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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 775 records · Page 43
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1994

Distribution of materials excavated by the lunar crater Bullialdus and implications for the geologic history of the Nubium region

Previous spectroscopic studies of the lunar crater Bullialdus, located in the Nubium Basin, indicated an unusual stratigraphy of two gabbroic layers overlying a noritic unit. The possible existence of a layered mafic pluton at Bullialdus was suggested. To investigate the geologic context with more detailed spatial information, charge-coupled device (CCD) images of Bullialdus were obtained using eight filters. A linear mixing model was used to investigate the fractional abundances of spectral end-members chosen from within the multispectral image. Since the reflectance properties of lunar materials over this wavelength range are sensitive to variations in composition and soil maturity, fractional abundance images were used to create a new geologic map of the crater. The spatial relationships of the surface materials confirm the previously inferred stratigraphy, and further reveal the central peaks to exhibit two distinct compositional units: noritic anorthosite and anorthositic norite. Three models for the origin of the observed stratigraphy are considered: Bullialdus has excavated stratigraphic units containing (1) early mare basalt overlying anorthositic-noritic crustal material, (2) part of a layered mafic pluton, and/or (3) part of an impact melt sheet formed by the Nubium Basin impact event.

Tompkins, Stefanie↗
NASA NTRS1996

Evolutionary status of the pre-protostellar core L1498

L1498 is a classic example of a dense cold pre-protostellar core. To study the evolutionary status, the structure, dynamics, and chemical properties of this core we have obtained high spatial and high spectral resolution observations of molecules tracing densities of 10(3)-10(5) cm-3. We observed CCS, NH3, C3H2, and HC7N with NASA's DSN 70 m antennas. We also present large-scale maps of C18O and 13CO observed with the AT&T 7 m antenna. For the high spatial resolution maps of selected regions within the core we used the VLA for CCS at 22 GHz, and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) MMA for CCS at 94 GHz and CS (2-1). The 22 GHz CCS emission marks a high-density [n(H2) > 10(4) cm -3] core, which is elongated with a major axis along the SE-NW direction. NH3 and C3H2 emissions are located inside the boundary of the CCS emission. C18O emission traces a lower density gas extending beyond the CCS boundary. Along the major axis of the dense core, CCS, NH3 and C3H2 emission show evidence of limb brightening. The observations are consistent with a chemically differentiated onion-shell structure for the L1498 core, with NH3 in the inner and CCS in the outer parts of the core. The high angular resolution (9"-12") spectral line maps obtained by combining NASA Goldstone 70 m and VLA data resolve the CCS 22 GHz emission in the southeast and northwest boundaries into arclike enhancements, supporting the picture that CCS emission originates in a shell outside the NH3 emitting region. Interferometric maps of CCS at 94 GHz and CS at 98 GHz show that their emitting regions contain several small-scale dense condensations. We suggest that the differences between the CCS, CS, C3H2, and NH3 emission are caused by a time-dependent effect as the core evolves slowly. We interpret the chemical and physical properties of L1498 in terms of a quasi-static (or slowly contracting) dense core in which the outer envelope is still growing. The growth rate of the core is determined by the density increase in the CCS shell resulting from the accretion of the outer low-density gas traced by C18O. We conclude that L1498 could become unstable to rapid collapse to form a protostar in less than 5 x 10(6) yr.

NASA Discipline Exobiology↗
DOE OSTI2019

Remote sensing and geophysical characterization of a floodplain-hillslope system in the East River watershed, Colorado

This package is part of the Watershed Function SFA Data Collection and contains remote sensing data and geophysical measurements acquired at the Pumphouse hillslope-floodplain site, in the East River, Colorado. The remote sensing dataset includes: a) a WorldView-2 (WV-2) pan-sharpened multi-spectral remote sensing image, and b) LiDAR derived products. The WV-2 image was acquired on September 24th, 2015, and it is composed of eight spectral bands (coastal, blue, green, yellow, red, red edge, NIR1, and NIR2) with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m, covering an area of 750x750 m. The LiDAR products are a digital surface model (DSM), representing the top-of-canopy elevation, and a digital terrain model (DTM), representing the bare-ground elevation, at the spatial resolution of 0.5 m. Such data are extracted from the LiDAR point-cloud dataset acquired over the entire watershed on August 2015 (http://dx.doi.org/10.21952/WTR/1412542). The geophysical dataset is composed of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data acquired along a 158.75 m long transect, spanning the hillslope topographical gradient with 1.25 m electrode spacing. The dataset also includes soil water content measured with a TDR system. The package provides also polygons of different vegetation communities, which were used as reference data for mapping plant community distributions. The spatial polygons are based on plant locations acquired during the field campaign of June-July 2017 using an RTK DGPS system. The reference dataset is composed by 11 vegetation classes, namely, deciduous forest, evergreen forest, riparian shrubland, sagebrush, shrubland, potentilla, frasera, lupine meadow, veratrum, bunchgrass meadow, and forb, as well as four non-vegetation classes, such as water-river, water-lake, man-made, bare area, and shadow. The vegetation classes are determined based on distinct spectral and/or structural signatures of dominant species. The package includes products derived by these datasets, such as: a) a plant height map, computed by subtracting the DTM from the DSM, and b) a plant community distribution map, obtained by using a data-fusion machine-learning-based framework that exploit the WV-2 image and plant height information.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2011

A Super-Resolution Algorithm for Enhancement of FLASH LIDAR data

A novel method for enhancement of the spatial resolution of 3-dimensional Flash Lidar images is being proposed for generation of elevation maps of terrain from a moving platform. NASA recognizes the Flash LIDAR technology as an important tool for enabling safe and precision landing in future unmanned and crewed lunar and planetary missions. The ability of the Flash LIDAR to generate 3-dimensional maps of the landing site area during the final stages of the descent phase for detection of hazardous terrain features such as craters, rocks, and steep slopes is under study in the frame of the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance (ALHAT) project. Since single frames of existing FLASH LIDAR systems are not sufficient to build a map of entire landing site with acceptable spatial resolution and precision, a super-resolution approach utilizing multiple frames has been developed to overcome the instrument s limitations. Performance of the super-resolution algorithm has been analyzed through a series of simulation runs obtained from a high fidelity Flash LIDAR model and a high resolution synthetic lunar elevation map. For each simulation run, a sequence of FLASH LIDAR frames are recorded and processed as the spacecraft descends toward the landing site. Simulations runs having different trajectory profiles and varying LIDAR look angles of the terrain are also analyzed. The results show that adequate levels of accuracy and precision are achieved for detecting hazardous terrain features and identifying safe areas of the landing site.

Bulyshev, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dark Energy Survey Year 6 Results: improved mitigation of spatially varying observational systematics with masking

As photometric surveys reach unprecedented statistical precision, systematic uncertainties increasingly dominate large-scale structure probes relying on galaxy number density. Defining the final survey footprint is critical, as it excludes regions affected by artefacts or suboptimal observing conditions. For galaxy clustering, spatially varying observational systematics, such as seeing, are a leading source of bias. Template maps of contaminants are used to derive spatially dependent corrections, but extreme values may fall outside the applicability range of mitigation methods, compromising correction reliability. The complexity and accuracy of systematics modelling depend on footprint conservativeness, with aggressive masking enabling simpler, robust mitigation. We present a unified approach to define the DES Year 6 joint footprint, integrating observational systematics templates and artefact indicators that degrade mitigation performance. This removes extreme values from an initial seed footprint, leading to the final joint footprint. By evaluating the DES Year 6 lens sample MagLim++ plus plus on this footprint, we enhance the Iterative Systematics Decontamination (ISD) method, detecting non-linear systematic contamination and improving correction accuracy. While the mask's impact on clustering is less significant than systematics decontamination, it remains non-negligible, comparable to statistical uncertainties in certain w(theta) scales and redshift bins. Supporting coherent analyses of galaxy clustering and cosmic shear, the final footprint spans 4031.04 deg2, setting the basis for DES Year 6 1x2pt, 2x2pt, and 3x2pt analyses. This work highlights how targeted masking strategies optimise the balance between statistical power and systematic control in Stage-III and -IV surveys.

Rodríguez-Monroy, M. [Madrid, IFT; IJCLab, Orsay]↗
NASA NTRS1978

Spatial land-use inventory, modeling, and projection/Denver metropolitan area, with inputs from existing maps, airphotos, and LANDSAT imagery

A landscape model was constructed with 34 land-use, physiographic, socioeconomic, and transportation maps. A simple Markov land-use trend model was constructed from observed rates of change and nonchange from photointerpreted 1963 and 1970 airphotos. Seven multivariate land-use projection models predicting 1970 spatial land-use changes achieved accuracies from 42 to 57 percent. A final modeling strategy was designed, which combines both Markov trend and multivariate spatial projection processes. Landsat-1 image preprocessing included geometric rectification/resampling, spectral-band, and band/insolation ratioing operations. A new, systematic grid-sampled point training-set approach proved to be useful when tested on the four orginal MSS bands, ten image bands and ratios, and all 48 image and map variables (less land use). Ten variable accuracy was raised over 15 percentage points from 38.4 to 53.9 percent, with the use of the 31 ancillary variables. A land-use classification map was produced with an optimal ten-channel subset of four image bands and six ancillary map variables. Point-by-point verification of 331,776 points against a 1972/1973 U.S. Geological Survey (UGSG) land-use map prepared with airphotos and the same classification scheme showed average first-, second-, and third-order accuracies of 76.3, 58.4, and 33.0 percent, respectively.

Tom, C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Using spatial logic in classification of Landsat TM data

A strategy for spatial/spectral classification of Landsat TM data is presented. The strategy is founded upon 'spatial logic', a logic that seeks to emulate important aspects of visual image interpretation. The carefully structured classification process begins with spectral stratification of the data into water, vegetated and non-vegetated pixels. A region growing algorithm is then used to define 'fields' of similar land cover composition. Fields are characterized by cover composition, size and neighborhood characteristics. A supervised iterative contextual classification algorithm is developed to assign final land use/land cover labels. Maps are generalized using a spatial post-processing technique. Positive, though preliminary, results are presented.

Merchant, J. W.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Experimental and Computational Analysis of NEAMS Pebble Bed Reactors

The Advanced High-Temperature Pebble Bed Reactor concept leverages a particle-based fuel format consisting of discrete spherical graphite pebbles arrayed in a packed bed architecture. Thermal regulation achieved via flow of gas (e.g., helium) or liquid (e.g., molten salt) coolants through the void spaces between pebbles in the bed (characteristic pebble diameters: ~ 6 cm, gas cooled; ~ 3 cm, liquid cooled). This design is of interest owing to inherent advantages including passive safety features and highly efficient heat transfer characteristics that enable high power densities to be achieved. Fully leveraging these advantages requires a fundamental understanding of the complex coolant flow structure within the pebble-shaped fuel bed. Unfortunately, complexities associated with non-invasively probing the micro-scale flow phenomena within the complex network of void spaces between pebbles have hindered efforts to characterize the underlying transport phenomena. Without this fundamental foundation, it becomes challenging to rationally construct macroscopic transport models based upon volume averages of micro-scale parameters that accurately capture the observed flow behavior. Consequently, this lack of fundamental knowledge has limited previous work to coarse comparisons between theory and extremely limited experimental data. Moreover, these comparisons have been made only in terms of integral or macroscopic results. Therefore, multipoint measurements with a high level of spatial and temporal resolution are critically needed to fully map the complex flow patterns and to provide data at high spatial density to permit accurate volume averaging in the pebble bed. For this project, we performed a coordinated experimental and computational effort to quantitatively map the full-field velocity and temperature fields in the interstitial spaces within the pebble bed. The major accomplishments of this project included the important knowledge acquired for the flow mixing and heat transfer in the interstitial pore scales, the effects of flow mixing in the near-wall and far-wall regions, and the by-pass flows of pebble bed systems. The produced high-resolution experimental data (not broadly available in existing literature) were then used for the numerical studies enabling the refinement and validation of standard simulation tools (Nek5000).

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1986

Thermal-infrared and visual imaging of comet Giacobini-Zinner

Thermal-infrared and visual images obtained simultaneously of comet Giacobini-Zinner on UT 1985 August 4.4 are presented. The 10.8-micron map, which spans several arc minutes with 8-arcsec resolution, is the first ground-based infrared image of a comet. Considerable spatial structure is evident in the map, including a curved dust tail consisting primarily of dust grains larger than 100 microns. The width of this large-grain tail implies that these grains depart the nucleus with velocities less than 3 m/s. The distribution of grain albedo is determined for the central 1 arcmin. It is speculated that an observed increase in the albedo by a factor of 2 with distance from the nucleus and prolonged radius vector results from the confinement to the orbital plane of large fluffy grains previously considered for GZ by others; the lower albedo of this dust could result from multiple internal scattering increasing the probability of absorption of incident light. It is estimated that dust was departing the nucleus at the rate of about 8 x 10 to the 5th g/s, comparable to that derived for many other comets.

Telesco, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Photogrammetrically Measured Distortions of Composite Structure Microwave Reflectors at Approximately 90 K

The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) Observatory, scheduled for a fall 2000 launch, is designed to measure temperature fluctuations (anisotropy) and produce a high sensitivity and high spatial resolution (better than 0.3 deg.) map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation over the entire sky between 22 and 90 GHz. MAP utilizes back-to-back composite Gregorian telescopes supported on a composite truss structure to focus the microwave signals into 10 differential microwave receivers. Proper position and shape of the telescope reflectors at the operating temperature of approximately 90 K is a critical element to ensuring mission success. We describe the methods and analysis used to validate the in-flight position and shape predictions for the reflectors based on photogrammetric (PG) metrology data taken under vacuum with the reflectors at approximately 90 K. Contour maps showing reflector distortion analytical extrapolations were generated. The resulting reflector distortion data are shown to be crucial to the analytical assessment of the MAP instrument's microwave system in-flight performance.

Mule, Peter↗
NASA NTRS2006

Exploring the Mineralogy of the Moon with M3

From the initial era or lunar exploration, we have learned that many processes active on the early Moon are common to most terrestrial planets, including the record of early and late impact bombardment. Since most major geologic activity ceased on the Moon approx. 3 Gy ago, the Moon's surface provides a record of the earliest era of terrestrial planet evolution. The type and composition of minerals that comprise a planetary surface are a direct result of the initial composition and subsequent thermal and physical processing. Lunar mineralogy seen today is thus a direct record of the early evolution of the lunar crust and subsequent geologic processes. Specifically, the distribution and concentration of specific minerals is closely tied to magma ocean products, lenses of intruded or remelted plutons, basaltic volcanism and fire-fountaining, and any process (e.g. cratering) that might redistribute or transform primary and secondary lunar crustal materials. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3, or "m-cube") is a state-of-the-art imaging spectrometer that will fly on Chandrayaan-1, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) mission to be launched late 2007 to early 2008. M3 is one of several foreign instruments chosen by ISRO to be flown on Chandrayaan-1 to complement the strong ISRO payload package. M3 was selected through a peer-review process as part of NASA s Discovery Program. It is under the oversight of PI Carle Pieters at Brown University and is being built by an experienced team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Data analysis and calibration are carried out by a highly qualified and knowledgeable Science Team. To characterize diagnostic properties of lunar minerals, M3 acquires high spectral resolution reflectance data from 700 to 3000 nm (optional to 430 nm). M3 operates as a pushbroom spectrometer with a slit oriented orthogonal to the S/C orbital motion. Measurements are obtained simultaneously for 640 cross track spatial elements and 261 spectral elements. This translates to 70 m/pixel spatial resolution from a nominal 100 km polar orbit for Chandrayaan-1 . The primary science goal of M3 is to characterize and map lunar surface mineralogy in the context of its geologic evolution as outlined above. This translates into several sub-topics that focus on exploring the mineral character of the highland crust, characterizing the diversity basaltic volcanism, and identifying potential volatile concentrations near the poles. The primary exploration goal is to assess and map lunar mineral resources at high spatial resolution to support planning for future, targeted missions.

Pieters, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1987

The FAO/NASA/NLR Artemis system - An integrated concept for environmental monitoring by satellite in support of food/feed security and desert locust surveillance

The African real time environmental monitoring using imaging satellites (Artemis) system, which should monitor precipitation and vegetation conditions on a continental scale, is presented. The hardware and software characteristics of the system are illustrated and the Artemis databases are outlined. Plans for the system include the use of hourly digital Meteosat data and daily NOAA/AVHRR data to study environmental conditions. Planned mapping activities include monthly rainfall anomaly maps, normalized difference vegetation index maps for ten day and monthly periods with a spatial resolution of 7.6 km, ten day crop/rangeland moisture availability maps, and desert locust potential breeding activity factor maps for a plague prevention program.

Hielkema, J. U.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Fundamental procedures of geographic information analysis

Analytical procedures common to most computer-oriented geographic information systems are composed of fundamental map processing operations. A conceptual framework for such procedures is developed and basic operations common to a broad range of applications are described. Among the major classes of primitive operations identified are those associated with: reclassifying map categories as a function of the initial classification, the shape, the position, or the size of the spatial configuration associated with each category; overlaying maps on a point-by-point, a category-wide, or a map-wide basis; measuring distance; establishing visual or optimal path connectivity; and characterizing cartographic neighborhoods based on the thematic or spatial attributes of the data values within each neighborhood. By organizing such operations in a coherent manner, the basis for a generalized cartographic modeling structure can be developed which accommodates a variety of needs in a common, flexible and intuitive manner. The use of each is limited only by the general thematic and spatial nature of the data to which it is applied.

Berry, J. K.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Imaging the electron charge density in monolayer MoS 2 at the Ångstrom scale

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) has recently gained widespread attention for its ability to image atomic electric fields with sub-Ångstrom spatial resolution. These electric field maps represent the integrated effect of the nucleus, core electrons and valence electrons, and separating their contributions is non-trivial. In this paper, we utilized simultaneously acquired 4D-STEM center of mass (CoM) images and annular dark field (ADF) images to determine the projected electron charge density in monolayer MoS 2 . We evaluate the contributions of both the core electrons and the valence electrons to the derived electron charge density; however, due to blurring by the probe shape, the valence electron contribution forms a nearly featureless background while most of the spatial modulation comes from the core electrons. Our findings highlight the importance of probe shape in interpreting charge densities derived from 4D-STEM and the need for smaller electron probes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Biogeographic classification of streams using fish community– and trait–environment relationships

Abstract Aim Present a hybrid biogeographic and environmentally constrained clustering approach to classify ~853,000 stream reaches in the eastern United States. Examine the frequency of stream typologies in the landscape relative to anthropogenic stressors to identify potential stream conservation needs. Location Eastern United States. Methods Fish communities at 956 least‐disturbed sampling reaches were characterized using taxonomic and functional composition of native species. Environmental variables summarized within stream reaches included stream discharge, channel gradient, hydrologic regime, summer water temperature and boundaries of freshwater ecoregions. Multivariate regression trees were used to relate environmental variables to fish communities while simultaneously developing taxa‐ and trait‐specific biogeographic classifications. We then overlaid stream classifications with indices of anthropogenic disturbances to evaluate rarity and risk of complete loss of natural representation of stream types. Results Taxonomically based classes represented a combination of ecoregional boundaries and environmental gradients, whereas temperature gradients were most important in differentiating functional composition. An optimal taxonomy‐based classification contained 13 classes and explained 26.4% of community variation, and the optimal trait‐based classification contained 6 classes, explaining 25.2% of community variation. Overlaying class maps with an anthropogenic disturbance index revealed substantial variation in the severity of degradation among classes relative to their abundance in the landscape, especially rare classes (i.e., large rivers and cold headwater systems). Main conclusions We demonstrate the value of integrating local, regional and historical biogeographic factors with taxonomic and functional characteristics of freshwater biota to classify ecosystems based on mechanistic biota–environment relationships. This approach is important to addressing the challenge of developing stream classifications that reconcile the environmental drivers of community trait composition with the constraints of biogeographic regionality at large spatial scales. Furthermore, the spatially explicit and high‐resolution maps disseminated here can uniquely inform management decisions regarding anthropogenic threats to the biodiverse freshwaters of the eastern United States.

Troia, Matthew J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Radarclinometry of the earth and Venus from Space-Shuttle and Venera-15 imagery

A project to develop a line-integral approach to two-dimensional radarclinometry and to bring it to the status of producing topographic maps from real radar images is presented. Details of the methodology are discussed along with the specific areas where observations were taken. It is concluded that photoclinometry will never be as accurate as stereophotoclinometry, but is (by comparison) economical, rapid, and, when multiscopic paralactic images are not available, the only source of topographic information. The present technique is able to retrieve useful topographic information from even poor images. Furthermore, in future applications of photogrammetry, even when it is operating at the peak of its potential, photoclinometry will be utilized to provide the highest spatial frequencies in a topographic map.

Wildey, Robert L.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Angular Momentum Variation of the Milky Way Thick Disk: The Dependence of Chemical Abundance and Evidence of the Inside-out Formation Scenario

We investigate the angular momentum of mono-abundance populations (MAPs) of the Milky Way thick disk by using a sample of 26,076 giant stars taken from APOGEE Data Release (DR) 17 and Gaia early DR3. The vertical and perpendicular angular momentum components, L Z and L P , of the MAPs in narrow bins have significant variations across the [α/M]–[M/H] plane. L Z and L P systematically change with [M/H] and [α/M] and can be alternatively quantified by the chemical gradients: d[M/H]/dL Z = 1.2 × 10 -3 dex kpc -1 km -1 s, d[M/H]/dL P = -5.0 × 10 -3 dec kpc -1 km -1 s, and d[α/M]/dL Z = -3.0 × 10 -4 dex kpc -1 km -1 s, d[α/M]/dL P = 1.2 × 10 -3 dec kpc -1 km -1 s. These correlations can also be explained as the chemical dependence of the spatial distribution shape of the MAPs. We also exhibit the corresponding age dependence of the angular momentum components. Under the assumption that the guiding radius (R g ) is proportional to L Z , this provides direct observational evidence of the inside-out structure formation scenario of the thick disk, with dR g /dAge = -1.9 kpc Gyr -1 . The progressive changes in the disk thickness can be explained by the upside-down formation or/and the consequent kinematical heating.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2012

CASA Forest Cover Change Data Sets

Deforestation and forest fires are global land cover changes that can be caused by both natural and human factors. Although monitoring forest fires in near-real time is critical for operational wildfire management, mapping historical wildfires in a spatially explicit fashion is also important for a number of reasons, including climate change studies (e.g., examining the relationship between rising temperatures and frequency of fires), fuel load management (e.g., deciding when and where to conduct controlled burns), and carbon cycle studies (e.g., quantifying how much CO2 is emitted by fires and for emissions reduction efforts under the United Nations programs for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation -- REDD).

Mapping↗