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The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [1]: The funding section needs to be corrected.
Reflected ruby, laser pulses from Apollo 11 laser ranging retro-reflector /LRRR/ with telescope, measuring round trip travel time of light
The behavior of the photomultiplier is considered, as well as the method of derivation of the photomultiplier output pulse and its relation to the reflected light pulse width and amplitude, and the calibration of range precision and accuracy. Pulsed laser radars with light pulse widths of 30, 3, and 0.1 nanosec a considered, with the 0.1 nanosec system capable of highest precision in several modes of operation, including a high repetition rate, single photoelectron reception mode. An alternate calibration scheme using a fast, triggerable light pulser is described in detail.
A method and apparatus for stabilizing the amplitude and repetition rate of mode-locked Nd:YAG laser pulses by controlling the laser length through a feedback loop are described. The end mirror of the laser is mounted on a piezoelectric crystal which is dithered at a low frequency. A portion of fundamental 1.06 micrometer laser radiation is converted into its second harmonic frequency, and the average power of the second harmonic frequency is detected by an integrating detector. The amount of the power of the second harmonic frequency depends on the match between the optical length of the laser cavity and the mode-lock frequency. The length is controlled by a feedback loop which phase compares the output of the second harmonic detector to the piezoelectric crystal dither signal.
A technique for measuring the V-T transfer rates of polyatomic species based on the optoacoustic effect discovered by Bell, Tyndall, and Rontgen (1881) is investigated experimentally. The technique makes use of a coincidental resonance between one of the molecules vibration rotation bands and a CO2 laser line. By this absorption, the molecules can be excited to a known vibrational mode. Since typical time constants for V-T transfer are about 0.00001 sec torr, this method can be used in the pressure region up to 1 torr. The results obtained for CH3F agree with the measurements performed by other techniques.
Residual lattice damage by 5 keV ion implantation and surface flaws induced by wafer cleaning are proven to affect the V sub oc more adversely for laser annealed cells than conventional thermal diffusion. However, an alternative, molecular implantation of molecular species holds potential. The first experimental results are encouraging. The lack of a commercially available mass analyzed implantation with low energy, high fluence ions is constraining.
Several catalyst materials have been tested for efficiency of converting CO and O2 to CO2 for use in a high energy CO2 laser. The composition of the gas mixtures was monitored by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. A copper/copper oxide catalyst and a platinum/tin oxide catalyst were used for closed cycle operation of a CO2 laser (0.7 joules/pulse), operating at 10 pulses/sec.
The application of excimer laser in the fabrication of photovoltaic devices was investigated extensively. Processes included junction formation, laser assisted chemical vapor deposition metallization, and laser assisted chemical vapor deposition surface passivation. Results demonstrated that implementation of junction formation by laser annealing in production is feasible because of excellent control in junction depth and quality. Both metallization and surface passivation, however, were found impractical to be considered for manufacturing at this stage.
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a promising technique for laser radar applications. Laser radar using LIF has already been applied to algae blooms and oil slicks. Laser radar using LIF has great potential for remote chemical analysis because LIF spectra are extremely sensitive to chemical composition. However, most samples in the real world contain mixtures of fluorescing components, not merely individual components. Multicomponent analysis of laser radar returns from mixtures is often difficult because LIF spectra from solids and liquids are very broad and devoid of line structure. Therefore, algorithms for interpreting LIF spectra from laser radar returns must be able to analyze spectra that overlap in multicomponent systems. This paper analyzes the possibility of using factor analysis-rank annihilation (FARA) to analyze emission-time matrices (ETM) from laser radar returns instead of excitation-emission matrices (EEM). The authors here define ETM as matrices where the rows (or columns) are emission spectra at fixed times and the columns (or rows) are temporal profiles for fixed emission wavelengths. Laser radar usually uses pulsed lasers for ranging purposes, which are suitable for measuring temporal profiles. Laser radar targets are hard instead of diffuse; that is, a definite surface emits the fluorescence instead of an extended volume. A hard target would not broaden the temporal profiles as would a diffuse target. Both fluorescence lifetimes and emission spectra are sensitive to chemical composition. Therefore, temporal profiles can be used instead of excitation spectra in FARA analysis of laser radar returns. The resulting laser radar returns would be ETM instead of EEM.
Prototype special-purpose charge-coupled device (CCD) designed to detect two 1,024 x 1,024-pixel images in rapid succession. Readout performed slowly to minimize noise. CCD operated in synchronism with pulsed laser, stroboscope, or other pulsed source of light to form pairs of images of rapidly moving objects.
LIDAR techniques have been successfully applied to the detection of the Raman backscatter from S02 in the plume of a 200 megawatt coal-burning electrical- generating plant from a distance of 210 meters. The LIDAR system used consists of a 61-centimeter-diameter, f /4 Newtonian telescope and a 1.0-1.5-joules per pulse, 1-pulse-per-second ruby laser. Narrow band interference filters are used to select the 7546-angstrom v (sub 1) vibrational line of S02. The signal from a photomultiplier tube was sequentially applied to each 254-nanosecond-wide channel of a 15-cihannel photon counting system, resulting in a direct correlation between channel number and range increment. Photon counts were accumulated from the backscatter of a number of laser pulses (typically 50 or 100), and the accumulated counts per channel printed on paper tape. One sequence of measurements was made during a two-hour period while the plant electrical output was being reduced by approximately 50 percent. Although the Raman system had not been quantitatively calibrated, the LIDAR data correlated well with the varying plant electrical output. N2 scattering observations were also made and an approximate quantitative S02 concentration obtained by ratioing the S02 data to N2 data. This ratio compared well to the in-situ measurements made during the same period by Environmental Protection Agency sampling instruments.
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During the current project period the following tasks were completed: (1) We demonstrated the feasibility of a new way of measuring CH3 radicals in a plasma environment using a single, femtosecond (fs) pulsed laser for the first time, in a CH4 + Ar flow. A single fs pulsed Ti:Sa laser was split into two beams and with beam conversion using crystals we generatedtwo beams of 275 nm and 205 nm. The 275 nm was used to predissociate the CH3 radicals to CH2+H, followed by 205 nm Two Photon Laser Induced Fluorescence (TALIF) detection of H atoms, with a 11 ns delay from 275 nm predissociation pulse. (2) We demonstrated preliminary CH3 concentration measurements with spatial (< 100 µm) and time resolution (< 10 ns) by image processing of H and Kr TALIF signal images. (3) The methodology to quantify CH3 concentrations was developed. (4) Preliminary measurements of laser dissociation cross sections for CH4 and CH3 to (CH3+H), and (CH2+H), respectively, were conducted. (5) 275 nm laser dissociation of CH4 is a multiphoton process, and the CH4 dissociation cross section is a more sensitive function of the laser pulse energy than CH4 concentration. In the coming months, we will make more precise measurements of the dissociation cross sections, 𝑘275, 𝐶𝐻4 and 𝑘275, 𝐶𝐻3, by varying the laser energy while keeping the flow composition and conditions constant. This will enable more precise quantification of CH3 radical concentrations. More detailed measurements of CH3 radicals will be conducted in the following months of 2025 (Sept-Dec) in a Titanium Isopropoxide (TIP) + H2 + Ar flow meant for pure phase Ti thin film deposition by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). More precise measurements of 275 nm laser dissociation cross sections for CH4 (to CH3 + H) and CH3 (to CH2 + H) will be conducted in the future. Detailed 275 nm laser predissociation cross sections for CH4 and CH3 dissociation to (CH3+H), and (CH2+H), respectively, as a function of gas heating, plasma power, and laser pulse energy will be evaluated. This will enable quantification of CH3 concentrations in the precursor flow over a substrate with time and spatial resolution. Comparison of the concentrations with 2D numerical simulations can lead to understanding of plasma surface interactions during pure metallic Ti thin film deposition using environmentally safer non-halogen TIP precursor. Flow conditions for pure Ti thin film deposition using non-halogen precursor (TIP) will be identified in the following months.
Abstract The interaction of intense, ultrashort laser pulses with ordered nanostructure arrays offers a path to the efficient creation of ultra-high-energy density (UHED) matter and the generation of high-energy particles with compact lasers. Irradiation of deuterated nanowires arrays results in a near-solid density environment with extremely high temperatures and large electromagnetic fields in which deuterons are accelerated to multi-megaelectronvolt energies, resulting in deuterium–deuterium (D–D) fusion. Here we focus on the method of fabrication and the characteristics of ordered arrays of deuterated polyethylene nanowires. The irradiation of these array targets with femtosecond pulses of relativistic intensity and joule-level energy creates a micro-scale fusion environment that produced $2\times {10}^6$ neutrons per joule, an increase of about 500 times with respect to flat solid CD 2 targets irradiated with the same laser pulses. Irradiation with 8 J laser pulses was measured to generate up to 1.2 × 10 7 D–D fusion neutrons per shot.
High field science relies on ultrashort pulse lasers with multi-joule pulse energies for studying light–matter interactions under extreme conditions and for driving particle accelerators and secondary radiation sources of x rays, gamma rays, neutrons, positrons, muons, and protons. Next-generation laser drivers will require a 10 3 -10 4 times increase in pulse repetition rates, producing multi-joule energies at multi-kilowatt average powers to enable practical applications in nuclear engineering, advanced materials, medicine, biology, homeland security, and high-energy physics. Spatially coherently combined femtosecond fiber lasers are recognized as a pathway to these next-generation drivers, with significant practical advantages including high efficiency and the possibility of compact integration. However, chirped pulse amplification in fibers is capable of extracting only a small fraction (usually ~1%) of the maximum stored energy. Here we demonstrate near-complete maximum stored energy extraction with low accumulated nonlinearity from a large-core fiber amplifier using coherent pulse stacking amplification. We have amplified a 81-pulse stacking burst in a 85 µm core chirally coupled core Yb-doped fiber, extracting up to 9.5 mJ (~90% of stored energy) with < 4.5 radians of accumulated nonlinear phase, temporally combined this burst into a single pulse, and achieved 4.2 mJ pulses of 313 fs bandwidth-limited duration after compression. This represents, to our knowledge, the highest energy extracted and compressed into a femtosecond pulse from a single fiber amplifier, enabling approximately two orders of magnitude size reduction of future high-energy coherently spatially combined fiber laser arrays.