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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 775 records · Page 43

Characterization of partial wetting by CMAS droplets using multiphase many-body dissipative particle dynamics and data-driven discovery based on PINNs

The molten sand that is a mixture of calcia, magnesia, alumina and silicate, known as CMAS, is characterized by its high viscosity, density and surface tension. The unique properties of CMAS make it a challenging material to deal with in high-temperature applications, requiring innovative solutions and materials to prevent its buildup and damage to critical equipment. Here, we use multiphase many-body dissipative particle dynamics simulations to study the wetting dynamics of highly viscous molten CMAS droplets. The simulations are performed in three dimensions, with varying initial droplet sizes and equilibrium contact angles. We propose a parametric ordinary differential equation (ODE) that captures the spreading radius behaviour of the CMAS droplets. The ODE parameters are then identified based on the physics-informed neural network (PINN) framework. Subsequently, the closed-form dependency of parameter values found by the PINN on the initial radii and contact angles are given using symbolic regression. Finally, we employ Bayesian PINNs (B-PINNs) to assess and quantify the uncertainty associated with the discovered parameters. In brief, this study provides insight into spreading dynamics of CMAS droplets by fusing simple parametric ODE modelling and state-of-the-art machine-learning techniques.

Mechanics↗

Transport and Retention of Concentrated Oil-in-Water Emulsions in Porous Media

Oil-in-water emulsions are routinely used in subsurface remediation. In these applications, high oil loadings present a challenge to remedial design as mechanistic insights into transport and retention of concentrated emulsions is limited. In this paper, column experiments were designed to examine emulsion transport and retention over a range of input concentrations (1.3–23% wt). Droplet breakthrough and retention data from low concentration experiments were successfully described by existing particle transport models. These models, however, failed to capture droplet transport in more concentrated systems. At high oil fraction, breakthrough curves exhibited an early fall at the end of the emulsion pulse and extending tailing. Irrespective of input concentration, all retention profiles displayed hyper-exponential behavior. Here, we extended existing model formulations to include the additional mixing processes occurring when at high oil concentrations—with focus on the influence of deposited mass and viscous instabilities. The resulting model was parametrized with low concentration data and can successfully predict concentrated emulsion transport and retention. Finally, the role of retained mass and viscous instabilities on mixing conditions can also be applied more broadly to systems with temporal or spatially variant water saturation or when viscosity contrasts exist between fluids.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Coherent and Dynamic Small Polaron Delocalization in CuFeO 2

Small polarons remain a bottleneck in realizing efficient transition metal oxide devices. Routes to engineer small polaron coupling to electronic states and lattice modes to control carrier localization remain unclear. Here, we measure small polaron formation in CuFeO 2 using transient extreme ultraviolet reflection spectroscopy and compare to theoretical predictions in realistically parametrized Holstein models, demonstrating that polaron localization depends on coupling to high-frequency versus low-frequency phonon bath components. We measure small polaron formation on a comparable ∼100 fs timescale to other Fe(III) compounds. Dynamic delocalization of the polaron follows formation through a coherent lattice expansion between Fe–O layers and charge-sharing with surrounding Fe(IV) states. Simulations reveal two major factors dictate polaron formation timescales: phonon density and reorganization energy distributions between acoustic and optical modes, matching experimental findings. Our work shows how electronic-structural coupling in a polaron-host material can be leveraged to suppress polaronic effects for various applications.

Hematite↗

Comparison of parameter sensitivities between a laboratory and field scale model of uranium transport in a dual domain, distributed-rate reactive system

A laboratory-derived conceptual and numerical model for U(VI) transport at the Hanford 300A site, Washington, USA, was applied to a range of field-scale scenarios of different complexity to systematically evaluate model parameter sensitivities. The model, originally developed from column experiment data, included distributed-rate surface complexation kinetics of U(VI), aqueous speciation, and physical non-equilibrium transport processes. A rigorous parameter sensitivity analysis was carried out with respect to different state variables: concentrations, mass fluxes, total mass and spatial moments of dissolved U(VI) for laboratory systems, and various simulation scenarios that represented the field-scale characteristics at the Hanford 300A site. The field-scenarios accounted for transient groundwater flow and variable geochemical conditions driven by frequent water level changes of the nearby Columbia River. Simulations indicated that the transient conditions significantly affected U(VI) plume migration at the site. The parameter sensitivities were largely similar between the laboratory and field scale systems. Where differences existed, they were shown to result from differing degrees of U(VI) adsorption disequilibrium caused by hydraulic or hydrogeochemical conditions. Adorption disequilibrium was found to differ (i) between short duration peak flow events at the field scale and much longer flow events in the laboratory, (ii) for changing groundwater chemical compositions due to river water intrusion, and (iii) for different sampling locations at the field scale. Parameter sensitivities were also found to vary with respect to the different investigated state variables. An approach is demonstrated that elucidates the most important parameters of a laboratory-scale model that must constrained in both the laboratory and field for meaningful field application.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Uncertainty Quantification of Extratropical Forest Biomass in CMIP5 Models over the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract Simplified representations of processes influencing forest biomass in Earth system models (ESMs) contribute to large uncertainty in projections. We evaluate forest biomass from eight ESMs outputs archived in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) using the biomass data synthesized from radar remote sensing and ground-based observations across northern extratropical latitudes. ESMs exhibit large biases in the forest distribution, forest fraction, and mass of carbon pools that contribute to uncertainty in forest total biomass (biases range from −20 Pg C to 135 Pg C). Forest total biomass is primarily positively correlated with precipitation variations, with surface temperature becoming equally important at higher latitudes, in both simulations and observations. Relatively small differences in forest biomass between the pre-industrial period and the contemporary period indicate uncertainties in forest biomass were introduced in the pre-industrial model equilibration (spin-up), suggesting parametric or structural model differences are a larger source of uncertainty than differences in transient responses. Our findings emphasize the importance of improved (1) models of carbon allocation to biomass compartments, (2) distribution of vegetation types in models, and (3) reproduction of pre-industrial vegetation conditions, in order to reduce the uncertainty in forest biomass simulated by ESMs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Data-driven optimized control of the COVID-19 epidemics

Optimizing the impact on the economy of control strategies aiming at containing the spread of COVID-19 is a critical challenge. We use daily new case counts of COVID-19 patients reported by local health administrations from different Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) within the US to parametrize a model that well describes the propagation of the disease in each area. We then introduce a time-varying control input that represents the level of social distancing imposed on the population of a given area and solve an optimal control problem with the goal of minimizing the impact of social distancing on the economy in the presence of relevant constraints, such as a desired level of suppression for the epidemics at a terminal time. We find that with the exception of the initial time and of the final time, the optimal control input is well approximated by a constant, specific to each area, which contrasts with the implemented system of reopening ‘in phases’. For all the areas considered, this optimal level corresponds to stricter social distancing than the level estimated from data. Proper selection of the time period for application of the control action optimally is important: depending on the particular MSA this period should be either short or long or intermediate. We also consider the case that the transmissibility increases in time (due e.g. to increasingly colder weather), for which we find that the optimal control solution yields progressively stricter measures of social distancing. We finally compute the optimal control solution for a model modified to incorporate the effects of vaccinations on the population and we see that depending on a number of factors, social distancing measures could be optimally reduced during the period over which vaccines are administered to the population.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Empirical Results for the Eikonal from Proton-Proton Elastic Scattering

We discuss empirical results for the eikonal function in the momentum transfer space, obtained with three model-independent parametrizations for the scattering amplitude and fits to proton-proton differential cross section data, from 19.4 to 62.5 GeV. For each parametrization, the data reductions indicate different contributions from the real and imaginary parts of the amplitude and in two cases, the extracted eikonal presents a change of signal around 6.5 GeV{sup 2}. The empirical results are compared with the structures proposed in some representative eikonalmodels, suggesting novel insights for phenomenological developments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Quantum dynamics study of fulvene double bond photoisomerization: The role of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution and excitation energy

The double bond photoisomerization of fulvene has been studied with quantum dynamics calculations using the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method. Fulvene is a test case to develop optical control strategies based on the knowledge of the excited state decay mechanism. The decay takes place on a time scale of several hundred femtoseconds, and the potential energy surface is centered around a conical intersection seam between the ground and excited state. The competition between unreactive decay and photoisomerization depends on the region of the seam accessed during the decay. The dynamics are carried out on a four-dimensional model surface, parametrized from complete active space self-consistent field calculations, that captures the main features of the seam (energy and locus of the seam and associated branching space vectors). Wave packet propagations initiated by single laser pulses of 5-25 fs duration and 1.85-4 eV excitation energy show the principal characteristics of the first 150 fs of the photodynamics. Initially, the excitation energy is transferred to a bond stretching mode that leads the wave packet to the seam, inducing the regeneration of the reactant. The photoisomerization starts after the vibrational energy has flowed from the bond stretching to the torsional mode. In our propagations, intramolecular energy redistribution (IVR) is accelerated for higher excess energies along the bond stretch mode. Thus, the competition between unreactive decay and isomerization depends on the rate of IVR between the bond stretch and torsion coordinates, which in turn depends on the excitation energy. These results set the ground for the development of future optical control strategies.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Temperature dependence of the dielectric response of AlSb

Spectroscopic ellipometry was used to determine the optical response of an intrinsic AlSb film as a function of temperature. The 1.5 {mu}m thick film was grown on a (001) GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. Measurements were done at temperatures from 300 K to the growth temperature of 800 K over a spectral range of 0.7 to 5.0 eV. To avoid oxidation artifacts, measurements were done with the film in situ. The data were analyzed using a parametric semiconductor model for its temperature dependence.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Hadronic cross sections, elastic slope and physical bounds

An almost model-independent parametrization for the ratio of the total hadronic cross section to elastic slope is discussed. Its applicability in studies of asymptotia and analyses of extensive air shower in cosmic-ray physics is also outlined.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Generative electronic background music system

In this short paper-extended abstract the new approach to generation of electronic background music has been presented. The Generative Electronic Background Music System (GEBMS) has been located between other related approaches within the musical algorithm positioning framework proposed by Woller et al. The music composition process is performed by a number of mini-models parameterized by further described properties. The mini-models generate fragments of musical patterns used in output composition. Musical pattern and output generation are controlled by container for the mini-models - a host-model. General mechanism has been presented including the example of the synthesized output compositions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Block-diagonalization as a tool for the robust diabatization of high-dimensional potential energy surfaces

Robust diabatization techniques are key for the development of high-dimensional coupled potential energy surfaces (PESs) to be used in multi-state quantum dynamics simulations. In the present study we demonstrate that, besides the actual diabatization technique, common problems with the underlying electronic structure calculations can be the reason why a diabatization fails. After giving a short review of the theoretical background of diabatization, we propose a method based on the block-diagonalization to analyse the electronic structure data. This analysis tool can be used in three different ways: First, it allows to detect issues with the ab initio reference data and is used to optimize the setup of the electronic structure calculations. Second, the data from the block-diagonalization are utilized for the development of optimal parametrized diabatic model matrices by identifying the most significant couplings. Third, the block-diagonalization data are used to fit the parameters of the diabatic model, which yields an optimal initial guess for the non-linear fitting required by standard or more advanced energy based diabatization methods. The new approach is demonstrated by the diabatization of 9 electronic states of the propargyl radical, yielding fully coupled full-dimensional (12D) PESs in closed form.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Comprehensive evaluation and parametric sensitivity of interatomic potential models for diffusion kinetics of Cr 2 O 3 in molecular dynamics

While molecular dynamics (MD) has proven to be a promising approach to investigate the diffusion properties, the grand challenge resides in evaluating potential model parameters to accurately replicate experimentally measured properties. The Buckingham potential model with Columbic interaction is widely employed in MD simulations of chromia (Cr 2 O 3 ) systems, as it allows for reasonable computational cost and accuracy. However, considering the well-known limitation of classical potential models in simultaneous reproduction of various physical phenomena, further comprehensive evaluation of the potential is required for calculation of diffusion properties. In this study, we benchmark the performance of three different Buckingham models with the experimental data by calculating structural, thermodynamic, and mechanical properties of defect-free Cr 2 O 3 , and diffusion properties of Cr 2 O 3 with vacancy defects. Available Buckingham models display limited accuracies, consolidating the necessity of retraining the potential parameters for all properties impacting the diffusion dynamics. Oversimplification in parameterization procedures is suggested to impede the universal performance in property reproduction. Furthermore, this research also demonstrates effective guidelines for choosing a proper parameter set of current Buckingham potential for MD simulation with Cr 2 O 3 depending on properties and for potential reparameterization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE/COSMIC ORIGINS SPECTROGRAPH SEARCH FOR WARM-HOT BARYONS IN THE Mrk 421 SIGHT LINE

Thermally broadened Ly{alpha} absorbers (BLAs) offer an alternate method to using highly ionized metal absorbers (O VI, O VII, etc.) to probe the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM, T = 10{sup 5}-10{sup 7} K). Until now, WHIM surveys via BLAs have been no less ambiguous than those via far-UV and X-ray metal-ion probes. Detecting these weak, broad features requires background sources with a well-characterized far-UV continuum and data of very high quality. However, a recent Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) observation of the z = 0.03 blazar Mrk 421 allows us to perform a metal-independent search for WHIM gas with unprecedented precision. The data have high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N Almost-Equal-To 50 per {approx}20 km s{sup -1} resolution element) and the smooth, power-law blazar spectrum allows a fully parametric continuum model. We analyze the Mrk 421 sight line for BLA absorbers, particularly for counterparts to the proposed O VII WHIM systems reported by Nicastro et al. based on Chandra/Low Energy Transmission Grating observations. We derive the Ly{alpha} profiles predicted by the X-ray observations. The S/N of the COS data is high (S/N Almost-Equal-To 25 pixel{sup -1}), but much higher S/N can be obtained by binning the data to widths characteristic of the expected BLA profiles. With this technique, we are sensitive to WHIM gas over a large (N{sub H}, T) parameter range in the Mrk 421 sight line. We rule out the claimed Nicastro et al. O VII detections at their nominal temperatures (T {approx} 1-2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 6} K) and metallicities (Z = 0.1 Z{sub Sun }) at {approx}> 2{sigma} level. However, WHIM gas at higher temperatures and/or higher metallicities is consistent with our COS non-detections.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Herschel extreme lensing line observations: Dynamics of two strongly lensed star-forming galaxies near redshift z = 2

We report on two regularly rotating galaxies at redshift z ≈ 2, using high-resolution spectra of the bright [C II] 158 μm emission line from the HIFI instrument on the Herschel Space Observatory. Both SDSS090122.37+181432.3 ({sup S}0901{sup )} and SDSSJ120602.09+514229.5 ({sup t}he Clone{sup )} are strongly lensed and show the double-horned line profile that is typical of rotating gas disks. Using a parametric disk model to fit the emission line profiles, we find that S0901 has a rotation speed of vsin (i) ≈ 120 ± 7 km s{sup –1} and a gas velocity dispersion of σ {sub g} < 23 km s{sup –1} (1σ). The best-fitting model for the Clone is a rotationally supported disk having vsin (i) ≈ 79 ± 11 km s{sup –1} and σ {sub g} ≲ 4 km s{sup –1} (1σ). However, the Clone is also consistent with a family of dispersion-dominated models having σ {sub g} = 92 ± 20 km s{sup –1}. Our results showcase the potential of the [C II] line as a kinematic probe of high-redshift galaxy dynamics: [C II] is bright, accessible to heterodyne receivers with exquisite velocity resolution, and traces dense star-forming interstellar gas. Future [C II] line observations with ALMA would offer the further advantage of spatial resolution, allowing a clearer separation between rotation and velocity dispersion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Bayesian inference on the sphere beyond statistical isotropy

We present a general method for Bayesian inference of the underlying covariance structure of random fields on a sphere. We employ the Bipolar Spherical Harmonic (BipoSH) representation of general covariance structure on the sphere. We illustrate the efficacy of the method as a principled approach to assess violation of statistical isotropy (SI) in the sky maps of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) fluctuations. SI violation in observed CMB maps arise due to known physical effects such as Doppler boost and weak lensing; yet unknown theoretical possibilities like cosmic topology and subtle violations of the cosmological principle, as well as, expected observational artefacts of scanning the sky with a non-circular beam, masking, foreground residuals, anisotropic noise, etc. We explicitly demonstrate the recovery of the input SI violation signals with their full statistics in simulated CMB maps. Our formalism easily adapts to exploring parametric physical models with non-SI covariance, as we illustrate for the inference of the parameters of a Doppler boosted sky map. Our approach promises to provide a robust quantitative evaluation of the evidence for SI violation related anomalies in the CMB sky by estimating the BipoSH spectra along with their complete posterior.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

A GEOMETRICALLY SUPPORTED z ∼ 10 CANDIDATE MULTIPLY IMAGED BY THE HUBBLE FRONTIER FIELDS CLUSTER A2744

The deflection angles of lensed sources increase with their distance behind a given lens. We utilize this geometric effect to corroborate the z {sub phot} ≅ 9.8 photometric redshift estimate of a faint near-IR dropout, triply imaged by the massive galaxy cluster A2744 in deep Hubble Frontier Fields images. The multiple images of this source follow the same symmetry as other nearby sets of multiple images that bracket the critical curves and have well-defined redshifts (up to z {sub spec} ≅ 3.6), but with larger deflection angles, indicating that this source must lie at a higher redshift. Similarly, our different parametric and non-parametric lens models all require this object be at z ≳ 4, with at least 95% confidence, thoroughly excluding the possibility of lower-redshift interlopers. To study the properties of this source, we correct the two brighter images for their magnifications, leading to a star formation rate of ∼0.3 M {sub ☉} yr{sup –1}, a stellar mass of ∼4 × 10{sup 7} M {sub ☉}, and an age of ≲ 220 Myr (95% confidence). The intrinsic apparent magnitude is 29.9 AB (F160W), and the rest-frame UV (∼1500 Å) absolute magnitude is M {sub UV,} {sub AB} = –17.6. This corresponds to ∼0.1 L{sub z=8}{sup ∗} (∼0.2 L{sub z=10}{sup ∗}, adopting dM*/dz ∼ 0.45), making this candidate one of the least luminous galaxies discovered at z ∼ 10.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗