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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Assessment of Condition Monitoring Methods and Technologies for Inservice Inspection and Testing of Nuclear Power Plant Components

This report was prepared for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to explore the application of advanced technologies toward meeting the current and future regulatory requirements for maintenance and condition monitoring of structures, systems, and components. The advanced technologies considered in this work are advanced sensors and instrumentation, data analytics, machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI), physics-based models, and digital twins (DT). The interest in the application of advanced technologies for condition monitoring in nuclear power plants continues to grow, and current and future licensees are expected to implement advanced technologies as part of their inservice inspection (ISI) and inservice testing (IST) programs. This report delineates the outcomes of an exploratory investigation into the implementation of advanced condition monitoring technologies to address ISI and IST requirements. A thorough review was conducted of the existing regulatory requirements for ISI and IST, along with an analysis of associated industry practices. Additionally, a state-of-the-art assessment was performed on advanced condition monitoring technologies frequently employed in non-nuclear sectors. This research incorporated two nuclear-specific case studies to illustrate the application of these technologies within the current nuclear fleet. The report provides an exhaustive discussion on the technical challenges, considerations, and opportunities associated with the deployment of advanced condition monitoring technologies. The following are key considerations in the application of advanced technologies for the ISI and IST of nuclear power plant components: • Developing adequate verification and validation procedures to confirm the functional and non-functional requirements, • Developing technical capabilities to conduct real-time asset condition monitoring, • Establishing guidance and protocol for modeling and simulation tools to continuously meet regulatory requirements, • Addressing trustworthiness, explainability, and interpretability of ML/AI methods, • Evaluating maintenance activities to maintain an adequate safety margin and avoid undesirable conditions, • Establishing cybersecure condition monitoring programs associated with a computer-based software system, and • Establishing standardized evaluation metrics for advanced condition monitoring programs. Interest in the use of advanced technologies for condition monitoring in ISI and IST programs continues to grow, and the technology is expected to experience rapid and wide industry adoption in the near future. Adoption of advanced technologies for condition monitoring could have novel and unique impacts on regulatory activities associated with ISI and IST programs. The NRC is continuing to explore the regulatory aspects of advanced technologies as part of ISI and IST programs by pursuing additional research in this technical area.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

A Phase 2 Study of Concurrent Radiation Therapy, Temozolomide, and the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Valproic Acid for Patients With Glioblastoma

Purpose: Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) activity shown to sensitize glioblastoma (GBM) cells to radiation in preclinical models. We evaluated the addition of VPA to standard radiation therapy (RT) plus temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Methods and Materials: Thirty-seven patients with newly diagnosed GBM were enrolled between July 2006 and April 2013. Patients received VPA, 25 mg/kg orally, divided into 2 daily doses concurrent with RT and TMZ. The first dose of VPA was given 1 week before the first day of RT at 10 to 15 mg/kg/day and subsequently increased up to 25 mg/kg/day over the week prior to radiation. VPA- and TMZ-related acute toxicities were evaluated using Common Toxicity Criteria version 3.0 (National Cancer Institute Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program) and Cancer Radiation Morbidity Scoring Scheme for toxicity and adverse event reporting (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment). Results: A total of 81% of patients took VPA according to protocol. Median overall survival (OS) was 29.6 months (range: 21-63.8 months), and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 10.5 months (range: 6.8-51.2 months). OS at 6, 12, and 24 months was 97%, 86%, and 56%, respectively. PFS at 6, 12, and 24 months was 70%, 43%, and 38% respectively. The most common grade 3/4 toxicities of VPA in conjunction with RT/TMZ therapy were blood and bone marrow toxicity (32%), neurological toxicity (11%), and metabolic and laboratory toxicity (8%). Younger age and class V recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) results were significant for both OS and PFS. VPA levels were not correlated with grade 3 or 4 toxicity levels. Conclusions: Addition of VPA to concurrent RT/TMZ in patients with newly diagnosed GBM was well tolerated. Additionally, VPA may result in improved outcomes compared to historical data and merits further study.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Temperature Rise on Liner Surfaces of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Tanks during Fueling Process

Herein, the temperature of the inner tank walls, or plastic liners, of composite pressure tanks in fuel cell electric vehicles during fueling using three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models is evaluated. The liner materials are limited to 85.0 °C to prevent thermal stress causing material failure that would result in a hydrogen leak. Therefore, the temperature of hydrogen gas must be limited to below 85.0 °C during the fueling process as dictated by the current fueling protocol. However, there are limited experimental or simulation data confirming that the temperature changes do not exceed the threshold. Herein, the liner temperatures with CFD tank models for two sizes of type IV tanks representative of the upper and lower system bounds that are close to the SAE J2601 fueling protocol (36.0 and 244.0 L) are evaluated. First, each model's reliability is validated with experimental data and then analyzed, and the data are used to evaluate the maximum hydrogen and liner temperatures under real‐world fueling conditions. The evaluation shows that the maximum liner surface temperature of each tank model is at least 7 °C lower than that of the hydrogen. Additionally, there is at least 12 °C difference found between the upper limit and actual liner temperatures.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART) Strategies and Technical Considerations: A State of the ART Review From NRG Oncology

The integration of adaptive radiation therapy (ART), or modifying the treatment plan during the treatment course, is becoming more widely available in clinical practice. ART offers strong potential for minimizing treatment-related toxicity while escalating or de-escalating target doses based on the dose to organs at risk. Yet, ART workflows add complexity into the radiation therapy planning and delivery process that may introduce additional uncertainties. This work sought to review presently available ART workflows and technological considerations such as image quality, deformable image registration, and dose accumulation. Quality assurance considerations for ART components and minimum recommendations are described. Personnel and workflow efficiency recommendations are provided, as is a summary of currently available clinical evidence supporting the implementation of ART. Finally, to guide future clinical trial protocols, an example ART physician directive and a physics template following standard NRG Oncology protocol is provided.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Democratizing uncertainty quantification

Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is vital to safety-critical model-based analyses, but the widespread adoption of sophisticated UQ methods is limited by technical complexity. In this paper, we introduce UM-Bridge (the UQ and Modeling Bridge), a high-level abstraction and software protocol that facilitates universal interoperability of UQ software with simulation codes. It breaks down the technical complexity of advanced UQ applications and enables separation of concerns between experts. UM-Bridge democratizes UQ by allowing effective interdisciplinary collaboration, accelerating the development of advanced UQ methods, and making it easy to perform UQ analyses from prototype to High Performance Computing (HPC) scale. In addition, we present a library of ready-to-run UQ benchmark problems, all easily accessible through UM-Bridge. These benchmarks support UQ methodology research, enabling reproducible performance comparisons. We demonstrate UM-Bridge with several scientific applications, harnessing HPC resources even using UQ codes not designed with HPC support.

Benchmarks↗
DOE OSTI2012

Hollow fiber-supported designer ionic liquid sponges for post-combustion CO2 scrubbing

A proof of concept study for a new type of carbon capture system is considered for post-combustion CO2 capture based on porous hollow fiber sorbents with ionic liquids sorbed in the cell walls of the fiber. This study proves that delicate morphological features in the open-celled porous wall can be maintained during the infusion process. Mixtures of task specific ionic liquid (i.e. [BMIM][Tf2N]) and superbase (i.e. DBU) were loaded into polyamide-imide (PAI) fibers by a so-called two-step non-solvent infusion protocol. In the protocol, methanol carries ionic liquids into the pore cell walls of hollow fibers and then hexane carries superbase to create an efficient CO2 sorbent. Our ionic liquid/superbase impregnation technique overcomes a serious increase in mass transfer resistance upon reaction with CO2, thereby allowing its large scale utilization for post-combustion CO2 capture. The investigation on the effect of different pore former additives (different molecular weights of polyvinylpyrrolidone, lithium nitrate, and their mixtures) suggested that a large molecular weight of PVP (M-w; 1300k) including dope composition produces highly interconnected open cell pore structures of PAI hollow fibers. Lastly, a lumen side barrier layer was successfully formed on the bore side of neat PAI fibers by using a mixture of Neoprene (R) with crosslinking agents (TSR-633) via a post-treatment process. The lumen layer will enable heat removal from the fiber sorbents during their application in rapid thermal swing cycling processes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lee, JS↗
DOE OSTI2018

In Situ Quantification of [Re(CO) 3 ] + by Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Simulated Hanford Tank Waste

A pretreatment protocol is presented that allows for the quantitative conversion and subsequent in situ spectroscopic analysis of [Re(CO)3]+ species in simulated Hanford tank waste. The protocol encompasses adding a simulated waste sample containing the non-emissive [Re(CO)3]+ species to a developer solution that enables the rapid, quantitative conversion of the non-emissive species to a luminescent species which can then be detected spectroscopically. The [Re(CO)3]+ species concentration in an alkaline, simulated Hanford tank waste supernatant can be quantified by the standard addition method. In a test case, the [Re(CO)3]+ species was measured to be at a concentration of 38.9 µM, which was a difference of 2.01% from the actual concentration of 39.7 µM.

fluorescence detection↗
DOE OSTI2017

Optimization of the crystal growth of the superconductor CaKFe 4 As 4 from solution in the FeAs - CaFe 2 As 2 - KFe 2 As 2 system

Measurements of the anisotropic properties of single crystals play a crucial role in probing the physics of new materials. Determining a growth protocol that yields suitable high-quality single crystals can be particularly challenging for multicomponent compounds. Here we present a case study of how we refined a procedure to grow single crystals of CaKFe 4 As 4 from a high temperature, quaternary liquid solution rich in iron and arsenic (“FeAs self-flux”). Temperature dependent resistance and magnetization measurements are emphasized, in addition to the x-ray diffraction, to detect intergrown CaKFe 4 As 4 , CaFe 2 As 2 , and KFe 2 As 2 within what appear to be single crystals. Guided by the rules of phase equilibria and these data, we adjusted growth parameters to suppress formation of the impurity phases. The resulting optimized procedure yielded phase-pure single crystals of CaKFe 4 As 4 . In conclusion, this optimization process offers insight into the growth of quaternary compounds and a glimpse of the four-component phase diagram in the pseudoternary FeAs–CaFe 2 As 2 –KFe 2 As 2 system.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Report: Update of chemical analysis results for the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) collaboration study sample (CRM 124-3)

Additional measurement data for collected by the Actinide Analytical Chemistry group at Los Alamos National Laboratory is provided in this report. Initial data was provided in April 2014 (LA-UR-14-22300) on the same sample material. That earlier document also contained procedure references for all the utilized techniques including those used to generate the data in this document. The Measurement Protocol table below summarizes the characterization that was planned for this sample material.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Preservation of rat hearts in subfreezing temperature isochoric conditions to – 8 °C and 78 MPa

Highlights: • A novel method of low-temperature organ preservation is tested using rat hearts. • Isochoric systems allow ice-free preservation at temperatures well below freezing. • Conventional heart preservation employs on-ice storage in atmospheric conditions. • Histological quality is improved in hearts preserved in a −4 °C isochoric system. Isochoric (constant volume) preservation at subfreezing temperatures is being investigated as a novel method for preserving cells and organs. This study is a first initial effort to evaluate the efficacy of this method for heart preservation, and to provide a preliminary outline of appropriate preservation parameters. To establish a baseline for further studies, rat hearts were preserved in a University of Wisconsin (UW) intracellular solution for one hour under isochoric conditions at: 0 °C (atmospheric pressure - 0.1 MPa), - 4 °C (41 MPa), - 6 °C (60 MPa) and – 8 °C (78 MPa). The viability of the heart was evaluated using Langendorff perfusion and histological examination. The physiological performance of hearts preserved at – 4 °C (41 MPa) was comparable to that of a heart preserved on ice at atmospheric pressure, with no statistically significant difference in histological injury score. However, hearts preserved at −4 °C displayed substantially reduced interstitial edema compared to hearts preserved by conventional hypothermic preservation in UW on ice at atmospheric pressure, suggesting significant protection from increased vascular permeability following preservation. Hearts preserved at – 6 °C (60 MPa) suffered injury from cellular swelling and extensive edema, and at – 8 °C (78 MPa) hearts experienced significant morphological disruption. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication showing that a mammalian organ can survive low subfreezing temperatures without the use of a cryoprotective additive. Lowering the preservation temperature reduces metabolism and improves preservation quality, and these results suggest that improvements in preservation are possible at subzero temperatures with low to moderate pressures observed at −4 °C. Notably, tissue damage was observed at lower temperatures (−6 °C or below) accompanying further elevation of pressure associated with isochoric preservation that may prove detrimental. Therefore, subfreezing temperature isochoric preservation protocols should optimize, a combination of temperature and pressure that will minimize the negative effects of elevated pressure while retaining the beneficial effect of lower temperatures and reduced metabolism.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-throughput single-cell transcriptomics of bacteria using combinatorial barcoding

Microbial split-pool ligation transcriptomics (microSPLiT) is a high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing method for bacteria. With four combinatorial barcoding rounds, microSPLiT can profile transcriptional states in hundreds of thousands of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in a single experiment without specialized equipment. As bacterial samples are fixed and permeabilized before barcoding, they can be collected and stored ahead of time. During the first barcoding round, the fixed and permeabilized bacteria are distributed into a 96-well plate, where their transcripts are reverse transcribed into cDNA and labeled with the first well-specific barcode inside the cells. The cells are mixed and redistributed two more times into new 96-well plates, where the second and third barcodes are appended to the cDNA via in-cell ligation reactions. Finally, the cells are mixed and divided into aliquot sub-libraries, which can be stored until future use or prepared for sequencing with the addition of a fourth barcode. It takes 4 days to generate sequencing-ready libraries, including 1 day for collection and overnight fixation of samples. Here, the standard plate setup enables single-cell transcriptional profiling of up to 1 million bacterial cells and up to 96 samples in a single barcoding experiment, with the possibility of expansion by adding barcoding rounds. The protocol requires experience in basic molecular biology techniques, handling of bacterial samples and preparation of DNA libraries for next-generation sequencing. It can be performed by experienced undergraduate or graduate students. Data analysis requires access to computing resources, familiarity with Unix command line and basic experience with Python or R.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Carrier-assisted One-pot Sample Preparation for Targeted Proteomics Analysis of Small Numbers of Human Cells

Protein analysis of small numbers of human cells is primarily achieved by targeted proteomics with antibody-based immunoassays, which have inherent limitations (e.g., low multiplex and unavailability of antibodies for new proteins). Mass spectrometry (MS)-based targeted proteomics has emerged as an alternative because it is antibody-free, high multiplex, and has high specificity and quantitation accuracy. Recent advances in MS instrumentation make MS-based targeted proteomics possible for multiplexed quantification of highly abundant proteins in single cells. However, there is a technical challenge for effective processing of single cells with minimal sample loss for MS analysis. To address this issue, we have recently developed a convenient protein carrier-assisted one-pot sample preparation coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) - selected reaction monitoring (SRM) termed cLC-SRM for targeted proteomics analysis of small numbers of human cells. This method capitalizes on using the combined excessive exogenous protein as a carrier and low-volume one-pot processing to greatly reduce surface adsorption losses as well as high-specificity LC-SRM to effectively address the increased dynamic concentration range due to the addition of exogeneous carrier protein. Its utility has been demonstrated by accurate quantification of most moderately abundant proteins in small numbers of cells (e.g., 10-100 cells) and highly abundant proteins in single cells. The easy-to-implement features and no need for specific devices make this method readily accessible to most proteomics laboratories. In this study, we have provided a detailed protocol for cLC-SRM analysis of small numbers of human cells including cell sorting, cell lysis and digestion, LC-SRM analysis, and data analysis. Further improvements in detection sensitivity and sample throughput are needed towards targeted single-cell proteomics analysis. We anticipate that cLC-SRM will be broadly applied to biomedical research and systems biology with the potential of facilitating precision medicine.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigating Fast Scanning Calorimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry as Screening Tools for Thermoset Polymer Material Compatibility with Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion

As additive manufacturing (AM) technology has developed and progressed, a constant topic of research in the area is expanding the library of materials to be used with these techniques. Among AM methods that utilize polymers, laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) has preferentially used thermoplastic polymers as its starting materials, but the deposition and material joining method employed in PBF-LB may also be compatible with powdered thermoset polymer precursors as feedstocks. To assess the compatibility of candidate thermosetting polymers and PBF-LB, characterization techniques and protocols that link fundamental material behavior to material behavior in the processing environment are needed. Therefore, the objectives of this work are to compare the curing behavior measured with two different calorimetry techniques that can operate in different heating rate regimes, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fast scanning calorimetry (FSC), and to assess the capabilities of these techniques to act as materials screening tools for PBF-LB. A commercial polyester powder coating is used as a model material to evaluate the potential of obtaining complimentary information for material screening through a combination of calorimetry methods, and its non-isothermal curing behavior is measured at heating rates between 5 °C/min and 7500 °C/min. Curing exotherms are observed with both calorimetry techniques, and comparing the enthalpy associated with curing shows that incomplete curing occurs at higher heating rates, with relative conversion values of approximately 30%. The curing data are fit with two isoconversional models, Friedman and Starink, which show a reduced activation energy at higher heating rates as well, signifying a lower barrier to curing at the conditions used in the FSC experiments. Overall, the results of this work indicate that using these two calorimetry techniques as tiered screening tools can provide valuable information about how curing may proceed in PBF-LB and inform materials selection and design activities for additive manufacturing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Imaging of Unstained DNA Origami Triangles with Electron Microscopy

Imaging of scaffolded DNA and DNA origami nanostructures has been dominated by atomic force microscopy of samples immobilized on bulk substrates. Less commonly used for DNA imaging are electron microscopy techniques, which are typically carried out either after negative staining of DNA or by direct imaging using a bright field cryo-TEM. Here, direct imaging of unstained DNA origami nanostructures on thin electron-transparent substrates utilizing high angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy )(HAADFSTEM) is reported. This approach establishes a simple method for depositing and imaging intact DNA triangles with mass-thickness contrast, sufficient to measure the scaffold-to-scaffold distances and the length of the triangle’s seam. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the DNA supported on amorphous carbon as a function of the carbon thickness is measured on three types of commercially available TEM grids to analyze the image resolution. This allows for an edge detection of ~1 nm height DNA triangles on carbon substrates as thick as ~25 nm. Additional observations on the effect on SNR with the imaging modes are discussed. The effect of cation concentration used for pre-treating the grid surface on the image resolution is also explored. Our work presents proof-of-concept results demonstrating that electron microscopy can be utilized to resolve key elements of the DNA origami triangle, without staining or employing exceedingly complicated preparation protocols.

Londono-Calderon, Alejandro↗
DOE OSTI2012

Phase 3 Trial of Postoperative Chemotherapy Alone Versus Chemoradiation Therapy in Stage III-IV Gastric Cancer Treated With R0 Gastrectomy and D2 Lymph Node Dissection

Purpose: To compare chemotherapy alone with chemoradiation therapy in stage III-IV(M0) gastric cancer treated with R0 gastrectomy and D2 lymph node dissection. Methods and Materials: The chemotherapy arm received 5 cycles of fluorouracil and leucovorin (FL), and the chemoradiation therapy arm received 1 cycle of FL, then radiation therapy of 45 Gy concurrently with 2 cycles of FL, followed by 2 cycles of FL. Intent-to-treat analysis and per-protocol analyses were performed. Results: Between May 6, 2002 and June 29, 2006, a total of 90 patients were enrolled. Forty-four were randomly assigned to the chemotherapy arm and 46 to the chemoradiation therapy arm. Treatment was completed as planned by 93.2% of patients in the chemotherapy arm and 87.0% in the chemoradiation therapy arm. Overall intent-to-treat analysis showed that addition of radiation therapy to chemotherapy significantly improved locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS) but not disease-free survival. In subgroup analysis for stage III, chemoradiation therapy significantly prolonged the 5-year LRRFS and disease-free survival rates compared with chemotherapy (93.2% vs 66.8%, P=.014; 73.5% vs 54.6%, P=.056, respectively). Conclusions: Addition of radiation therapy to chemotherapy could improve the LRRFS in stage III gastric cancer treated with R0 gastrectomy and D2 lymph node dissection.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Multi-Site Networked Hardware-in-Loop Platform for Evaluation of Interoperability and Distributed Intelligence at Grid-Edge

Electric power systems have experienced large increases in the number of intelligent, connected and controllable devices being deployed, leading to a high degree of distributed intelligence at the grid-edge. These devices, both utility-owned and consumer-owned, include but are not limited to: renewable generation sources, energy storage, remote switches, voltage regulators, and smart controllable loads such as electric vehicles. These new devices provide significant potential for increased operational flexibility that can be leveraged to achieve system reconfiguration, resiliency improvements, power quality improvements, and distribution system automation. However, there are two significant challenges that must be addressed before these assets can be leveraged for operations: interoperability and system level validation prior to deployment. Because of the complexity of distributed control systems, and their interactions with legacy centralized controls, a purely simulations-based approach for pre-deployment validation is not sufficient. It requires hardware-in-loop testing to emulate the operational hardware devices and evaluate their performance. Additionally, securely integrating multiple test facilities at utility operators and vendors might enable rapid scale-up of evaluation platforms, and remove the need for multiple expensive standalone installations. Presented in this paper, is the development of a multi-site evaluation platform that employs Advanced Distribution Management Systems (ADMS), distributed control devices, real-time hardware-in-loop assets, secure communication links, and protocol adapters. This platform uses standards-based approaches and open-source tools, and hence can serve as a template for other researchers and institutions to implement their multi-site evaluation frameworks for pre-deployment testing.

Essakiappan, Somasundaram↗
DOE OSTI2014

Hanford double shell waste tank corrosion studies - final report FY2014

SRNL tasks for FY14 included studies to evaluate the susceptibility of carbon steel to vapor space corrosion (VSC), liquid-air interface (LAI) corrosion, and pitting corrosion. Additionally, SRNL evaluated the susceptibility of carbon steel to pitting corrosion under buffered waste conditions, with the objective of determining the adequate amount of inhibitor (e.g., nitrite) necessary to mitigate pitting corrosion. Other CPP experiments were performed in historical waste simulants and the results were compared to previously gathered results. The results of these activities were utilized to assess the robustness of the standardized CPP protocol

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

A platform for quantum information and large-scale entanglement with Rydberg atoms in programmable optical potentials

Large-scale quantum systems with controllable interactions are important for understanding complex phenomena in nature, and are the basis for advanced quantum technologies. Realizing a controllable platform for controlling, understanding, and ultimately harnessing the entanglement is an outstanding challenge in quantum science. This project demonstrated reconfigurable arrays of individually-trapped ultracold atoms, thus realizing a platform that could demonstrate large-scale quantum entanglement with the addition of strong inter-atomic interactions. Arrays of more than 50 trap sites were formed via digital holography and a high-numerical aperture imaging system that featured in-situ trap diagnostics and single-atom imaging resolution. We further discovered a new implementation of a controlled-phase gate that utilized coherent excitation to Rydberg states. This method will enable robust entanglement protocols in many-atom systems such as the one developed here.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗