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At least 811 records · Page 45

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NASA NTRS1973

Remote detection of aerosol pollution by ERTS

The author has identified the following significant results. Photogrammetric and densitometric examination of ERTS-1 MSS imagery of eastern Virginia coupled with extensive ground truth air quality and meteorological data has shown that the identification and surveying of fixed particulate emitters (smoke plumes) is feasible. A description of the ground truth network is included. The quantitative monitoring of smoke stacks from orbital altitudes over state-size regions appears possible when tied to realistic plume models and minimal ground truth. Contrast reductions over urban areas can possibly be utilized to produce isopleths of particulates when supplemented by local measurements.

Copeland, G. E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

A review of methods for predicting air pollution dispersion

Air pollution modeling, and problem areas in air pollution dispersion modeling were surveyed. Emission source inventory, meteorological data, and turbulent diffusion are discussed in terms of developing a dispersion model. Existing mathematical models of urban air pollution, and highway and airport models are discussed along with their limitations. Recommendations for improving modeling capabilities are included.

Mathis, J. J., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Studies of soundings and imagings measurements from geostationary satellites

Soundings and imaging measurements from geostationary satellites are presented. The subjects discussed are: (1) meteorological data processing techniques, (2) sun glitter, (3) cloud growth rate study, satellite stability characteristics, and (4) high resolution optics. The use of perturbation technique to obtain the motion of sensors aboard a satellite is described. The most conditions, and measurement errors. Several performance evaluation parameters are proposed.

Suomi, V. E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Remote detection of aerosol pollution by ERTS

Photogrammetric and densitometric examination of ERTS-1 MSS imagery of Eastern Virginia coupled with extensive ground truth air quality and meteorological data has shown that the identification and surveying of fixed particulate emitters (smoke plumes) is feasible. A description of the ground truth network is included. The quantitative monitoring of smoke stacks from orbital altitudes over state size regions appears possible when tied to realistic plume models and minimal ground truth. Contrast reductions over urban areas can possibly be utilized to produce isopleths of particulates when supplemented by local measurements.

Copeland, G. E.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Comparison of vertical profile turbulence structure with stellar observations.

Vertical profiles of microthermal turbulence structure have been obtained from balloon flights to altitudes near 25 km above mean sea level. Comparison of the observed turbulence structure with meteorological data and simultaneously acquired stellar scintillation data has been successful. For this comparison integrals over the observed turbulence structure were computed as required by theory. Turbulence and wind velocity data were also employed to successfully predict stellar irradiance spectra.

Bufton, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Role of commercial aircraft in global monitoring systems.

Discussion of the opportunity that the new wide-bodied commercial jet aircraft hold forth as platforms for a global monitoring system that could provide the atmospheric baseline and tropical meteorological data for which there is a pressing need. It is argued that there is no immutable technological impediment to the implementation of such a monitoring program, and that its realization could enhance our knowledge of atmospheric processes at an enormous saving in costs.

Steinberg, R.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Comparison of vertical profile turbulence structure with stellar observations.

Bufton, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1974

A study of morphology, provenance, and movement of desert sand seas in Africa, Asia, and Australia

The author has identified the following significant results. Recent acquisition of generally high quality color prints for most of the test sites has enabled this project to make significant advances in preparing mosaics of sand desert areas under study. Computer enhancement of imagery, where details of complex dune forms need to be determined, has been achieved with arrival of computer-compatible ERTS-1 tapes. Further, a comparator, recently received, gives precise visual measurements of width, length, and spacing of sand bodies and so improves comparison of patterns in various test sites. Considerable additional meteorological data recently received on sand-moving winds in China, Pakistan, Libya, and other study areas enabled much progress to be made in developing overlays for the dune mosaics. These data show direction, speed, and frequency of winds. Other new data for use in preparing overlays used with ERTS-1 image mosaics include ground truth on moisture control, geologic settings, and plant distribution. With the addition of visual observation data and prints from hand-held photography now being obtained by the Skylab 4 mission, much progress in interpreting the patterns of sand seas for 17 desert sites is anticipated.

Mckee, E. D.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Worldwide surface extremes

Information needed to fabricate, transport, test, and launch space vehicles requires statistical meteorological data for various geographical areas. A brief review of world surface extremes is presented that illustrates the large extremum values that occur in some global areas and compares them with those currently used in space vehicle design.

Daniels, G. E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

A study of morphology, provenance, and movement of desert sand seas in Africa, Asia, and Australia

The author has identified the following significant results. Recent acquisition of generally high quality color prints for most of the test sites has enabled the project to make significant advances in preparing mosaics of sand desert areas under study. Computer enhancement of imagery of selected sites, where details of complex dune forms need to be determined, has been achieved with arrival of computer-compatible ERTS-1 tapes. Further, a comparator, recently received, gives precise visual measurements of width, length, and spacing of sand bodies and so improves comparison of patterns in various test sites. Considerable additional meteorological data recently received on sand-moving winds in China, Pakistan, Libya and other areas enabled much progress to be made in developing overlays for the dune mosaics. These data show direction, speed, and frequency of winds. Other new data for use in preparing overlays used with ERTS-1 image mosaics include ground truth on moisture control, geologic settings, and plant distribution. With the addition of visual observation data and prints from hand-held photography now being obtained by the Skylab mission, much progress in interpreting the patterns of sand seas for 17 desert sites is anticipated.

Mckee, E. D.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Acoustic radar investigations of boundary layer phenomena

A comparison is made between acoustic radar echoes and conventional meteorological data obtained from the WKY tower, for the purpose of better understanding the relationships between acoustic radar echoes and boundary layer processes. Two thunderstorm outflow cases are presented and compared to both acoustic radar data and Charba's gust front model. The acoustic radar echoes reveal the boundary between warm and cold air and other areas of mixing and strong thermal gradient quite well. The thunderstorm outflow of 27 June 1972 is found to compare with in most respects to Charba's gust front model. The major difference is the complete separation of the head from the main body of cold air, probably caused by erosion of the area behind the head by mixing with the ambient air. Two cases of nocturnal inversions caused by advection of warmer air aloft are presented. It is found that areas of turbulent mixing or strong thermal gradient can be identified quite easily in the acoustic radar record.

Marks, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Handbook for estimating toxic fuel hazards

Computer program predicts, from readily available meteorological data, concentration and dosage fields downwind from ground-level and elevated sources of toxic fuel emissions. Mathematical model is applicable to hot plume rise from industrial stacks and should also be of interest to air pollution meteorologists.

Dumbauld, R. K.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Certain problems of the automated joining of radar meteorological information

The development and characteristics of a system for automatic transmission of meteorological data to U.S.S.R. weather stations are discussed. An algorithm to be used with computer storage facilities to avoid duplication of data is examined. A specific method for providing automated data transmission and reception is explained.

Fedorov, Y. K.↗

NASA NTRS1975

On the determination of atmospheric path length by passive microwave radiometer

Microwave radiometer techniques were evaluated for use in atmospheric path length correction of Pacific Plate Motion Experiment interferometer measurements. It is shown that passive microwave radiometry allows precise measurement of the brightness temperature of the sky. It is also noted that the technological requirements of radiometers are very different from the requirements of radio astronomy. The technology was used in the construction of radiometers which are sufficient for use in the path length correction problem. A simulation study shows that, when combined with surface meteorology data, passive microwave radiometer data would allow a determination of the path length correction to better than 2 cm at the zenith. By a careful choice of frequencies, a dual frequency system would allow a measurement of the path length correction to better than 4 cm at zenith angles as great as 60 deg. Because of the wide range of weather conditions to be expected for the PPME sites (which include Alaska, Hawaii and Massachusetts), it will probably be necessary to use a separate correction algorithm for each site.

Webster, W. J., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Jumbo tornado outbreak of 3 April 1974

General meteorological data concerning the Jumbo tornado outbreak are presented. In terms of tornado number and total path mileage, it was more extensive than all known outbreaks. Most of the intense tornadoes avoided the large cities, however. Turn information is analyzed in detail. Left-turn tornadoes were more intense than right-turn tornadoes. Many important phenomena were observed, such as multiple suction vortices, family tornadoes, and cousin tornadoes spawned from interacting tornado cyclones. Aerial survey data will aid greatly in the solution of various scales of rotating motions, leading to improved prediction and warning of tornadoes.

Fujita, T. T.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Atmospheric environment for ASTP (SA-210) launch

A summary is presented of selected atmospheric conditions observed near ASTP/SA-210 launch time on July 15, 1975, at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Values of ambient pressure, temperature, moisture, ground winds, visual observations (cloud), density, index of refraction, and wind/wind shear aloft are included. A final meteorological data tape for the ASTP launch, consisting of wind and thermodynamic parameters versus altitude, has been constructed.

Johnson, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Use of LARS system for the quantitative determination of smoke plume lateral diffusion coefficients from ERTS images of Virginia

A technique for measuring smoke plume of large industrial sources observed by satellite using LARSYS is proposed. A Gaussian plume model is described, integrated in the vertical, and inverted to yield a form for the lateral diffusion coefficient, Ky. Given u, wind speed; y sub l, the horizontal distance of a line of constant brightness from the plume symmetry axis a distance x sub l, downstream from reference point at x=x sub 2, y=0, then K sub y = u ((y sub 1) to the 2nd power)/2 x sub 1 1n (x sub 2/x sub 1). The technique is applied to a plume from a power plant at Chester, Virginia, imaged August 31, 1973 by LANDSAT I. The plume bends slightly to the left 4.3 km from the source and estimates yield Ky of 28 sq m/sec near the source, and 19 sq m/sec beyond the bend. Maximum ground concentrations are estimated between 32 and 64 ug/cu m. Existing meteorological data would not explain such concentrations.

Blais, R. N.↗

NASA NTRS1975

ATS-6 - The Geosynchronous Very High Resolution Radiometer

The Geosynchronous Very High Resolution Radiometer (GVHRR), flown on the three-axis stabilized geosynchronous satellite, Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6), collected meteorological data for two months during the summer of 1974. Several hundred images were successfully taken. Data collection terminated when the instrument chopper motor failed. The instrument, its supporting ground equipment, and the data collected in orbit are described.

Shenk, W. E.↗