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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 793 records · Page 44
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1989

Land image data processing requirements for the EOS era

Requirements are proposed for a hybrid approach to image analysis that combines the functionality of a general-purpose image processing system with the knowledge representation and manipulation capabilities associated with expert systems to improve the productivity of scientists in extracting information from remotely sensed image data. The overall functional objectives of the proposed system are to: (1) reduce the level of human interaction required on a scene-by-scene basis to perform repetitive image processing tasks; (2) allow the user to experiment with ad hoc rules and procedures for the extraction, description, and identification of the features of interest; and (3) facilitate the derivation, application, and dissemination of expert knowledge for target recognition whose scope of application is not necessarily limited to the image(s) from which it was derived.

Wharton, Stephen W.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Hybrid position/force control of manipulators

A new conceptually simple approach to controlling compliant motions of a robot manipulator is presented. The 'hybrid' technique described combines force and torque information with positional data to satisfy simultaneous position and force trajectory constraints specified in a convenient task related coordinate system. Analysis, simulation, and experiments are used to evaluate the controller's ability to execute trajectories using feedback from a force sensing wrist and from position sensors found in the manipulator joints. The results show that the method achieves stable, accurate control of force and position trajectories for a variety of test conditions.

Raibert, M. H.↗
DOE OSTI2012

Rigorous Kinetic Modeling and Optimization Study of a Modified Claus Unit for an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plant with CO{sub 2} Capture

The modified Claus process is one of the most common technologies for sulfur recovery from acid gas streams. Important design criteria for the Claus unit, when part of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant, are the ability to destroy ammonia completely and the ability to recover sulfur thoroughly from a relatively low purity acid gas stream without sacrificing flame stability. Because of these criteria, modifications to the conventional process are often required, resulting in a modified Claus process. For the studies discussed here, these modifications include the use of a 95% pure oxygen stream as the oxidant, a split flow configuration, and the preheating of the feeds with the intermediate pressure steam generated in the waste heat boiler (WHB). In the future, for IGCC plants with CO{sub 2} capture, the Claus unit must satisfy emission standards without sacrificing the plant efficiency in the face of typical disturbances of an IGCC plant, such as rapid change in the feed flow rates due to load-following and wide changes in the feed composition because of changes in the coal feed to the gasifier. The Claus unit should be adequately designed and efficiently operated to satisfy these objectives. Even though the Claus process has been commercialized for decades, most papers concerned with the modeling of the Claus process treat the key reactions as equilibrium reactions. Such models are validated by manipulating the temperature approach to equilibrium for a set of steady-state operating data, but they are of limited use for dynamic studies. One of the objectives of this study is to develop a model that can be used for dynamic studies. In a Claus process, especially in the furnace and the WHB, many reactions may take place. In this work, a set of linearly independent reactions has been identified, and kinetic models of the furnace flame and anoxic zones, WHB, and catalytic reactors have been developed. To facilitate the modeling of the Claus furnace, a four-stage method was devised so as to determine which set of linearly independent reactions would best describe the product distributions from available plant data. Various approaches are taken to derive the kinetic rate expressions, which are either missing in the open literature or found to be inconsistent. A set of plant data is used for optimal estimation of the kinetic parameters. The final model agrees well with the published plant data. Using the developed kinetics models of the Claus reaction furnace, WHB, and catalytic stages, two optimization studies are carried out. The first study shows that there exists an optimal steam pressure generated in the WHB that balances hydrogen yield, oxygen demand, and power generation. In the second study, it is shown that an optimal H{sub 2}S/SO{sub 2} ratio exists that balances single-pass conversion, hydrogen yield, oxygen demand, and power generation. In addition, an operability study has been carried out to examine the operating envelope in which both the H{sub 2}S/SO{sub 2} ratio and the adiabatic flame temperature can be controlled in the face of disturbances typical for the operation of an IGCC power plant with CO{sub 2} capture. Impact of CO{sub 2} capture on the Claus process has also been discussed.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Surface soil temperature and water content from warming experiment located at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Colorado, 2015 to 2019

This data package consists of soil temperature and soil water content sensor data from the warming experiment near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory. Data range is from summer 2015 to summer 2019, when the warming manipulation was terminated. The location of the warming experiment is in the upper montane life zone and consists of meadow vegetation with a mixture of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), forb species (Erigeron speciosus, Helianthella quinquenervis, Lathyrus lanszwertii), and graminoid species (Festuca thurberi, Carex spps). Early studies showed that the heating treatment led to earlier snowmelt as well as warmer and drier surface soils, and changes in the functional composition of aboveground biomass favoring sagebrush over forb species (Harte and Shaw, 1995). These changes were mainly observed in the upper, naturally drier zone for the experimental plots. More recent observations of aboveground biomass, soil carbon, and microbial composition require concurrent information about the abiotic environment for interpretation and extrapolation to process-based models. This data package provides the plot- and zone-level abiotic context for the final years of the experiment and consists of csv files with hourly soil temperature (WM_ST.csv) and soil water content (WM_SWC.csv).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Big, Deep, and Smart Data in Scanning Probe Microscopy

Scanning probe microscopy techniques open the door to nanoscience and nanotechnology by enabling imaging and manipulation of structure and functionality of matter on nanometer and atomic scales. We analyze the discovery process by SPM in terms of information flow from tip-surface junction to the knowledge adoption by scientific community. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and opportunities offered by merging of SPM and advanced data mining, visual analytics, and knowledge discovery technologies.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Ultra Fast X-ray Streak Camera for TIM Based Platforms

Ultra fast x-ray streak cameras are a staple for time resolved x-ray measurements. There is a need for a ten inch manipulator (TIM) based streak camera that can be fielded in a newer large scale laser facility. The LLNL ultra fast streak camera's drive electronics have been upgraded and redesigned to fit inside a TIM tube. The camera also has a new user interface that allows for remote control and data acquisition. The system has been outfitted with a new sensor package that gives the user more operational awareness and control.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2017

Communal Metabolism of Methane and the Rare Earth Element Switch

The metabolism of methane is a vital part of the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. Methane is also a major contributor to climate change. A specialized group of microbes that consume methane, the methanotrophs, represent a natural filter preventing even faster accumulation of methane in the atmosphere. Methanotrophy can proceed via both anaerobic and aerobic modes. The anaerobic methanotrophs, represented by both archaea and bacteria, all appear to be engaged in syntrophic interdependencies with other species, to overcome the energetic barriers of methane metabolism in the absence of oxygen. In contrast, aerobic methanotrophy can be carried out by pure cultures of bacteria. However, a concept of communal function in aerobic methane oxidation has been gaining momentum, based on data regarding the natural cooccurrence of specific functional guilds and results from laboratory manipulations. The mechanistic details of how and why the methanotrophs share their carbon with other species, and whether and what they gain in return, are still sparse. In this minireview, we highlight recent studies that led to this new concept of community function in aerobic methane oxidation. We first discuss stable isotope probing experiments employing heavy-carbon-labeled methane and tracing methane carbon consumption. We then present an analysis of data on microcosm community dynamics. We also report on the role of a synthetic community approach in elucidating the principles of carbon flow and species cooperation in methane consumption. Finally, we touch on the role of lanthanides, which are rare Earth elements previously thought to be biologically inert, in bacterial metabolism of methane.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dimensional Control over Metal Halide Perovskite Crystallization Guided by Active Learning

Metal halide perovskite (MHP) derivatives, a promising class of optoelectronic materials, have been synthesized with a range of dimensionalities that govern their optoelectronic properties and determine their applications. We demonstrate a data-driven approach combining active learning and high-throughput experimentation to discover, control, and understand the formation of phases with different dimensionalities in the morpholinium (morph) lead iodide system. Using a robot-assisted workflow, we synthesized and characterized two novel MHP derivatives that have distinct optical properties: a one-dimensional (1D) morphPbI 3 phase ([C 4 H 10 NO][PbI 3 ]) and a two-dimensional (2D) (morph) 2 PbI 4 phase ([C 4 H 10 NO] 2 [PbI 4 ]). To efficiently acquire the data needed to construct a machine learning (ML) model of the reaction conditions where the 1D and 2D phases are formed, data acquisition was guided by a diverse-mini-batch-sampling active learning algorithm, using prediction confidence as a stopping criterion. Querying the ML model uncovered the reaction parameters that have the most significant effects on dimensionality control. Based on these insights, we discuss possible reaction schemes that may selectively promote the formation of morph-Pb-I phases with different dimensionalities. The data-driven approach presented here, including the use of additives to manipulate dimensionality, will be valuable for controlling the crystallization of a range of materials over large reaction-composition spaces.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Synoptic System for Capturing Ecosystem Control Points Across Terrestrial‐Aquatic Interfaces

Interconnected landscape features such as terrestrial‐aquatic interfaces play an outsized role in biogeochemical cycles as ecosystem control points, but it is notoriously challenging to characterize these. Here, we document a synoptic sensor network design that is (a) flexible to accommodate diverse ecosystem interfaces and gradients, (b) adaptable to monitoring and modeling needs of small and large projects alike, (c) standardized for intercomparability across sites and field experiments, and (d) adequately replicated to capture heterogeneity of each parameter monitored. This real‐time monitoring of surface water, groundwater, soil, and vegetation supports configuration and evaluation of models that span upland, wetland, open water strata, and transitions between them. We established the network at seven sites along the Chesapeake Bay and Lake Erie coastlines, including large‐scale flood manipulation experiments in both regions. A central design element is “one data logger program to rule them all”—a collection of sensor‐specific modules deployed on 40 loggers controlling ∼2,000 sensors, with the goal of streamlining maintenance, debugging, and reproducible data processing. The network generates ∼6 M observations per month, capturing system dynamics at the broad spatial and fine temporal scales needed to initialize and benchmark models; measurement frequency can be modified remotely to capture events. This network design has also revealed behaviors not represented in Earth system models, such as transient groundwater oxygen pulses. Completely documented and open source, this standardized, flexible, and efficient sensor network design can reduce barriers to understanding environmental changes and ecosystem responses across systems and scales.

Ward, Nicholas D. [Pacific Northwest National Labo↗
DOE OSTI2015

CpG preconditioning regulates miRNA expression that modulates genomic reprogramming associated with neuroprotection against ischemic injury

CpG preconditioning reprograms the genomic response to stroke to protect the brain against ischemic injury. The mechanisms that underlie genomic reprogramming are incompletely understood. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are novel regulators of gene expression; however, their potential role in modulating gene responses produced by CpG preconditioning is unknown. We evaluated brain miRNA expression in response to CpG preconditioning prior to and following stroke using microarray. Importantly, we have gene expression data from previous gene microarrays under the same conditions and timepoints, which allowed integration of miRNA and gene expression data to specifically identify regulated miRNA gene targets. Statistical analysis revealed that the miRNA targets were enriched in our regulated gene population, implicating that miRNAs likely orchestrate this gene expression. CpG and saline treatment shared expression of many miRNAs and their gene targets correlate with damaging upregulation of inflammation and protective suppression of metabolism and excitotoxicity. Excitingly, miRNAs that were differentially regulated between CpG and saline treated animals associated with the upregulation of several neuroprotective genes, indicating that these miRNAs are involved in genomic reprogramming to increase protection. This data suggests that miRNAs regulate endogenous responses to stroke and that manipulation of these miRNAs may have the potential to acutely activate novel protective responses to stroke.

systems biology, microRNA, bioinformatics, stroke,↗
DOE OSTI2019

Designer Spatial Control of Interactions in Ultracold Gases

Designer optical control of interactions in ultracold atomic gases has wide applications, from creating new quantum phases to modeling the physics of black holes. We demonstrate wide tunability and spatial control of interactions in a two-component cloud of 6 Li fermions, using electromagnetically induced transparency. With two control fields detuned ≃1.5 THz from atomic resonance, megahertz changes in the frequency of one optical beam tune the measured scattering length over the full range achieved by magnetic control, with negligible (10 –6 ) effect on the net optical confining potential. A 1D “sandwich” of resonantly and weakly interacting regions is imprinted on the trapped cloud and broadly manipulated with sub-MHz frequency changes. Here, all of the data are in excellent agreement with our continuum-dressed state theoretical model of optical control, which includes both the spatial and momentum dependence of the scattering amplitude.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Harnessing Data Movement in Virtual Clusters for In-Situ Execution

As a result of increasing data volume and velocity, Big Data science at exascale has shifted towards the in-situ paradigm, where large scale simulations run concurrently alongside data analytics. With in-situ, data generated from simulations can be processed while still in memory, thereby avoiding the slow storage bottleneck. However, running simulations and analytics together on shared resources will likely result in substantial contention if left unmanaged, as demonstrated in this work, leading to much reduced efficiency of simulations and analytics. Recently, virtualization technologies such as Linux containers have been widely applied to data centers and physical clusters to provide highly efficient and elastic resource provisioning for consolidated workloads including scientific simulations and data analytics. In this paper, we investigate to facilitate network traffic manipulation and reduce mutual interference on the network for in-situ applications in virtual clusters. In order to dynamically allocate the network bandwidth when it is needed, we adopt SARIMA-based techniques to analyze and predict MPI traffic issued from simulations. Although this can be an effective technique, the naïve usage of network virtualization can lead to performance degradation for bursty asynchronous transmissions within an MPI job. Here, we analyze and resolve this performance degradation in virtual clusters.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Final Technical Report for subcontract number B612144

The original statement of work stipulated that the Subcontractor shall perform bacterial and algal cultivation and manipulation, microbe isolation, preparation of samples for sequencing and isotopic analysis, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. The Subcontractor shall work closely with Dr. Mayali and other LLNL scientists, and shall participate in monthly SFA meetings (either in person or by telephone). The Subcontractor shall deliver a final report at the conclusion of the work.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1975

Interactive digital image manipulation system

The system is designed for manipulation, analysis, interpretation, and processing of a wide variety of image data. LANDSAT (ERTS) and other data in digital form can be input directly into the system. Photographic prints and transparencies are first converted to digital form with an on-line high-resolution microdensitometer. The system is implemented on a Hewlett-Packard 3000 computer with 128 K bytes of core memory and a 47.5 megabyte disk. It includes a true color display monitor, with processing memories, graphics overlays, and a movable cursor. Image data formats are flexible so that there is no restriction to a given set of remote sensors. Conversion between data types is available to provide a basis for comparison of the various data. Multispectral data is fully supported, and there is no restriction on the number of dimensions. In this way multispectral data collected at more than one point in time may simply be treated as a data collected with twice (three times, etc.) the number of sensors. There are various libraries of functions available to the user: processing functions, display functions, system functions, and earth resources applications functions.

Henze, J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Relation of land use/land cover to resource demands

Predictive models for forecasting residential energy demand are investigated. The models are examined in the context of implementation through manipulation of geographic information systems containing land use/cover information. Remotely sensed data is examined as a possible component in this process.

Clayton, C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Human operator performance of remotely controlled tasks: Teleoperator research conducted at NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Executive summary

The combination of human and machine capabilities into an integrated engineering system which is complex and interactive interdisciplinary undertaking is discussed. Human controlled remote systems referred to as teleoperators, are reviewed. The human factors requirements for remotely manned systems are identified. The data were developed in three principal teleoperator laboratories and the visual, manipulator and mobility laboratories are described. Three major sections are identified: (1) remote system components, (2) human operator considerations; and (3) teleoperator system simulation and concept verification.

Shields, N., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1985

High resolution solutions of the Euler equations for vortex flows

Solutions of the Euler equations are presented for M = 1.5 flow past a 70-degree-swept delta wing. At an angle of attack of 10 degrees, strong leading-edge vortices are produced. Two computational approaches are taken, based upon fully three-dimensional and conical flow theory. Both methods utilize a finite-volume discretization solved by a pseudounsteady multistage scheme. Results from the two approaches are in good agreement. Computations have been done on a 16-million-word CYBER 205 using 196 x 56 x 96 and 128 x 128 cells for the two methods. A sizable data base is generated, and some of the practical aspects of manipulating it are mentioned. The results reveal many interesting physical features of the compressible vortical flow field and also suggest new areas needing research.

Murman, E. M.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Image databases: Problems and perspectives

With the increasing number of computer graphics, image processing, and pattern recognition applications, economical storage, efficient representation and manipulation, and powerful and flexible query languages for retrieval of image data are of paramount importance. These and related issues pertinent to image data bases are examined.

Gudivada, V. Naidu↗