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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 793 records · Page 44
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Earth Independent Medical Operations (EIMO)

Inherent in interplanetary space travel are unprecedented challenges that could threaten mission success and negatively impact crew health and performance. Return to definitive care is essentially untenable and resources will be constrained with practically no re-supply capability. Access to ground-based medical expertise will be significantly delayed under nominal conditions with exacerbation during conjunction or prolonged dust storms. Taken together, these challenges necessitate the development of a progressively autonomous medical operational support system to assist the crew medical officer (CMO). While support from ground based medical experts will remain indispensable for pre-mission planning, the approach to management of acute/emergent medical contingencies will require a gradual transition of medical care and decision making from terrestrial to space-based assets, enabling support of astronaut health and performance and reducing overall mission risk. To progressively enable EIMO, a series of meetings were convened with subject matter experts from within NASA, academia and industry to facilitate mapping of the path to support autonomous medical operations. Topics explored in these meetings included the scope of data (storage capacity, usage, transmission rate and bandwidth, computing capacity), CMO training, supply and resource management and task load balance. Recommendations from these meetings will inform the EIMO Concept of Operations and definition of the associated requirements culminating in updates to the NASA 3001 standards. The EIMO project team will work with stakeholders to conceptualize a clinical decision support system (CDSS) to assist the CMO in response to medical contingencies when terrestrial support is delayed or otherwise unavailable. The CDSS will be a system of systems that will utilize data from numerous input vectors. Successful deployment of the CDSS will facilitate medical decision making while decreasing the cognitive load leading to an improvement in task load balancing. Additional benefits of the envisioned CDSS include assistance with inventory management, locating resources, storage/retrieval of medical records, highlighting trends in recorded data, in addition to providing a consult for diagnosis and treatment. More advanced features might include passive monitoring to identify early warning signs of behavioral or medical anomalies to possibly pre-empt onset of conditions that would compromise crew health and performance.

Benjamin Easter↗
NASA NTRS1981

Monitoring wetlands change using LANDSAT data

A wetlands monitoring study was initiated as part of Delaware's LANDSAT applications demonstration project. Classifications of digital data are conducted in an effort to determine the location and acreage of wetlands loss or gain, species conversion, and application for the inventory and typing of freshwater wetlands. A multi-seasonal approach is employed to compare data from two different years. Unsupervised classifications were conducted for two of the four dates examined. Initial results indicate the multi-seasonal approach allows much better separation of wetland types for both tidal and non-tidal wetlands than either season alone. Change detection is possible but generally misses the small acreages now impacted by man.

Hardin, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Inventory of Delaware's wetlands

A mapping technique utilizing the General Electric Multispectral Data Processing System to analyze NASA RB-57 color-infrared imagery and applied in the mapping of Delaware's wetlands is described. It is shown to represent a high-speed, cost-effective method for producing enhanced photomaps showing a number of spectral classes.

Klemas, V.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Crop phenology and LANDSAT-based irrigated lands inventory in the high plains

The activity concentrated on identifying crop and irrigation data sources for the eight states within the High Plains Aquifer and making contacts concerning the nature of these data. A mail questionnaire was developed to gather specific data not routinely reported through standard data collection channels. Input/output routines were designed for High Plains crop and irrigation data and initial statistical data on crops were input to computer files.

Martinko, E. A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Development of techniques for producing static strata maps and development of photointerpretation methods based on multitemporal LANDSAT data

The progress of research conducted in support of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) is documented. Specific tasks include (1) evaluation of the static stratification procedure and modification of that procedure if warranted, and (2) the development of alternative photointerpretative techniques to the present LACIE procedures for the identification and selection of training fields (areas).

Colwell, R. N.↗
NASA NTRS1972

The needs of the 80's - Data processing.

The potential observational needs requiring data processing are assessed for a projection of the large data processing systems needed to meet the requirements of meteorology, environmentology, earth resources inventories, and hydrology in the next decade. It is anticipated that a large array of space and ground sensing devices and basic communications capabilities for collecting and disseminating large volumes of data will be available by 1980.

Ludwig, G. H.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying Impacts of Renewable Electricity Deployment on Air Quality and Human Health in Southeast Asia Based on AIMS III Scenarios

This study augments the ASEAN Interconnection Masterplan Study III (AIMS III) by quantifying changes to air quality and human health that result from its renewable integration and transmission interconnection scenarios. Performing this analysis requires translation of the changes in projected generation from different power sector fuel sources in the AIMS III scenarios to changes in air pollutant emissions, developing what is known as an emissions inventory for each scenario and year evaluated. An emissions inventory represents who emits air pollutants, from where the pollutants are emitted, when, and how much of which air pollutants are emitted. With the assistance of the ASEAN Centre for Energy and leveraging the best available in-region public data sources, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) team compiled a detailed inventory of power plants in the ASEAN region, mapping their PM 2.5 , sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. A new, first-of-its-kind, and user-friendly global air quality model, Global InMAP (Thakrar et al. 2022), is then used to transform the inventory of changes in emissions to changes in concentration of fine particulate matter. Global InMAP then maps the location of human populations in ASEAN countries to calculate humans' exposure to PM 2.5 and estimate excess PM 2.5 -caused mortality attributable to thermal generation sources, as modeled in the AIMS III scenarios.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Generating Emissions Inventory for Carbon Capture and Storage Analysis for Carbon-Intensive Industrial Sectors

Decarbonizing the industrial sector is critical to achieve carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reductions goals of the Biden Administration. Currently available decarbonization options include electrification, fuel switching to zero carbon fuels like green hydrogen (H2) and carbon capture and storage (CCS). Application of post-combustion carbon capture (PCCC) technology in the power sector, as well as research at the U.S. Department of Energy's Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) Office has shown that its application in the industrial sector could have co-benefits in the form of emissions reductions of non-CO2 regulated pollutants. For example, solvent based PCCC systems require pre-conditioning of flue gas to remove sulfur and particulate matter (PM) upstream of the CO2 absorber. However, there is a lack of understanding about the type of non-CO2 pollutants which can be captured and the amount of reduction possible. PCCC application differs across industrial sectors as it depends on the availability of decarbonization options, characteristics of industrial processes and the amount and composition of pollutant flows. Certain facilities can also have multiple effluent flows with or without a CO2 stream. As such, understanding industrial processes and their effluent flows in detail is required to quantify the co-benefits opportunities presented by PCCC. Considering this requirement, the goal of this analysis is to develop a high-resolution inventory of effluent flows from facilities of 8 industrial sectors in the U.S. These industrial sectors - ethanol, ammonia, cement, steel, natural gas processing, hydrogen, petroleum refining and wood and pulp products - have carbon-intensive effluent flows, and thus are prime candidates for PCCC applications. In this study, we map the composition of pollutant flow from flue stacks across the identified facilities. Using data available in three Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) databases - the Green House Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP), the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) and the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), we create a combined inventory which lists the type, amount, and concentration of pollutant flows. Using total weight of the pollutant flow back calculated from observed data for CO2 concentrations in flue gas for individual sectors, we calculate the concentration of each pollutant in the flue gas stream. Thus, the resultant emissions inventory includes the following details for each facility in the sector: facility-level and if possible, process-level pollutant flows, concentrations of pollutants in the flue gas, and geographical coordinates of the facilities. A detailed statistical analysis and summary allows us to search for erroneous data and remove them from the final inventory. The generation of the inventory is achieved using a python-based framework which can recreate this inventory for other industrial sectors as well as using newer releases of emission inventories from EPA. The statistical analysis performed on the inventory is also calibrated and automated to identify outliers efficiently.

air pollutants↗
DOE OSTI2022

Life Cycle Assessment for Closed-Loop Pumped Hydropower Energy Storage in the United States

The federal government has initiated an aggressive set of policies to achieve a net-zero carbon emission goal for the electricity sector by 2050. As a result, rapid growth in deployment of renewable energy technologies is expected. Most commercially mature technologies are temporally variable and do not provide grid inertia, while renewable technologies with high projected deployment have intermittent generation methods. Energy storage technologies are needed to both dispatch power on-demand and help provide the needed grid inertia. Pumped storage hydro (PSH) is a well-established technology that has gained renewed interest in recent years offering energy-balancing, grid stability, control of electrical network frequency, and large-scale storage capacity. For widespread adoption of PSH, more information is needed regarding its current life cycle environmental impacts. The objective of this study is to perform a full life cycle assessment (LCA) of new closed-loop PSH in the U.S. The functional unit for this study is 1 kWh of electrical power delivered to the grid and the base case project lifetime is 80 years. The life cycle inventory for this project accounts for all material and energy flows associated with the green-field construction, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning of a closed-loop PSH plant in the U.S. Collected data represents a range of potential PSH specifications and geographic locations coming from all prospective closed-loop PSH installations in the U.S. with data available. In addition, existing PSH installations are used to provide assumptions for inventory inputs. Results presented will include the global warming potential (GWP IPCC 100a) and Energy Return on Investment (EROI) from our base case (average PSH installation) as well as from scenario analyses and model sensitivity. These results will be compared to the impacts from existing PSH sites and alternate storage technologies. Methods align with the assumptions and guidelines put in place by previous PSH LCAs to ensure an accurate comparison with the results from this report.

ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY,HYDRO ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1985

On the Latitudinal Distribution of Debris in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars

Examination of Mariner 9 images showed evidence of debris mantling on Mars. The evidence included craters that appeared to be filled with debris and an apparent lack of small craters. Based on such data, it was suggested that a circumpolar debris mantle exists poleward of about 30N and 30S latitudes. The presence of a debris layer has important implications for the modulation over time of atmospheric pressure by the cap-regolith-atmosphere system. Preliminary efforts in providing constraints on the thickness and distribution of debris are discussed. The initial approach is to examine crater size-frequency data for selected regions on Mars, later expanding the study to include an inventory of aeolian features and other direct indicators of debris deposition. The crater size-frequency distributions for ten regions between latitudes 20N and 80N and covering a range of longitudes were discovered. Crater data were derived from Viking Orbiter images with resolutions of between 26 and 75 meters/pixel.

Guinness, E. A.↗
NASA NTRS1994

A data and information system for processing, archival, and distribution of data for global change research

Work on this project was focused on information management techniques for Marshall Space Flight Center's EOSDIS Version 0 Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The centerpiece of this effort has been participation in EOSDIS catalog interoperability research, the result of which is a distributed Information Management System (IMS) allowing the user to query the inventories of all the DAAC's from a single user interface. UAH has provided the MSFC DAAC database server for the distributed IMS, and has contributed to definition and development of the browse image display capabilities in the system's user interface. Another important area of research has been in generating value-based metadata through data mining. In addition, information management applications for local inventory and archive management, and for tracking data orders were provided.

Graves, Sara J.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Radionuclide Inventory Calculations for the Calcined Solid Storage Facility Performance Assessment - 19292

Originally named the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant when it was constructed in the early 1950's, the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center reprocessed SNF to recover highly enriched uranium and other nuclear-related products for the U.S. DOE. Reprocessing SNF generated millions of gallons of aqueous radioactive waste. Calcination was a process developed at the INL Site to convert liquid waste into a solid, granular form from 1963 to 2000. The calcination process produced a safer product for storage while reducing the volume of stored liquid waste by an average factor of seven. Calcine is currently stored in the Calcined Solids Storage Facility (CSSF). The CSSFs are often called 'bin sets' because each CSSF (CSSFs 1 through 6) contains several stainless-steel storage bins housed in a concrete vault. The CSSF is an interim waste storage facility. In the future, calcine will be retrieved, treated (if necessary), and sent to an off-Site facility for storage or disposal. To close the CSSF, the bulk of the calcine will be removed and stored or disposed of elsewhere. The bins and vaults will then be placed in a configuration that is protective of human health and the environment. For purposes of the performance assessment, the depth of the residual calcine at closure was assumed to be 5-cm in each bin. The 5-cm of residual calcine in each bin is assumed to be mixed in grout during closure. The activities of the residual radionuclides are the inventory used for the dose assessment calculations for the CSSF performance assessment. The objective of this analysis was to calculate the radionuclide activity in the residual calcine remaining in the CSSF after closure. The purpose of this paper is to present the approach used to calculate the radionuclide inventory of the calcine currently stored in CSSF and the residual calcine in the CSSF after closure using data from the calcined waste Historical Processing Model (HPM). Limited sampling and analysis of the calcine in the CSSF bins was conducted in the past. Future similar calcine sampling and analysis efforts would be costly, generate additional mixed waste, and may not provide the desired detailed calcine composition data. However, during the later years of calcining, an alternative to calcine sampling and analysis was developed and the information was captured in the HPM. The HPM uses multiple sources to provide definitive calcine volume, mass, and composition, including: compositions and volumes of the liquid wastes that were calcined, ORIGEN2 - and ORIGEN-ARP-based radioactivity calculations, calciner and CSSF operating data, and process knowledge of INTEC fuel and waste-processing systems. HPM calcine composition was used to develop an inventory of radionuclides for use in the performance assessment evaluation for closure of CSSF. There are 43 bins that contain calcine, with six to twelve segments in each bin for a total of 337 bin segments for which the HPM calculates the average calcine composition. The HPM calculates the composition of each of the nearly 7,000 batches of material (startup bed, nonradioactive material, and radioactive waste) charged to the calciners. The calculations use the CSSF dimensions, including the CSSF number of bins, heights, outside diameters, annular air space diameter (if necessary), and volume of calcine currently in the bins. For each of the CSSFs, for a 5-cm residual, the percent of total calcine was calculated along with the residual activity for the radionuclides. Residual activity was estimated for 148 different radionuclides. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-226: QA Management for a Large Institution with Multiple Campuses for FMEA

Purpose: To redesign our radiation therapy QA program with the goal to improve quality, efficiency, and consistency among a growing number of campuses at a large institution. Methods: A QA committee was established with at least one physicist representing each of our six campuses (22 linacs). Weekly meetings were scheduled to advise on and update current procedures, to review end-to-end and other test results, and to prepare composite reports for internal and external audits. QA procedures for treatment and imaging equipment were derived from TG Reports 142 and 66, practice guidelines, and feedback from ACR evaluations. The committee focused on reaching a consensus on a single QA program among all campuses using the same type of equipment and reference data. Since the recommendations for tolerances referenced to baseline data were subject to interpretation in some instances, the committee reviewed the characteristics of all machines and quantified any variations before choosing between treatment planning system (i.e. treatment planning system commissioning data that is representative for all machines) or machine-specific values (i.e. commissioning data of the individual machines) as baseline data. Results: The configured QA program will be followed strictly by all campuses. Inventory of available equipment has been compiled, and additional equipment acquisitions for the QA program are made as needed. Dosimetric characteristics are evaluated for all machines using the same methods to ensure consistency of beam data where possible. In most cases, baseline data refer to treatment planning system commissioning data but machine-specific values are used as reference where it is deemed appropriate. Conclusion: With a uniform QA scheme, variations in QA procedures are kept to a minimum. With a centralized database, data collection and analysis are simplified. This program will facilitate uniformity in patient treatments and analysis of large amounts of QA data campus-wide, which will ultimately facilitate FMEA.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

On the influence of the power plant operational history on the inventory and the uncertainties of radionuclides relevant for the final disposal of PWR spent fuel - 15149

A mandatory requisite for official granting safe final disposal approval of SNF is the comprehensive specification and declaration of the nuclear inventory in SNF by the NPP-operators. The whole radiochemical characterization of each spent fuel assembly hides many difficulties such as very high radiation burden, destruction method, the inhomogeneous burn-up of fuel assembly, very high cost. Thus, non-destructive characterization is usually applied on industrial scale. In this case only several nuclides can be measured, and the rest is calculated using simulations and typical irradiation history. Like any other German rad-waste acceptance requirements all these declarations will have to be checked and verified by an independent inspector. In this verification process not only values of radionuclide (RN) activities are important, but also their uncertainties. The simple simulation using burn-up calculations based on typical and generic reactor operational parameters do not answer the question about possible uncertainties observed in real reactor operations. At the same time, the details of irradiation history are often unknown, which complicates the assessment of declared RN inventories. Therefore, the development of dedicated generic proof tools, which can be applied to different types of waste, often of unknown origin and history is worth a serious consideration. Here, we have compiled a set of burn-up calculations considering the operational history of 339 published or anonymized real PWR fuel assemblies. This gives us the possibility to calculate the realistic variation or spectrum of RN inventories. These histories were used as a basis for 'SRP analysis', to provide information about the range of the values of the associated secondary reactor parameters (SRP's), i.e. initial enrichment (IE), specific power (SP), irradiation time (IT), downtime (DT), boric acid concentration (BA), moderator and fuel density (MD and FD) and temperatures (MT and MT) used as input parameters for the simulation models. Then, burn-up calculation codes provide the anticipated results for the entire nuclear inventory such as characteristic activity values and the corresponding minimum and maximum limits as a function of the fuel burn-up. These results are being validated with the experimental data from various publications and the online database - SFCOMPO and subsequently transferred and summarized into our own database. Ultimately, this database will provide the basis of proof tools for the operator independent verification of the declared nuclear inventories for the quality and safety assessment of a radioactive waste compound and bounding values for certain RN as a function of burn-up. The RN inventory can hence be verified without taking credit of the whole of the operational history of the SNF. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1973

Geological survey of Maryland using EREP flight data

The author has identified the following significant results. Underflight photography has been used in the Baltimore County mined land inventory to determine areas of disturbed land where surface mining of sand and ground clay, or stone has taken place. Both active and abandoned pits and quarries were located. Aircraft data has been used to update cultural features of Calvert, Caroline, St. Mary's, Somerset, Talbot, and Wicomico Counties. Islands have been located and catalogued for comparison with older film and map data for erosion data. Strip mined areas are being mapped to obtain total area disturbed to aid in future mining and reclamation problems. Coastal estuarine and Atlantic Coast features are being studied to determine nearshore bedforms, sedimentary, and erosional patterns, and manmade influence on natural systems.

Weaver, K. N.↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-Burnup Spent Fuel Data Project: Sister Rod Final Phase II Test Plan

The Sibling Pin test campaign is a Department of Energy (DOE) research activity within the Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) program that is tasked with characterization of high burnup (HBU) fuel in support of the High Burnup Spent Fuel Data Project. Of the 25 fuel rods in the Sibling Pin inventory, approximately 9 rod lengths have been consumed during the first phase (Phase I) of the test campaign leaving approximately 16 rod lengths for the second phase (Phase II) of testing. This plan outlines the Phase II testing and the motivations for performing these tests. Priorities for Phase II testing are based on previously identified knowledge gaps, lessons-learned from Phase I work, the original objectives of the High Burnup Spent Fuel Data Project and the Sibling Pin test campaign, and input from external stakeholders. The priorities for Phase II testing are to obtain data to characterize the effects of annealing on cladding mechanical properties and fuel rod performance, to quantify the creep behavior of cladding materials and fuel rods and the effects of creep deformations on the performance of cladding and fuel rods, and to gather data to support the final closure of the hydride reorientation and radial hydride induced embrittlement gap for HBU fuel rods.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Natural Resources Assessment for the SNS Second Target Station, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a leading institution in advanced materials, supercomputing, neutrons, and nuclear science. As a research laboratory managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for DOE, ORNL has national priorities in energy, security, and scientific discovery that necessitate facility improvements and expansions. DOE is also committed to environmental stewardship. The laboratory is located on the ~32,000-acre Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), much of which is categorized as a National Environmental Research Park and a state Wildlife Management Area. DOE works with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA), Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), US Department of Agriculture, and other agencies to serve as an effective steward of the ORR. Accordingly, project managers must conform to environmental regulations, agreements, and policies at the federal, state, and institutional levels. Per 40 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 1508.14, potential effects on research and science education on the National Environmental Research Park represent potential impacts of federal actions. Moreover, federal actions that affect the quantity and quality of hunting opportunities and deer reduction harvest on the Oak Ridge Wildlife Management Area must be considered whenever other aspects of the human environment (as defined by NEPA) are affected. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is a premiere facility at ORNL that provides advanced capabilities in neutron scattering to promote new discoveries and research opportunities in material sciences, physics, chemistry, biological sciences, and others. A conceptual design for a Second Target Station (STS) has been in consideration for several years. The STS is intended to complement and enhance existing ORNL capabilities, notably research and exploration of complex materials. The proposed STS will involve development of existing natural areas on the ORR, which might contain sensitive resources that require mitigation or avoidance in accordance with existing policies and regulation. This report summarizes current knowledge of natural and cultural resources within the STS project area. At the time of this report, the proposed STS project consisted of an operations area comprising 55.4 acres (22.4 ha) and a total review area for potential construction comprising ~224 acres (90.6 ha). The review area is located primarily within forested natural areas of the ORR with minor development in the form of power-line rights-of-way and secondary/graveled roads (Figure 1). The primary goal was to evaluate potential effects on sensitive resources that might result from development of the STS. In addition to onthe-ground surveys during summer 2009 and fall 2019 to summer 2020 by ORNL Natural Resources Management Program and Aquatic Ecology Group staff, this report makes use of historical (pre-1995) and contemporary (1995 to present) data from additional confirmed sources (e.g., TDEC). Likewise, forest conditions were compiled primarily from a 2013 forest inventory effort for Forest Management Compartment 17 and supplemented with limited ground observations in 2019. The individuals who obtained and compiled the data that are presented here are familiar with and routinely assess sensitive resources on the ORR.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Completeness and coverage of open-access freshwater fish distribution data in the United States

Aim: Primary biodiversity data constitute observations of particular species at given points in space and time. Open-access databases provide unprecedented access to these data, but their utility depends on how complete species inventories are at a given surveying resolution and how uniformly distributed surveys are in space and time. Our aim was to characterize the completeness of freshwater fish data across spatial scales and among habitat types (lotic stream reaches and lentic waterbodies), and assess coverage bias in space and time. Location: Freshwater habitats of the contiguous United States. Methods: We compiled fish occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), the Multi-state Aquatic Resources Information Server (MARIS), and three federally-administered surveys (EMAP, NAQWA, NRS). Next, we evaluated survey completeness across seven spatial resolutions representing nested stream catchments, and separately for lotic and lentic habitats. Lastly, we tested for bias in survey coverage along environmental and temporal gradients for each habitat type. Results: A total of 39,855,157 records representing 1925 species were available from 1800 to 2014. The percent of catchments surveyed increased as spatial resolution decreased while the density of occurrence records within surveyed catchments decreased. Species richness also increased with catchment size consistent with putative species–area relationships. Occurrence records were distributed among 72,114 lotic reaches and 3,325 lentic waterbodies throughout the contiguous US. Seven percent (N=5,055) of surveyed lotic reaches and 23% (N=771) of surveyed lentic waterbodies were well-surveyed based on the most conservative thresholds for two completeness indices. Most well-surveyed lotic reaches (95%) and undammed lentic waterbodies (97%) were completed since 1980, and most were surveyed during only one 20-year time interval (83% and 56% for lotic and lentic waterbodies, respectively). Coverage analyses indicated that contemporary and future climates corresponding to regions along the west coast and gulf coast are the most under-represented for both lotic and lentic habitats. Small lentic waterbodies (surface area < 0.1 km2) are also under-represented. Main Conclusions: Contemporary surveys of lotic reaches and, to a lesser extent, lentic waterbodies are plentiful and generally representative of climatic and landscape characteristics. Data compilation efforts should focus on adding historical data to public repositories. Clustering of well-surveyed waterbodies in MARIS-participating states highlights the value of state-agency data and demonstrates the need for dissemination of these data by more state agencies.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗