Results for “electrical system integration” — Page 44

DOE OSTI2021

Advanced Energy Approaches for Mixed-Use Developments in the Front Range Urban Corridor

The primary objective of the document is to present example technical approaches and strategies that planners and developers can reference for all-electric mixed-use developments in the Rocky Mountain Front Range urban corridor that are considering advanced energy performance goals such as high levels of energy efficiency and renewable integration. The strategies are tailored toward the vision for a zero energy, all-electric, district thermal system-connected starter district. In this example, on-site solar generation is emphasized as a strategy that can be combined with electrical and thermal energy storage for enhanced community resilience and demand flexibility. Opportunities for utilizing or adapting these strategies include: sharing with vertical developers for potential integration of strategies into vertical design guidelines; incorporation into Owner Project Requirements (OPRs); providing example strategies to design teams as a starting point for design; informing structure of agenda for a building design charrette; comparing building designs to example strategies at various points in the design process to evaluate design progression. While the technical strategies outlined in this document can help inform the development of guidelines for projects in the Front Range urban corridor, this document does not set requirements for any rating, certification, program, or policy.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

Electric Access System Enhancement (EASE): Assessment of a Distributed Energy Resource Management System for Enabling Dynamic Hosting Capacity

The Electric Access System Enhancement (EASE) project demonstrated a scalable, interoperable, and cost-effective means of integrating high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs). The control architecture developed leveraged a Distributed Energy Resource Management System, Distribution System Operator for transacting energy, and 3rd Party DER Aggregator platform. The project identified ways to enhance the customer interconnection process to the grid and improve access to information from DERs and optimize the usage of DERs to provide energy services in a simulated day-ahead shadow market while maintain grid reliability. By integrating these capabilities into a scalable system of systems, the DSO can effectively balance DER generation and customer demand on the distribution network. This capability allows the grid to host more DER than traditionally possible on wires alone. Hosting more DER has the added benefit of supplying increased demand growth, sometimes beyond the capacity limits of the distribution network itself. This is known as a dynamic hosting capacity, which could help utilities manage the forecasted growth in electricity demand as California switch to electric vehicles and appliances. This could help to establish energy storage and PV generation as a “pseudo firm” generation resource mix if managed appropriately and provide sufficient resource adequacy for distribution capacity upgrade deferrals.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Grid Integration of Small-Scale Photovoltaic Systems in Secondary Distribution Network—A Review

The relative share of renewable energy, specifically the solar photovoltaic (PV), is increasing exponentially in the world electric energy sector. This is a cumulative result of reduction in the cost of solar panels, improvement in the panel efficiency, and advancement in the associated power electronics. Among different types of PV plants, installation of small-scale rooftop PV is growing rapidly due to direct end-user benefits and lucrative governmental incentives. There are various standards developed in regards to grid integration of PVs and other distributed generations (DGs). Different power converter topologies are developed to interface the PV panel with the utility grid. To keep up with the stringent regulations imposed by the standards, various control strategies and grid synchronization methods have been developed. This review article amalgamates and summarizes all of the aforementioned aspects of a grid-integrated PV system including various standards, power stage architectures, grid synchronization methods, operation under extreme events, and control methodologies, pertaining to small-scale PV plants. This article will help freshman researchers to gain some familiarity with the topic and introduce them to some of the key issues encountered in this field.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

System Health Management for a Series/Parallel Partial Hybrid Powertrain with Distributed Electric Propulsion

Electrified aircraft powertrains contain multiple interacting subsystems, making them much more complex than traditional aircraft propulsion systems in terms of integration and control. Electrification enables aircraft to have distributed thrust-producing fans that the flight control system can leverage for enhanced maneuverability, further increasing the control complexity. A NASA concept aircraft, the SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) Electrofan, is such a vehicle. SUSAN is a series/parallel partial hybrid-electric single-aisle transport aircraft that takes advantage of its electrified powertrain to provide fuel burn and emissions benefits when compared to the state-of-the-art. Achieving these benefits requires an appropriately designed control architecture that coordinates the various powertrain and flight control subsystems. As such, the SUSAN aircraft is designed with a high level of automation, allowing it to properly manage coupled subsystems and react rapidly to failures and anomalies. To do this effectively, algorithms that perform component health management, fault detection, isolation, and accommodation, and continuous optimization, must be developed and implemented. This paper describes the development of some of these algorithms for system health management applied to the powertrain of the SUSAN concept aircraft.

Electrified Aircraft Propulsion↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

System Health Management for a Series/Parallel Partial Hybrid Powertrain with Distributed Electric Propulsion

Electrified aircraft powertrains contain multiple interacting subsystems, making them much more complex than traditional aircraft propulsion systems in terms of integration and control. Electrification enables aircraft to have distributed thrust-producing fans that the flight control system can leverage for enhanced maneuverability, further increasing the control complexity. A NASA concept aircraft, the SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) Electrofan, is such a vehicle. SUSAN is a series/parallel partial hybrid-electric single-aisle transport aircraft that takes advantage of its electrified powertrain to provide fuel burn and emissions benefits when compared to the state-of-the-art. Achieving these benefits requires an appropriately designed control architecture that coordinates the various powertrain and flight control subsystems. As such, the SUSAN aircraft is designed with a high level of automation, allowing it to properly manage coupled subsystems and react rapidly to failures and anomalies. To do this effectively, algorithms that perform component health management, fault detection, isolation, and accommodation, and continuous optimization, must be developed and implemented. This paper describes the development of some of these algorithms for system health management applied to the powertrain of the SUSAN concept aircraft.

Electrified Aircraft Propulsion↗

NASA NTRS2024

System Health Management for a Series/Parallel Partial Hybrid Powertrain with Distributed Electric Propulsion

Electrified aircraft powertrains contain multiple interacting subsystems, making them much more complex than traditional aircraft propulsion systems in terms of integration and control. Electrification enables aircraft to have distributed thrust-producing fans that the flight control system can leverage for enhanced maneuverability, further increasing the control complexity. A NASA concept aircraft, the SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) Electrofan, is such a vehicle. SUSAN is a series/parallel partial hybrid-electric single-aisle transport aircraft that takes advantage of its electrified powertrain to provide fuel burn and emissions benefits when compared to the state-of-the-art. Achieving these benefits requires an appropriately designed control architecture that coordinates the various powertrain and flight control subsystems. As such, the SUSAN aircraft is designed with a high level of automation, allowing it to properly manage coupled subsystems and react rapidly to failures and anomalies. To do this effectively, algorithms that perform component health management, fault detection, isolation, and accommodation, and continuous optimization, must be developed and implemented. This paper describes the development of some of these algorithms for system health management applied to the powertrain of the SUSAN concept aircraft.

Electrified Aircraft Propulsion↗

DOE OSTI2022

Integration of Energy Storage in Fossil Energy Power Plants (ES-FE) Market Analysis

This analysis consists of identifying the economic signals for the integration of ES-FE concepts in major Independent System Operators (ISOs), such as Mid-Continent (MISO), Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), California (CAISO), and Pennsylvania, Jersey, Maryland Power Pool (PJM). This piece of work came from our interest in understanding how and at what level an electricity market would renumerate a fossil energy power plant that integrates energy storage, meaning a fossil power plant that adds any type of energy storage to their power plant.

Pena-Cabra, Ivonne A.↗

DOE OSTI2019

Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage with Supercritical CO2 Cycles and Solar Heat Input: Preprint

Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (PTES) is an energy storage device that uses grid electricity to drive a heat pump to generate hot and cold storage reservoirs. This thermal potential is later used to power a heat engine and return electricity to the grid. In this article, a PTES variant that uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) as the working fluid is introduced. sCO2-PTES cycles have higher work ratios and power densities than the systems based on ideal gases that have been investigated to date. Furthermore, sCO2-PTES cycles may achieve higher round-trip efficiencies for a given hot storage temperature (up to 78% at 560 degrees C). The sensitivity of PTES cycles to loss factors such as isentropic efficiencies and temperature differences between the power cycle and storage fluid is investigated. A second concept whereby an sCO2-PTES cycle is integrated with concentrating solar power (CSP) is introduced. This concept 'time-shifts' the recompression of an sCO2 recompression cycle to a period of lower electricity prices and stores the heat. When solar heat is dispatched, the recompressor may be avoided as the required heat is obtained from storage, thereby leading to increased heat engine efficiencies. The net work output of this integrated system is 10-18% greater than the conventional recompression cycle. Combining PTES with a CSP power cycle is therefore shown to improve the dispatch of solar heat as well as providing electricity storage services.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Chapter Ten - Power, Buildings, and Other Critical Networks: Integrated Multisystem Operation

The electrifying transportation sector, the increasing grid interactivity of the built environment, the rapidly expanding number of devices within the Internet-of-Things, and the overall trend toward highly connected systems and interdependent networks is revolutionizing the operation of the electric power grid. While these changes are presenting grid operators with new challenges to ensure an efficient, reliable, and sustainable operation of the grid, they also enable a new suite of resources that can be utilized for assisting the grid in times of need. In this chapter, we explore how these recent changes and trends are affecting modern power systems and discuss the benefits and challenges of an increasingly electrified and interconnected world. We will observe how various critical infrastructure, that is, buildings, water and gas, transportation, and telecommunication networks are highly dependent on power network operations but, with improved coordination and control, can also provide valuable assets to the grid in times of need.

electricity markets↗

NASA NTRS1995

MEMS Technology for Space Applications

Micro-technology enables the manufacturing of all kinds of components for miniature systems or micro-systems, such as sensors, pumps, valves, and channels. The integration of these components into a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) drastically decreases the total system volume and mass. These properties, combined with the increasing need for monitoring and control of small flows in (bio)chemical experiments, makes MEMS attractive for space applications. The level of integration and applied technology depends on the product demands and the market. The ultimate integration is process integration, which results in a one-chip system. An example of process integration is a dosing system of pump, flow sensor, micromixer, and hybrid feedback electronics to regulate the flow. However, for many applications, a hybrid integration of components is sufficient and offers the advantages of design flexibility and even the exchange of components in the case of a modular set up. Currently, we are working on hybrid integration of all kinds of sensors (physical and chemical) and flow system modules towards a modular system; the micro total analysis system (micro TAS). The substrate contains electrical connections as in a printed circuit board (PCB) as well as fluid channels for a circuit channel board (CCB) which, when integrated, form a mixed circuit board (MCB).

vandenBerg, A.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Pushing the Envelope—Moving Dynamic Building Envelope Thermal Energy Storage Systems Mainstream

Buildings contribute to nearly 40% of the U.S. national energy consumption and a significant portion of CO2 emissions. More importantly, disadvantaged communities are disproportionately affected by energy burden and thermal discomfort in their homes. This paper will discuss two novel DOE's BTO supported thermal energy storage (TES) integrated dynamic building envelope technologies, their ability to harvest ambient energy, and improve energy efficiency by reducing HVAC loads and peak electricity demand while enhancing energy and thermal resilience in buildings. The paper will also discuss the recent advancements that have made these systems more affordable and easier to integrate into new and existing buildings. The first solution is a thermally anisotropic building envelope (TABE) system that can redirect ambient thermal energy (heat or coolness) from diurnal outdoor conditions, solar irradiance, and night sky radiation from the envelope to a hydronic loop. The redirected thermal energy can be stored in a TABE-integrated thermal energy storage system and use the stored energy to offset HVAC energy use and peak demand. The second solution is an innovative plug-and-play thermal switch in the form of insertable plugs integrated with a phase change material (PCM). The plug can vary its thermal resistance based on the indoor and outdoor conditions, thus allowing preferential directional heat flow, and enhancing utilization of free ambient cooling and heating to charge/discharge the PCM, much like a solid-state economizer. While the fist solution can be actively controlled, the second solution is passive, requiring no external power, and work solely based on the ambient temperature.

Shrestha, Som↗

DOE OSTI2025

Integration of Electrolysis Systems Into Isolated Microgrid Systems at Extreme Cold Climates

Isolated microgrid systems are generally used to power communities in remote locations where transmission line installations are cost prohibitive. These systems are usually powered by diesel generators, delivering expensive energy with high carbon emissions. However, most of these communities have special geographic access to renewable energy. These special conditions make it interesting to investigate the deployment of renewable energies and storage solutions. Within this scope, this paper analyses the integration of water electrolysis systems into off-grid communities, simulating the electrolyzer as well as the whole electrical grid in real time.

digital real-time simulation↗

DOE OSTI2025

Hydrogen-Battery Hybrid Energy System on Repurposed Offshore Platforms for Efficient Clean-Energy Transition

Due to the rising global energy demand and enhanced awareness of the environmental impact of fossil fuels, the Gulf of Mexico, traditionally known for oil extraction, offers a distinct chance to repurpose the existing offshore infrastructure. With the depletion of oil reserves, it is feasible to adapt previously utilized floating platforms for extraction to generate renewable energy, specifically through wind-generated power and hydrogen production. This adaptation seeks to promote a transport system that is more ecologically friendly in the future. Offshore wind turbines serve as the main energy source, with help from battery storage and hydrogen production to enhance the overall system performance, hydrogen creation, fuel, and electricity delivery for sustainable energy production. The system is divided into two distinct cases, each evaluated for cost, performance, and feasibility, with a focus on minimizing both the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH). The first case examines the integration of offshore wind turbines with hydrogen production. Excess electricity generated by wind turbines is directed toward hydrogen production via electrolysis. The hydrogen produced can be used as fuel for vehicles or transported to the shore via pipelines. The second case investigates a technology that combines wind turbines with battery storage. The batteries possess an ability to supply electricity for a continuous duration of 4 hours maximum each day. The main objective is to reduce the LCOE by considering the battery's charging and discharging cycles, together with the uncertain attributes of wind power and battery deterioration. The produced energy can be distributed for onshore applications or utilized for the purpose of offsetting offshore loads such as subsea oil and gas production, transportation, etc. The offshore hydrogen-battery hybrid system is improved via three advanced algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). In Case 1, PSO improves hydrogen production by efficiently managing the electrolyzer’s power consumption, decreasing production costs significantly. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied to improve the efficiency of the electrolyzer, reducing production costs and achieving an optimized CAPEX of $240.00 million (from an initial $300.00 million) and OPEX of $9.60 million per year. This system produces 4,720,000 kg of hydrogen annually, with a Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) of $6.40/kg and an annual profit of $9.27 million. In Case 2, GWO effectively reduces the overall energy cost by improving the charge-discharge management of batteries, which extends battery life and optimizes their use. The second case focuses on integrating battery storage, optimized using the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), which enhances battery charge-discharge cycles, extending battery life and lowering costs. This system achieves an optimized CAPEX of $204.80 million (from an initial $256.00 million) and OPEX of $9.29 million per year, producing 310883.39 MWh of electricity annually at a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of $86.13/MWh, with an annual profit of $6.25 million. The implementation of a comprehensive strategy results in a substantial reduction in costs, improved energy efficiency, and a dependable supply of both electric power and hydrogen, emphasizing the benefits of converting offshore oil platforms for clean energy transition. This study explores a clean strategy to enable cost-effective repurposing of offshore O&G platforms. Both cases highlight the economic and technical feasibility of transitioning offshore oil platforms to clean energy systems, demonstrating substantial cost reductions and reliable energy and hydrogen supplies for sustainable energy production.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2019

VOLTTRON/econ-dispatch

Work space for in development Economic Dispatch Application. Multi-purpose open-source control algorithms that will ensure real-time optimal operation, increase electric grid reliability, and lead to the goal of clean, efficient, reliable and affordable next generation building-integrated combine cooling, heating and power (CHP) system.The CHP system could include conventional heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems, distributed generation (DG), local storage (both thermal and electric) and local solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.

Katipamula, Srinivas↗

DOE OSTI2024

Pushing the Envelope-Moving Dynamic Building Envelope Thermal Energy Storage Systems Mainstream: Preprint

Buildings contribute to nearly 40% of the U.S. national energy consumption and a significant portion of CO2 emissions. More importantly, disadvantaged communities are disproportionately affected by energy burden and thermal discomfort in their homes. This paper will discuss two novel DOE's BTO supported thermal energy storage (TES) integrated dynamic building envelope technologies, their ability to harvest ambient energy, and improve energy efficiency by reducing HVAC loads and peak electricity demand while enhancing energy and thermal resilience in buildings. The paper will also discuss the recent advancements that have made these systems more affordable and easier to integrate into new and existing buildings. The first solution is a thermally anisotropic building envelope (TABE) system that can redirect ambient thermal energy (heat or coolness) from diurnal outdoor conditions, solar irradiance, and night sky radiation from the envelope to a hydronic loop. The redirected thermal energy can be stored in a TABE-integrated thermal energy storage system and use the stored energy to offset HVAC energy use and peak demand. The second solution is an innovative plug-and-play thermal switch in the form of insertable plugs integrated with a phase change material (PCM). The plug can vary its thermal resistance based on the indoor and outdoor conditions, thus allowing preferential directional heat flow, and enhancing utilization of free ambient cooling and heating to charge/discharge the PCM, much like a solid-state economizer. While the fist solution can be actively controlled, the second solution is passive, requiring no external power, and work solely based on the ambient temperature.

anisotropic envelope↗

DOE OSTI2024

Optimizing dynamic wireless charging for electric buses: A data-driven approach to infrastructure planning

The network configuration significantly impacts the performance of dynamic wireless charging (DWC) technology for electric buses. Here, this study presents a novel approach to planning charging infrastructure for public transit using data-driven nonconvex mixed-integer optimization. Integrating DWC and charging station technologies reveals a trade-off between enroute and stationary charging times. Our framework optimizes bus frequency settings and transmitter coil arrangements to minimize operational and infrastructure costs. A case study in Chattanooga, Tennessee, demonstrates the method's effectiveness in mitigating range anxiety and reducing charging expenses. This research implies that integrating DWC technology into public transit systems can enhance the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of electric bus operations, promoting sustainable urban mobility.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

NASA NTRS2006

Design and Modelling of a Microfluidic Electro-Lysis Device with Controlling Plates

Many Lab-on-Chip applications require sample pre-treatment systems. Using electric fields to perform cell-lysis in bio-MEMS systems has provided a powerful tool which can be integrated into Lab-on-a-Chip platforms. The major design considerations for electro-lysis devices include optimal geometry and placement of micro-electrodes, cell concentration, flow rates, optimal electric field (e.g. pulsed DC vs. AC), etc. To avoid electrolysis of the flowing solution at the exposed electrode surfaces, magnitudes and the applied voltages and duration of the DC pulse, or the AC frequency of the AC, have to be optimized for a given configuration. Using simulation tools for calculation of electric fields has proved very useful, for exploring alternative configurations and operating conditions for achieving electro cell-lysis. To alleviate the problem associated with low electric fields within the microfluidics channel and the high voltage demand on the contact electrode strips, two "control plates" are added to the microfluidics configuration. The principle of placing the two controlling plate-electrodes is based on the electric fields generated by a combined insulator/dielectric (gladwater) media. Surface charges are established at the insulator/dielectric interface. This paper discusses the effects of this interface charge on the modification of the electric field of the flowing liquid/cell solution.

Jenkins, A.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Piloted Evaluation of a Fault Recovery System for an Aircraft with Distributed Electric Propulsion

Electrified aircraft powertrains contain multiple tightly coupled subsystems, making them much more complex than traditional aircraft propulsion systems, both in terms of integration and control. Electrification enables aircraft to have multiple distributed thrust-producing fans that the flight control system can utilize for enhanced maneuverability, further increasing the control complexity. The SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) Electrofan is a NASA concept aircraft that leverages this technology. SUSAN is a series/parallel partial hybrid electric single-aisle transport aircraft that takes advantage of its electrified powertrain to provide fuel burn and emissions benefits when compared to the state-of-the-art. Achieving these benefits requires an appropriately designed control architecture that coordinates the various powertrain and flight control subsystems. As such, the SUSAN aircraft is designed with a high level of automation, allowing it to properly manage coupled subsystems and react rapidly to failures and anomalies. To do this effectively, algorithms that perform component health management, fault detection, isolation, and accommodation, and continuous optimization, must be developed, tested, validated, and implemented. This paper describes a piloted evaluation of such an algorithm in scenarios with multiple fan failures, performed in a flight simulator, demonstrating failure recovery and continued safe operation up to the limits of the powertrain. These scenarios are subsequently related to certification requirements.

Electrified Aircraft Propulsion↗