tuning, improving detection specifically of small targets.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Grid Data Crossing Platform (GriD-Xing)

This project is to develop a data management and analytics platform called Grid Data Crossing (GriD-Xing) that integrates data processing, storage, analysis, and visualization functionalities for users at industry (e.g., EMS and DMS) and universities. It intends to increase the applicability of large set of multi-source data (e.g., SCADA, PMU, μPMU, AMI, inverter, load/DER forecasting, and cyber data) and eventually improve the resilience, reliability, and security of critical energy infrastructure. GriD-Xing also intends to be a research platform to identify the usefulness of large multi-source data via case studies of interest to industry (e.g., 2011 southwest cold weather and 2016 Blue Cut fire events). In the first year, the team focused on the development and demonstration of large multi-source data (e.g., PMU, μPMU, SCADA, AMI, and cyber data) processing, storage, and analysis. Specifically, the team designed GriD-Xing framework in functional and structural aspects, developed GriD-Xing algorithms for large multi-source grid data processing, storage, and analysis, and finally demonstrated GriD-Xing prototype algorithms performance through a series of tests and case studies using real-world and simulation data.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Anomaly Detection in Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Trajectories Using LSTM Autoencoder and Gaussian Mixture Model

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) technology has the potential to transform the transportation system. Although these new technologies have many advantages, the implementation raises significant concerns regarding safety, security, and privacy. Anomalies in sensor data caused by errors or cyberattacks can cause severe accidents. To address the issue, this study proposed an innovative anomaly detection algorithm, namely the LSTM Autoencoder with Gaussian Mixture Model (LAGMM). This model supports anomalous CAV trajectory detection in the real-time leveraging communication capabilities of CAV sensors. The LSTM Autoencoder is applied to generate low-rank representations and reconstruct errors for each input data point, while the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is employed for its strength in density estimation. The proposed model was jointly optimized for the LSTM Autoencoder and GMM simultaneously. The study utilizes realistic CAV data from a platooning experiment conducted for Cooperative Automated Research Mobility Applications (CARMAs). The experiment findings indicate that the proposed LAGMM approach enhances detection accuracy by 3% and precision by 6.4% compared to the existing state-of-the-art methods, suggesting a significant improvement in the field.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
NASA NTRS1973

Future DCS objectives in communication network timing and synchronization

The Defense Communication System will be moving rapidly toward providing switched digital service to it's users within the next ten years. The principal driving force in the transition to a digital system is the requirement for high performance secure voice service. Additionally, the anticipated data requirements in this time frame can be handled most effectively by a digital network. The characteristics of a switched digital network which impose timing and synchronization requirements on the system design are presented. Several alternative approaches to implementing a timing subsystem suitable for a switched digital communications system have been considered. These include pulse stuffing, independent stable clocks, and clock correction techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed relative to both the strategic and tactical communication system requirements.

Mensch, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Design, development, and field demonstration of a remotely deployable water quality monitoring system

A prototype water quality monitoring system is described which offers almost continuous in situ monitoring. The two-man portable system features: (1) a microprocessor controlled central processing unit which allows preprogrammed sampling schedules and reprogramming in situ; (2) a subsurface unit for multiple depth capability and security from vandalism; (3) an acoustic data link for communications between the subsurface unit and the surface control unit; (4) eight water quality parameter sensors; (5) a nonvolatile magnetic bubble memory which prevents data loss in the event of power interruption; (6) a rechargeable power supply sufficient for 2 weeks of unattended operation; (7) a water sampler which can collect samples for laboratory analysis; (8) data output in direct engineering units on printed tape or through a computer compatible link; (9) internal electronic calibration eliminating external sensor adjustment; and (10) acoustic location and recovery systems. Data obtained in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron are tabulated.

Wallace, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A method of evaluating efficiency during space-suited work in a neutral buoyancy environment

The purpose was to investigate efficiency as related to the work transmission and the metabolic cost of various extravehicular activity (EVA) tasks during simulated microgravity (whole body water immersion) using three space suits. Two new prototype space station suits, AX-5 and MKIII, are pressurized at 57.2 kPa and were tested concurrently with the operationally used 29.6 kPa shuttle suit. Four male astronauts were asked to perform a fatigue trial on four upper extremity exercises during which metabolic rate and work output were measured and efficiency was calculated in each suit. The activities were selected to simulate actual EVA tasks. The test article was an underwater dynamometry system to which the astronauts were secured by foot restraints. All metabolic data was acquired, calculated, and stored using a computerized indirect calorimetry system connected to the suit ventilation/gas supply control console. During the efficiency testing, steady state metabolic rate could be evaluated as well as work transmitted to the dynamometer. Mechanical efficiency could then be calculated for each astronaut in each suit performing each movement.

Greenisen, Michael C.↗
NASA NTRS2000

NASA Information Technology Implementation Plan

NASA's Information Technology (IT) resources and IT support continue to be a growing and integral part of all NASA missions. Furthermore, the growing IT support requirements are becoming more complex and diverse. The following are a few examples of the growing complexity and diversity of NASA's IT environment. NASA is conducting basic IT research in the Intelligent Synthesis Environment (ISE) and Intelligent Systems (IS) Initiatives. IT security, infrastructure protection, and privacy of data are requiring more and more management attention and an increasing share of the NASA IT budget. Outsourcing of IT support is becoming a key element of NASA's IT strategy as exemplified by Outsourcing Desktop Initiative for NASA (ODIN) and the outsourcing of NASA Integrated Services Network (NISN) support. Finally, technology refresh is helping to provide improved support at lower cost. Recently the NASA Automated Data Processing (ADP) Consolidation Center (NACC) upgraded its bipolar technology computer systems with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology systems. This NACC upgrade substantially reduced the hardware maintenance and software licensing costs, significantly increased system speed and capacity, and reduced customer processing costs by 11 percent.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2002

EZStream: Distributing Live ISS Experiment Telemetry via Internet

This paper will present the high-level architecture and components of the current version of EZStream as well as the product direction & enhancements to be incorporated through a Phase II grant. Security will be addressed such as data encryption and user login. Remote user devices will be discussed including web browsers on PC's and displays on PDA's and smart cell phones. The interaction between EZStream and TReK will be covered as well as the eventuality of EZStream to receive and parse binary data streams directly. This makes EZStream beneficial to both the International Partners and non-NASA applications. The options of developing client-side display web pages will be addressed and the development of new tools to allow creation of display web pages by non-programmers.

Myers, Gerry↗
NASA NTRS2006

NASA Tech Briefs, June 2006

Topics covered include: Magnetic-Field-Response Measurement-Acquisition System; Platform for Testing Robotic Vehicles on Simulated Terrain; Interferometer for Low-Uncertainty Vector Metrology; Rayleigh Scattering for Measuring Flow in a Nozzle Testing Facility; "Virtual Feel" Capaciflectors; FETs Based on Doped Polyaniline/Polyethylene Oxide Fibers; Miniature Housings for Electronics With Standard Interfaces; Integrated Modeling Environment; Modified Recursive Hierarchical Segmentation of Data; Sizing Structures and Predicting Weight of a Spacecraft; Stress Testing of Data-Communication Networks; Framework for Flexible Security in Group Communications; Software for Collaborative Use of Large Interactive Displays; Microsphere Insulation Panels; Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Anodes for Lithium Cells; Tantalum-Based Ceramics for Refractory Composites; Integral Flexure Mounts for Metal Mirrors for Cryogenic Use; Templates for Fabricating Nanowire/Nanoconduit- Based Devices; Measuring Vapors To Monitor the State of Cure of a Resin; Partial-Vacuum-Gasketed Electrochemical Corrosion Cell; Theodolite Ring Lights; Integrating Terrain Maps Into a Reactive Navigation Strategy; Reducing Centroid Error Through Model-Based Noise Reduction; Adaptive Modeling Language and Its Derivatives; Stable Satellite Orbits for Global Coverage of the Moon; and Low-Cost Propellant Launch From a Tethered Balloon

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2024

Masses of Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Galaxy Clusters Detected by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Stacked Lensing Measurements with Subaru HSC Year 3 Data

We present a stacked lensing analysis of 96 galaxy clusters selected by the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect in maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We select foreground galaxy clusters with a 5σ-level SZ threshold in CMB observations from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, while we define background source galaxies for the lensing analysis with secure photometric redshift cuts in Year 3 data of the Subaru Hyper Suprime Cam survey. We detect the stacked lensing signal in the range of 0.1 < R[h −1 Mpc] < 100 in each of three cluster redshift bins, 0.092 < z ≤ 0.445, 0.445 < z ≤ 0.695, and 0.695 < z ≤ 1.180, with 32 galaxy clusters in each bin. The cumulative signal-to-noise ratios of the lensing signal are 14.6, 12.0, and 6.6, respectively. Using a halo-based forward model, we then constrain statistical relationships between the mass inferred from the SZ observation (i.e. SZ mass) and the total mass derived from our stacked lensing measurements. At the average SZ mass in the cluster sample (2.1 − 2.4 × 10 14 h −1 M⊙), our likelihood analysis shows that the average total mass differs from the SZ counterpart by a factor of 1.3 ± 0.2, 1.6 ± 0.2, and 1.6 ± 0.3 (68%) in the aforementioned redshift ranges, respectively. Our limits are consistent with previous lensing measurements, and we find that the cluster modeling choices can introduce a 1σ-level difference in our parameter inferences.

Masato Shirasaki↗
DOE OSTI2019

Authentication Protocol for ICS without Encryption

Industrial control systems (ICS) describes the different types of control systems and associated instrumentation, which includes the devices, systems, networks, and controls used to operate and/or automate industrial processes. Depending on the industry, each ICS functions differently and are built to electronically manage tasks efficiently. Historically, industrial plants have included networking, and changes have been made over time without consideration for security. Many ICS devices currently have inadequate security features. Adding encryption in ICS is undesirable because many of the new detection method involves deep packet inspection. Therefore, we propose to develop a method of providing authentication between devices without encrypting the data. This testbed design will allow rapid development and experimentation with Cyber Physical Systems. Modbus connects to a supervisory computer with a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. Our project seeks to enhance security in the ICS environment by adding device authentication to the lower levels of the plant floor. This approach was selected as it allows verification of the sender of data from level 1/level 0 devices up to supervisory systems. This addition is desirable as it adds enhanced verification to the integrity of system data without obscuring (via encryption) the data being transmitted across the network. This is important because many ICS systems are real time critical (decryption adds to latency) and many other good security options require deep packet inspection (which encryption completely defeats). To accomplish this, a proof of concept of adding an authentication scheme was designed and will be tested with a common ICS protocol. The setup includes a single serial cable connecting the serial ports on two devices, a Master and a Minion. Authentication will occur in the following methods: - Data layer involving Transport Layer Security/Secure Socket Layer (TLS/SSL); - TCP/IP route implementation; - Key exchange algorithm; - Raspberry Pi programming for authentication. A portion of the setup includes adding Raspberry Pi into the system as the device is handling the authentication for the network traffic. Modbus is the chosen ICS protocol. It is used to transmit signals from instrumentation and control devices back to a main controller or data gathering system. Typically, the device identity is assumed but not verified. For verifying device identity, we constructed a digital signature architecture with TLS. A novel adaptation of this is to use only the digital signature that is provided and not the encryption capability. This allows ICS traffic to flow unobscured while still providing verification for the integrity of the data. Verification of this process will involve adding additional I/O level network devices with spoofed IP addresses and detecting the authenticated versus unauthenticated traffic. Our TLS implementation will have encryption disabled but should still allow for digital signing of data. This will enable our system to distinguish between real end devices and spoofed end devices. This experiment is presently building the test setup. It is focusing on a small setting to identify authenticated and unauthenticated devices on the network. This should allow for scaling to a larger network size after the initial proof of concept. One concern with this scheme is a certificate deployment has a large scale key management. Network size will thus increase the key management task for security. In addition, we believe that further research should be done on exploring the use of this method to defeat man-in-the-middle attacks.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Assessing the Accuracy of a Borehole-Controlled Velocity Model of Yucca Flat, Nevada, Using Large-N Seismic Data

The Source Physics Experiment (SPE) aims to improve nuclear test monitoring capabilities through a series of chemical explosions in Yucca Flat within the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) (Snelson et al., 2013). With geologic data from over 950 boreholes, Yucca Flat has excellent borehole control on stratigraphy. These data were used to create a Geologic Framework Model (GFM) of the basin to aid in the study of seismic wave propagation through the Earth. However, the seismic velocities of the geologic units in the GFM are less well-defined. With the acquisition of five new active source Large-N datasets, we can now quantitatively assess the accuracy of the seismic model previously controlled by borehole data alone.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

AAM NC ATI TechTalk - Aerograph Architecture v1

Aerograph is NASA’s data management system for Advanced Air Mobility. Its mission is to support AAM research by providing a reliable and secure system that collects, stores, protects, and shares AAM data. Its vision is to provide a system that AAM research scientists, aerospace engineers, data scientists, and analysts trust for obtaining NC data and performing key analyses. The types of data Aerograph manages involves data related to flight test events, including: Aircraft Performance and Characterization (e.g., position reports) Airspace (e.g., operation intent, waypoints, and constraints) Environment (e.g., surface and wind weather) Infrastructure (e.g., surveillance coverage) Derivative Analytical Artifacts (e.g., glide path performance chart, 3D position chart, Integrated Data Product)

Aerograph↗
DOE OSTI2020

ModuleOT: A Hardware Security Module for Operational Technology: Preprint

With increasing penetration levels of distributed energy resources (DERs) on the distribution grid, as well as new technological advancements in the cyber space, new cyberattack vectors are being introduced, and the available attack surface is constantly increasing. Despite this increasing risk, the standard IEEE 1547-2018 does not yet recommend cybersecurity measures for DERs. To address this and to better protect data on the distribution grid - from the standpoints information security as well as operational security - ModuleOT has been developed. The module aims to significantly reduce cyberattack vectors by improving data privacy for user applications. This is accomplished by performing the core functions of encryption, authentication, authorization, certificate management, and user access control. The module integrates a custom security application with hardware cryptographic acceleration. The application secures all communications using Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). These include the three most commonly used communications protocols for power systems information exchange: Modbus, Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3), and Smart Energy Profile 2.0 (SEP2.0). These three protocols are also supported by IEEE 1547-2018 for all DER devices. This paper tests the data encryption/decryption feature on a physical networking test bed with emulated Modbus devices reporting grid data and presents the results.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2021

Tonlé Sap Food Security and Agriculture II: Evaluating Changes in Ecosystem Vitality and Freshwater Healthin the Tonlé Sap Basin using Remotely Sensed Data

The Tonlé Sap Lake and river basin in central Cambodia provide critical ecosystem services to the region, including fisheries, agricultural irrigation, hydropower, and biodiverse habitats. Deforestation, increased pumping for farming, and effects of climate change such as droughts and forest fires threaten the health of the lake and food security in the region. This project built upon the previous term through a partnership with Conservation International (CI), the Cambodian Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, and the Tonlé Sap Authority to assess ecosystem vitality and implement CI’s Freshwater Health Index (FHI) tool, in an effort to prioritize resource expenditure and highlight areas of concern. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related travel restrictions, partners had not been able to readily collect in situ data for the past year, which make up the majority of FHI inputs. To help fill this data gap, we developed a methodology for using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data to calculate groundwater storage depletion, and a Python Application Programming Interface for processing and formatting remotely-sensed data for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. We then used SWAT to model nutrient flows and of phosphorous, nitrogen and suspended sediments amounts in the basin from October 2000 to December 2020. These outputs served as inputs for the FHI and provided policy makers with robust monitoring information to aid decision-making in the area and safeguard the lake’s vital fisheries and biodiversity.

Justine Spore↗
DOE OSTI2015

Analytic image reconstruction from partial data for a single-scan cone-beam CT with scatter correction

Purpose: A beam-blocker composed of multiple strips is a useful gadget for scatter correction and/or for dose reduction in cone-beam CT (CBCT). However, the use of such a beam-blocker would yield cone-beam data that can be challenging for accurate image reconstruction from a single scan in the filtered-backprojection framework. The focus of the work was to develop an analytic image reconstruction method for CBCT that can be directly applied to partially blocked cone-beam data in conjunction with the scatter correction. Methods: The authors developed a rebinned backprojection-filteration (BPF) algorithm for reconstructing images from the partially blocked cone-beam data in a circular scan. The authors also proposed a beam-blocking geometry considering data redundancy such that an efficient scatter estimate can be acquired and sufficient data for BPF image reconstruction can be secured at the same time from a single scan without using any blocker motion. Additionally, scatter correction method and noise reduction scheme have been developed. The authors have performed both simulation and experimental studies to validate the rebinned BPF algorithm for image reconstruction from partially blocked cone-beam data. Quantitative evaluations of the reconstructed image quality were performed in the experimental studies. Results: The simulation study revealed that the developed reconstruction algorithm successfully reconstructs the images from the partial cone-beam data. In the experimental study, the proposed method effectively corrected for the scatter in each projection and reconstructed scatter-corrected images from a single scan. Reduction of cupping artifacts and an enhancement of the image contrast have been demonstrated. The image contrast has increased by a factor of about 2, and the image accuracy in terms of root-mean-square-error with respect to the fan-beam CT image has increased by more than 30%. Conclusions: The authors have successfully demonstrated that the proposed scanning method and image reconstruction algorithm can effectively estimate the scatter in cone-beam projections and produce tomographic images of nearly scatter-free quality. The authors believe that the proposed method would provide a fast and efficient CBCT scanning option to various applications particularly including head-and-neck scan.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗