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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 775 records · Page 43
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Response Of Salt Intrusion In A Tidal Estuary To Regional Climatic Forcing (FVCOM Output for the baseline scenario)

Salinity distribution in a large tidal estuary is subject to estuarine adjustment under the influences of multiple physical drivers such as freshwater pulses and sea level rise, and is crucial to upstream water quality, aquaculture, and ecosystem functions of the estuary. To better understand the estuarine salinity response to climate change, the unstructured-grid Finite Volume Community Ocean Model was implemented to simulate the salt intrusion in the Delaware Bay Estuary. The model was first validated by multiple observational data sets and subsequently applied in an idealized setting to examine the response of salt front to freshwater pulses in high flow conditions, followed by a long-term drought condition supported by a multi-decadal streamflow drought analysis in the estuary. The model results showed that after the freshwater pulses the salt front location moved further upstream with sea level rise. Under the simulated long-term drought condition, the adjustment timescale of salt intrusion varies nonlinearly with sea level rise. With a significant increase in sea level rise, the adjustment timescale starts to decrease. This shift suggests a transition into a different regime where the estuary becomes more stratified, as indicated by an increasing bulk Simpson number with rising sea levels. These findings have been summarized into a journal manuscript. The data included in this information release request are FVCOM model output associated with the numerical simulations described in the journal manuscript.

Liu, Jinliang↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impacts of Mixed-Wettability on Brine Drainage and Supercritical CO 2 Storage Efficiency in a 2.5-D Heterogeneous Micromodel

Geological carbon storage (GCS) involves unstable drainage processes, the formation of patterns in a morphologically unstable interface between two fluids in a porous medium during drainage. The unstable drainage processes affect CO 2 storage efficiency and plume distribution and can be greatly complicated by the mixed-wet nature of rock surfaces common in hydrocarbon reservoirs where supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) is used in enhanced oil recovery. Here, we performed scCO 2 injection (brine drainage) experiments at 8.5 MPa and 45°C in heterogeneous micromodels, two mixed-wet with varying water- and intermediate-wet patches, and one water-wet. The flow regime changes from capillary fingering through crossover to viscous fingering in the micromodels of the same pore geometry but different wetting surfaces at displacement rates with logCa (capillary number) increasing from –8.1 to –4.4. While the mixed-wet micromodel with uniformly distributed intermediate-wet patches yields ~0.15 scCO 2 saturation increase at both capillary fingering and crossover flow regimes (–8.1 ≤ logCa ≤ –6.1), the one heterogeneous wetting to scCO 2 results in ~0.09 saturation increase only at the crossover flow regime (–7.1 ≤ logCa ≤ –6.1). The interconnected flow paths in the former are quantified and compared to the channelized scCO 2 flow through intermediate-wet patches in the latter by topological analysis. At logCa > –6.1 (near well), the effects of wettability and pore geometry are suppressed by strong viscous force. Both scCO 2 saturation and distribution suggest the importance of wettability on CO 2 storage efficiency and plume shape in reservoirs and capillary leakage through caprock at GCS conditions.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Space-Time Resolved Approach for Interacting Quantum Field Theories

An alternative approach to the usual perturbative S-matrix evaluation of quantum field theories is presented which is nonperturbative and provides full space-time resolution. We study the dynamical development of the force between two fermion wave packets for the Yukawa system. The spatial distribution of the virtual bosons that act as mediators of the force can be analyzed along with the fermionic densities. Using a potential function for the fermion-fermion interaction is a good approximation to the field theoretical calculations when the Fock space is restricted to only one boson, but in the full quantum field theory the fermion-fermion force is enhanced by higher-order multiboson processes. Furthermore, the normally attractive fermion-fermion Yukawa force can, in principle, be manipulated to even be repulsive if the momentum modes available to the virtual bosons are restricted.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying subsurface parameter and transport uncertainty using surrogate modelling and environmental tracers

Here, we combine physics-based groundwater reactive transport modelling with machine-learning techniques to quantify hydrogeological model and solute transport predictive uncertainties. We train an artificial neural network (ANN) on a dataset of groundwater hydraulic heads and 3 H concentrations generated using a high-fidelity groundwater reactive transport model. Using the trained ANN as a surrogate model to reproduce the input–output response of the high-fidelity reactive transport model, we quantify the posterior distributions of hydrogeological parameters and hydraulic forcing conditions using Markov chain Monte Carlo calibration against field observations of groundwater hydraulic heads and 3 H concentrations. We demonstrate the methodology with a model application that predicts Chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12) solute transport at a contaminated field site in Wyoming, United States. Our results show that including 3 H observations in the calibration dataset reduced the uncertainty in the estimated permeability field and infiltration rates, compared to calibration against hydraulic heads alone. However, predictive uncertainty quantification shows that CFC-12 transport predictions conditioned to the parameter posterior distributions cannot reproduce the field measurements. We found that calibrating the model to hydraulic head and 3 H observations results in groundwater mean ages that are too large to explain the observed CFC-12 concentrations. The coupling of the physics-based reactive transport model with the machine-learning surrogate model allows us to efficiently quantify model parameter and predictive uncertainties, which is typically computationally intractable using reactive transport models alone.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

High speed butt joining of 1” thick 2139-T8

Thick plate (=1”) butt joining of Al alloys is challenging due to high tool forces, uneven material flow, and heat distribution in the through-thickness direction. Tool design and welding parameters used for executing thick plate butt joining have remained mostly static over the past decade. Reported welding speeds that produce viable joint strength (mostly on 6xxx alloys) typically range below 100 mm/min (4inches /min). Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in association with Ground Vehicle Systems Center (US Army GVSC) have been working to demonstrate greater joining efficiency at higher welding speeds in a 1” thick AA2139-T8 plate. Using innovative tool features and effective force and temperature control a joint efficiency of 80% was demonstrated at a welding speed of 7 inches /min (178mm/min).

Das, Hrishikesh↗
DOE OSTI2011

Surface Morphology and Dielectric Studies of Zr{sup 4+}-Rich Barium Titanate

In the current work, we have characterized a compound with general formula Ba(Zr{sub 0.52}Ti{sub 0.48})O{sub 3}(BZT). Surface morphology including grain distribution, histogram of area, volume, length and perimeter was examined through atomic force microscope (AFM). The AFM data revealed the non-uniform distribution of grains in the BZT ceramics. The temperature dependent relative permittivity of the sample was studied and found to exhibit diffuse phase transition phenomenon.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1982

Circumferential pressure distributions in a model labyrinth seal

A research program to isolate and study leakage flow through labyrinth glands was initiated. Circumferential pressure distributions were measured in the labyrinth glands with geometry appropriate to the high pressure labyrinths in large steam turbines. Knowledge of this pressure distribution is essential as it is this unequal pressure field that results in the destabilizing force. Parameters that are likely to affect the pressure distributions are incorporated into the test rig. Some preliminary pressure profiles are presented.

Leong, Y. M. M. S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Dynamic task distribution for multiple cooperating robot manipulators

The issue of distributing the task among multiple robot arms while considering the manipulator dynamics is considered. The forces and moments required to move an object are distributed in such a way that extra degrees of freedom within the system may be used to satisfy or optimize criteria related to the manipulator dynamics. A method to perform such subtasks is introduced, and examples of possible criteria noted. It is expected that such techniques will produce trajectories which will be more desirable for the individual arms dynamically, since the dynamics are considered in the task distribution.

Walker, Ian D.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Experimental and Computational Examination of the Coandă Effect on the Space Launch System at Liftoff Conditions

During development of an aerodynamic database to cover ground wind loads, uncertainty quantification to account for the Coandă effect forced a closer look into how this phenomenon manifests on the Space Launch System. Aerodynamic data collected across the life of the pro-gram is explored to look for trends and the ability to characterize not just the bounds of forces and moments but also better understand their distributions. Experimental data collected in the NASA Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel is used to explore integrated forces and moments. This is followed up by a similar exploration using computational data generated using the Kestrel flow solver. After a survey of the data at large which confirms the existence of the Coandă states throughout the history of the program, a few highlighted cases are used to characterize the flow physics. This characterization is used to summarize how each Coandă state is predicted to load the vehicle.

Coandă Effect↗
DOE OSTI2018

Magnetization Reversal of Permalloy Microparticles with the Configuration Anisotropy by Magnetic-Force Microscopy

Abstract—Magnetic force microscopy has been used to study the distribution of the magnetization in permalloy microparticles with a configurational anisotropy. The triangular particles with different degrees of concavity of the lateral sides have been studied. An analysis of the results enables us to state that the particles can be in several quasi-homogeneous stable states. It is shown that the particle magnetization reversal can occur both stepwise and also via an intermediate state in the dependence on the particle orientation. It is demonstrated that the quasi-homogeneous magnetization orientation in a particle can be changed by a magnetic-force microscope probe.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Expansion effects on solar wind hybrid simulations

Ion kinetic simulations of the solar wind using hybrid codes can model local wave input, heating and instabilities, but generally do not include long term evolution effects in the expanding solar wind. We further develop the expanding box model used in earlier studies to include the mirror force effects and study their role in the evolution of the proton distribution functions in the outer corona and inner heliosphere. The mirror force, significant in the acceleration region of the solar wind, is required for consistency with the conservation of magnetic moment of particles in the expanding wind. We present preliminary results from the modified 1D expanding box hybrid (EBHM) simulations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Calibrating Climate Model Ensembles for Assessing Extremes in a Changing Climate

Climate models serve as indispensable tools to investigate the effect of anthropogenic emissions on current and future climate, including extremes. However, as low-dimensional approximations of the climate system, they will always exhibit biases. Several attempts have been made to correct for biases as they affect extremes prediction, predominantly focused on correcting model-simulated distribution shapes. In this study, the effectiveness of a recently published quantile-based bias correction scheme, as well as a new subset selection method introduced here, are tested out-of-sample using model-as-truth experiments. Results show that biases in the shape of distributions tend to persist through time, and therefore, correcting for shape bias is useful for past and future statements characterizing the probability of extremes. However, for statements characterized by a ratio of the probabilities of extremes between two periods, we find that correcting for shape bias often provides no skill improvement due to the dominating effect of bias in the long-term trend. Using a toy model experiment, we examine the relative importance of the shape of the distribution versus its position in response to long-term changes in radiative forcing. It confirms that the relative position of the two distributions, based on the trend, is at least as important as the shape. We encourage the community to consider all model biases relevant to their metric of interest when using a bias correction procedure and to construct out-of-sample tests that mirror the intended application.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1989

Grains in galactic haloes

Researchers considered the effect of extensive forces on dust grains subjected to the light and matter distribution of a spiral galaxy (Greenberg et al. (1987), Ferrini et al. (1987), Barsella et al (1988). Researchers showed that the combined force on a small particle located above the plane of a galactic disk may be either attractive or repulsive depending on a variety of parameters. They found, for example, that graphite grains from 20 nm to 250 nm radius are expelled from a typical galaxy, while silicates and other forms of dielectrics, after initial expulsion, may settle in potential minimum within the halo. They discuss only the statistical behavior of the forces for 17 galaxies whose luminosity and matter distribution in the disk, bulge and halo components are reasonably well known. The preliminary results of the study of the motion of a dust grain for NGC 3198 are given.

Ferrara, Andrea↗
DOE OSTI2014

Ion acoustic shocks in magneto rotating Lorentzian plasmas

Ion acoustic shock structures in magnetized homogeneous dissipative Lorentzian plasma under the effects of Coriolis force are investigated. The dissipation in the plasma system is introduced via dynamic viscosity of inertial ions. The electrons are following the kappa distribution function. Korteweg-de Vries Burger (KdVB) equation is derived by using reductive perturbation technique. It is shown that spectral index, magnetic field, kinematic viscosity of ions, rotational frequency, and effective frequency have significant impact on the propagation characteristic of ion acoustic shocks in such plasma system. The numerical solution of KdVB equation is also discussed and transition from oscillatory profile to monotonic shock for different plasma parameters is investigated.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effect of Mach number and volume fraction in air-shock interacting with a bed of randomly distributed spherical particles

Shock-particle interaction is a fundamental problem in many engineering applications, with the dynamics being heavily influenced by the incident-shock Mach number and the particle volume fraction. In this paper we present fully resolved inviscid simulations of an incident-shock wave traveling through a bed of randomly distributed spherical particles. We vary the strength of the incident shock along with the particle volume fraction in order to study the complex wave interaction during shock-particle interaction. In this study we are interested in the early-time behavior during which the particles do not move and hence in our simulations all the particles are fixed in space. We compute the streamwise average of flow field quantities to generate the x - t contour plots to study the unsteady oscillations inside the particle bed. We observe that the transmitted shock slows down under certain conditions and it is partly due to tortuosity and partly due to weakening caused by energy dissipation. We also present the force histories of the streamwise drag and lift forces for all the particles. The random distribution of particles leads to high variability in the drag force experienced by the particles. We compute the mean peak drag force as a function of the streamwise location to study the mean behavior of the transmitted shock. Based on our findings, we propose simple modifications to improve the current point-particle models used in Euler-Lagrange simulations of shock interacting with a bed of particles.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

GenAp: a distributed SQL interface for genomic data

Abstract Background The impressively low cost and improved quality of genome sequencing provides to researchers of genetic diseases, such as cancer, a powerful tool to better understand the underlying genetic mechanisms of those diseases and treat them with effective targeted therapies. Thus, a number of projects today sequence the DNA of large patient populations each of which produces at least hundreds of terra-bytes of data. Now the challenge is to provide the produced data on demand to interested parties. Results In this paper, we show that the response to this challenge is a modified version of Spark SQL, a distributed SQL execution engine, that handles efficiently joins that use genomic intervals as keys. With this modification, Spark SQL serves such joins more than 50× faster than its existing brute force approach and 8× faster than similar distributed implementations. Thus, Spark SQL can replace existing practices to retrieve genomic data and, as we show, allow users to reduce the number of lines of software code that needs to be developed to query such data by an order of magnitude.

Kozanitis, Christos↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantifying structural errors in cloud condensation nuclei activity from reduced representation of aerosol size distributions

Aerosol effects on clouds and radiation are the dominant contribution to uncertainty in radiative forcing relative to the pre-industrial atmosphere. While previous studies have assessed the impact of parametric uncertainty on modeled forcing, structural errors from the numerical representation of particle distributions have not been well quantified. Here we present a framework for quantifying error in aerosol size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei activity, which we apply to the widely used 4-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4). Box model predictions from the MAM4 are evaluated against the Particle Monte Carlo Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (PartMC-MOSAIC), a benchmark model that tracks the evolution of individual particles. We show that size distributions simulated by MAM4 diverge from those simulated by PartMC-MOSAIC after only a few hours of aging by condensation and coagulation in polluted conditions, which leads to large errors in modeled cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. We find that differences between MAM4 and PartMC-MOSAIC are largest under polluted conditions, where the size distribution evolves rapidly though aging by condensation of semi-volatile substances and coagulation among particles. These findings suggest that structural error in modeled aerosol properties contributes to the large inter-model variability in aerosol radiative forcing.

Fierce, Laura M.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Investigations of stacking fault density in perpendicular recording media

In magnetic recording media, the grains or clusters reverse their magnetization over a range of reversal field, resulting in a switching field distribution. In order to achieve high areal densities, it is desirable to understand and minimize such a distribution. Clusters of grains which contain stacking faults (SF) or fcc phase have lower anisotropy, an order lower than those without them. It is believed that such low anisotropy regions reverse their magnetization at a much lower reversal field than the rest of the material with a larger anisotropy. Such clusters/grains cause recording performance deterioration, such as adjacent track erasure and dc noise. Therefore, the observation of clusters that reverse at very low reversal fields (nucleation sites, NS) could give information on the noise and the adjacent track erasure. Potentially, the observed clusters could also provide information on the SF. In this paper, we study the reversal of nucleation sites in granular perpendicular media based on a magnetic force microscope (MFM) methodology and validate the observations with high resolution cross-section transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) measurements. Samples, wherein a high anisotropy CoPt layer was introduced to control the NS or SF in a systematic way, were evaluated by MFM, TEM, and magnetometry. The magnetic properties indicated that the thickness of the CoPt layer results in an increase of nucleation sites. TEM measurements indicated a correlation between the thickness of CoPt layer and the stacking fault density. A clear correlation was also observed between the MFM results, TEM observations, and the coercivity and nucleation field of the samples, validating the effectiveness of the proposed method in evaluating the nucleation sites which potentially arise from stacking faults.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗