Additive Technologies in Airplane-Engine Manufacture
A market analysis of additive technologies is presented. Three-dimensional printing is discussed, and Russian and non-Russian manufacturers of such equipment are noted.
3D PRINTING↗
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Results for “Computer Aided Analysis”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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ISO Guest Observer Data Analysis and LWS Instrument Team Activities
We have designed and fabricated infrared filters for use at wavelengths greater than or equal to 15 microns. Unlike conventional dielectric filters used at the short wavelengths, ours are made from stacked metal grids, spaced at a very small fraction of the performance wavelengths. The individual lattice layers are gold, the spacers are polyimide, and they are assembled using integrated circuit processing techniques; they resemble some metallic photonic band-gap structures. We simulate the filter performance accurately, including the coupling of the propagating, near-field electromagnetic modes, using computer aided design codes. We find no anomalous absorption. The geometrical parameters of the grids are easily altered in practice, allowing for the production of tuned filters with predictable useful transmission characteristics. Although developed for astronomical instrumentation, the filters are broadly applicable in systems across infrared and terahertz bands.
Oliversen, Ronald J.↗
Knowledge-based system to assess air crew training requirements
A description is given of a prototype training assessment tool developed as part of a computer-based cockpit design and analysis workstation that estimates the training resources and time imposed by the anticipated mission and cockpit design. Embedding instructional system and training analysis domain knowledge in a production system environment, the tool allows crew station designers to readily determine the training ramifications of their choices for cockpit equipment, mission tasks, and operator qualifications. Initial results have been validated by comparison to an existing training program, demonstrating the tool's utility as a conceptual design aid and illuminating areas for future development.
Smith, Barry R.↗
COMMAND: A FORTRAN program for simplified composite analysis and design
A FORTRAN program is presented for preliminary analysis and design of multilayered composite panels subjected to inplane loads. All plys are of the same material. The composite is assumed symmetric about the midplane, but need not be balanced. Failure criterion includes limit ply strains and lower bounds on composite inplane stiffnesses. Multiple load conditions are considered. The required input data is defined and examples are provided to aid the use in making the program operational. Average panel design times are two seconds on an IBM 360/67 computer. Results are compared with published literature. A complete FORTRAN listing of program COMAND is provided. In addition, the optimization program CONMIN is required for design.
Vanderplaats, G. N.↗
Viking 1975 Mars lander interactive computerized video stereophotogrammetry
A novel computerized interactive video stereophotogrammetry system has been developed for analysis of Viking 1975 lander imaging data. Prompt, accurate, and versatile performance is achieved. Earth-returned digital imagery data are driven from a computer to a pair of video monitors. Powerful computer support enables a photogrammetrist, stereoscopically viewing the video displays, to create diverse topographic products. Profiles, representing the intersection of any definable surface with the Martian relief, are readily generated. Vertical profiles and elevation contour maps, including stereo versions, are produced. Computer overlays of map products on stereo images aid map interpretation and permit independent quality evaluation. Slaved monitors enable parallel viewing. Maps span from the immediate foreground to the remote limits of ranging capability. Surface sampler arm specific vertical profiles enable direct reading of arm commands required for sample acquisition, rock rolling, and trenching. The ranging accuracy of plus or minus 2 cm throughout the sample area degrades to plus or minus 20 m at 100-m range.
Liebes, S., Jr.↗
Monitoring and decision making by people in man machine systems
The analysis of human monitoring and decision making behavior as well as its modeling are described. Classic and optimal control theoretical, monitoring models are surveyed. The relationship between attention allocation and eye movements is discussed. As an example of applications, the evaluation of predictor displays by means of the optimal control model is explained. Fault detection involving continuous signals and decision making behavior of a human operator engaged in fault diagnosis during different operation and maintenance situations are illustrated. Computer aided decision making is considered as a queueing problem. It is shown to what extent computer aids can be based on the state of human activity as measured by psychophysiological quantities. Finally, management information systems for different application areas are mentioned. The possibilities of mathematical modeling of human behavior in complex man machine systems are also critically assessed.
Johannsen, G.↗
Data analysis for Skylab proton spectrometer
The measured values are compared to values derived from a proton environment model. Spectral data are compared, the omni-directional fluxes are found, a range of assumed pitch angle distributions are established, and the values which would be seen by an idealized proton spectrometer immersed in the model environment are computed. The measured values and calculated values are summed over time, then ratiod to provide spectral correction factors. The data are tabulated according to location, pitch angle, energy, assumed pitch angle distribution, and orientation in the earth-fixed coordinate system. With the aid of this data, detailed corrections to the proton model environment are derived. Best-fit, energy-dependent pitch angle distributions are also obtained. Some information is derived concerning the east-west asymmetry.
Hill, C. W.↗
Feature Extraction and Selection Strategies for Automated Target Recognition
Several feature extraction and selection methods for an existing automatic target recognition (ATR) system using JPLs Grayscale Optical Correlator (GOC) and Optimal Trade-Off Maximum Average Correlation Height (OT-MACH) filter were tested using MATLAB. The ATR system is composed of three stages: a cursory region of-interest (ROI) search using the GOC and OT-MACH filter, a feature extraction and selection stage, and a final classification stage. Feature extraction and selection concerns transforming potential target data into more useful forms as well as selecting important subsets of that data which may aide in detection and classification. The strategies tested were built around two popular extraction methods: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Performance was measured based on the classification accuracy and free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) output of a support vector machine(SVM) and a neural net (NN) classifier.
computer vision↗
International Space Station Centrifuge Rotor Models A Comparison of the Euler-Lagrange and the Bond Graph Modeling Approach
The assembly and operation of the International Space Station (ISS) require extensive testing and engineering analysis to verify that the Space Station system of systems would work together without any adverse interactions. Since the dynamic behavior of an entire Space Station cannot be tested on earth, math models of the Space Station structures and mechanical systems have to be built and integrated in computer simulations and analysis tools to analyze and predict what will happen in space. The ISS Centrifuge Rotor (CR) is one of many mechanical systems that need to be modeled and analyzed to verify the ISS integrated system performance on-orbit. This study investigates using Bond Graph modeling techniques as quick and simplified ways to generate models of the ISS Centrifuge Rotor. This paper outlines the steps used to generate simple and more complex models of the CR using Bond Graph Computer Aided Modeling Program with Graphical Input (CAMP-G). Comparisons of the Bond Graph CR models with those derived from Euler-Lagrange equations in MATLAB and those developed using multibody dynamic simulation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center (JSC) are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the Bond Graph modeling approach for aeronautics and space applications.
Nguyen, Louis H.↗
Space shuttle post-entry and landing analysis. Volume 1: Candidate system evaluations
The general purpose of this study is to aid in the evaluation and design of multi-sensor navigation schemes proposed for the orbiter. The scope of the effort is limited to the post-entry, energy management, and approach and landing mission phases. One candidate system based on conventional navigation aids is illustrated including two DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) stations and ILS (Instrument Landing System) glide slope and localizer antennas. Some key elements of the system not shown are the onboard IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units), altimeters, and a computer. The latter is programmed to mix together (filter) the IMU data and the externally-derived data. A completely automatic, all-weather landing capability is required. Since no air-breathing engines will be carried on orbital flights, there will be no chance to go around and try again following a missed approach.
Crawford, B. S.↗
OrthoPhyl—streamlining large-scale, orthology-based phylogenomic studies of bacteria at broad evolutionary scales
Abstract There are a staggering number of publicly available bacterial genome sequences (at writing, 2.0 million assemblies in NCBI's GenBank alone), and the deposition rate continues to increase. This wealth of data begs for phylogenetic analyses to place these sequences within an evolutionary context. A phylogenetic placement not only aids in taxonomic classification but informs the evolution of novel phenotypes, targets of selection, and horizontal gene transfer. Building trees from multi-gene codon alignments is a laborious task that requires bioinformatic expertise, rigorous curation of orthologs, and heavy computation. Compounding the problem is the lack of tools that can streamline these processes for building trees from large-scale genomic data. Here we present OrthoPhyl, which takes bacterial genome assemblies and reconstructs trees from whole genome codon alignments. The analysis pipeline can analyze an arbitrarily large number of input genomes (>1200 tested here) by identifying a diversity-spanning subset of assemblies and using these genomes to build gene models to infer orthologs in the full dataset. To illustrate the versatility of OrthoPhyl, we show three use cases: E. coli/Shigella, Brucella/Ochrobactrum and the order Rickettsiales. We compare trees generated with OrthoPhyl to trees generated with kSNP3 and GToTree along with published trees using alternative methods. We show that OrthoPhyl trees are consistent with other methods while incorporating more data, allowing for greater numbers of input genomes, and more flexibility of analysis.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Large-scale educational telecommunications systems for the US: An analysis of educational needs and technological opportunities
The needs to be served, the subsectors in which the system might be used, the technology employed, and the prospects for future utilization of an educational telecommunications delivery system are described and analyzed. Educational subsectors are analyzed with emphasis on the current status and trends within each subsector. Issues which affect future development, and prospects for future use of media, technology, and large-scale electronic delivery within each subsector are included. Information on technology utilization is presented. Educational telecommunications services are identified and grouped into categories: public television and radio, instructional television, computer aided instruction, computer resource sharing, and information resource sharing. Technology based services, their current utilization, and factors which affect future development are stressed. The role of communications satellites in providing these services is discussed. Efforts to analyze and estimate future utilization of large-scale educational telecommunications are summarized. Factors which affect future utilization are identified. Conclusions are presented.
Morgan, R. P.↗
tert -Butyl peroxy radical: ground and first excited state energetics and fundamental frequencies
Alkylperoxy radicals (RO 2 ˙) are key intermediates in combustion and atmospheric oxidation processes. As such, reliable detection and monitoring of these radicals can provide a wealth of information about the underlying chemistry. The tert-butyl peroxy radical is the archetypal tertiary peroxy radical, yet its vibrational spectroscopy is largely unexplored. To aid in future experimental investigations, we have performed high-level theoretical studies of the fundamental vibrational frequencies of the ground- and first excited states. A conformer search on both electronic surfaces reveals single minimum-energy structures. We predict an à 2 A' ← X 2 A" adiabatic excitation energy of 7738 cm -1 via focal point analysis, approximating the CCSDT(Q)/CBS level of theory. This excitation energy agrees to within 17 cm -1 of the most accurate experimental measurement. We compute CCSD(T) fundamental vibrational frequencies via second-order vibrational perturbation theory (VPT2), using a hybrid force field in which the quadratic (cubic/quartic) force constants are evaluated with the ANO1 (ANO0) basis set. Anharmonic resonance polyads are treated with the VPT2 + K effective Hamiltonian approach. Among the predicted fundamental frequencies, the ground state O–O stretch, excited state O–O stretch, and excited state C–O–O bend fundamentals are predicted at 1138, 959, and 490 cm -1 , respectively. Basis set sensitivity is found to be particularly great for the O–O stretches, similar to what has already been noted in smaller, unbranched peroxy radicals. Exempting these O–O stretches, agreement with the available experimental fundamentals is generally good (±10 cm -1 ).
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Applying Model-Based Reasoning to the FDIR of the Command and Data Handling Subsystem of the International Space Station
All of the International Space Station (ISS) systems which require computer control depend upon the hardware and software of the Command and Data Handling System (C&DH) system, currently a network of over 30 386-class computers called Multiplexor/Dimultiplexors (MDMs)[18]. The Caution and Warning System (C&W)[7], a set of software tasks that runs on the MDMs, is responsible for detecting, classifying, and reporting errors in all ISS subsystems including the C&DH. Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) of these errors is typically handled with a combination of automatic and human effort. We are developing an Advanced Diagnostic System (ADS) to augment the C&W system with decision support tools to aid in root cause analysis as well as resolve differing human and machine C&DH state estimates. These tools which draw from sources in model-based reasoning[ 16,291, will improve the speed and accuracy of flight controllers by reducing the uncertainty in C&DH state estimation, allowing for a more complete assessment of risk. We have run tests with ISS telemetry and focus on those C&W events which relate to the C&DH system itself. This paper describes our initial results and subsequent plans.
Robinson, Peter↗
Quantification, Trade-off Analysis, and Optimal Checkpoint Placement for Reliability and Availability
Checkpointing is the most widely used technique in high-performance computing (HPC) to ensure the application progress in the presence of failures. In this paper, we present mathematical models of the checkpointing systems to quantify their reliability and availability. We perform trade-off analysis with respect to resource costs and reliability. Then, we explore the optimal checkpoint placement for checkpointing systems to maximize system availability. Finally, in a rigorous manner, we comparatively analyze the behavior of redundant systems where replication and repair mechanisms are employed. We postulate that the proposed models can aid system designers, who can instantiate our models to assess and quantify the availability and reliability of systems of interest. Our study demonstrates that the configuration with most reliable and available systems depends on the parameter settings.
Subasi, Omer↗
Regenerative superheated steam turbine cycles
PRESTO computer program was developed to analyze performance of wide range of steam turbine cycles with special attention given to regenerative superheated steam turbine cycles. It can be used to model standard turbine cycles, including such features as process steam extraction, induction and feedwater heating by external sources, peaking, and high back pressure. Expansion line efficiencies, exhaust loss, leakages, mechanical losses, and generator losses are used to calculate cycle heat rate and generator output. Program provides power engineer with flexible aid for design and analysis of steam turbine systems.
Fuller, L. C.↗
Design Protocols and Analytical Strategies that Incorporate Structural Reliability Models
Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) and intermetallic materials (e.g., single crystal nickel aluminide) are high performance materials that exhibit attractive mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. These materials are critically important in advancing certain performance aspects of gas turbine engines. From an aerospace engineers perspective the new generation of ceramic composites and intermetallics offers a significant potential for raising the thrust/weight ratio and reducing NO(sub x) emissions of gas turbine engines. These aspects have increased interest in utilizing these materials in the hot sections of turbine engines. However, as these materials evolve and their performance characteristics improve a persistent need exists for state-of-the-art analytical methods that predict the response of components fabricated from CMC and intermetallic material systems. This need provided the motivation for the technology developed under this research effort. Continuous ceramic fiber composites exhibit an increase in work of fracture, which allows for 'graceful' rather than catastrophic failure. When loaded in the fiber direction these composites retain substantial strength capacity beyond the initiation of transverse matrix cracking despite the fact that neither of its constituents would exhibit such behavior if tested alone. As additional load is applied beyond first matrix cracking, the matrix tends to break in a series of cracks bridged by the ceramic fibers. Any additional load is born increasingly by the fibers until the ultimate strength of the composite is reached. Thus modeling efforts supported under this research effort have focused on predicting this sort of behavior. For single crystal intermetallics the issues that motivated the technology development involved questions relating to material behavior and component design. Thus the research effort supported by this grant had to determine the statistical nature and source of fracture in a high strength, NiAl single crystal turbine blade material; map a simplistic future strength envelope of the material; develop a statistically based reliability computer algorithm; verify the reliability model and computer algorithm-, and model stator vanes for rig tests. Thus establishing design protocols that enable the engineer to analyze and predict the mechanical behavior of ceramic composites and intermetallics would mitigate the prototype (trial and error) approach currently used by the engineering community. The primary objective of the research effort supported by this short term grant is the continued creation of enabling technologies for the macro-analysis of components fabricated from ceramic composites and intermetallic material systems. The creation of enabling technologies aids in shortening the product development cycle of components fabricated from the new high technology materials.
Duffy, Stephen F.↗
Digital enhancement of SAR imagery as an aid in geologic data extraction
The geological data content of Seasat A SAR imagery was assessed by correlating images of the Southern Appalachians with optical and digital techniques using a digital enhancement algorithm. The evaluation was performed in terms of lithology, lineaments, and geological structure. Digital correlation of the images was found to be more effective than optical correlation as a geological mapping instrument when considered in the light of ground truth data. The digital enhancement algorithm consists of a mean square error analysis which preserves the edge structure in the SAR imagery and decreases the noise content. Additionally, digital correlations allowed for faster computer processing of the imagery.
Frost, V. S.↗