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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 829 records · Page 46

Compiled TBS data from Oliktok Point from ICARUS, AVPOP, and POPEYE

The dataset encompasses QA/QC TBS data, including TBS altitude, atmospheric pressure, dew point, POPs number concentrations and mean aerosol size, relative humidity, temperature, equivalent potential temperature, equivalent temperature, and date and time. These data are provided per day for at least one TBS flight. Supporting data from the AMF3 aligned with the timestamps of the TBS data include cloud base distance from TBS, if the time corresponds to cloud base transit of the TBS, surface-based pressure, surface-based precipitation rate, surface-based UHSAS data, ceilometer cloud base height, KAZR cloud top height, and MWR liquid water content. Both POPS and UHSAS aerosol number concentrations are provided as: (1) absolute (i.e. concentrations for each instrument's total size range) and (2) the overlapping size range (i.e. the same size bins for both instruments).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Cryogenic optical systems and instruments II; Proceedings of the Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, Jan. 23, 24, 1986

The topics of the present conference encompass cryogenic optical system design considerations, cryogenic instruments and their components, the design and performance of cryogenic dewars for space, and technologies supporting cryogenic systems and instruments. Attention is given to the Space IR Telescope Facility (SIRTF) observatory's design and on-orbit servicing, hardware development for the Gravity Probe-B program, the multiband imaging photometer aboard SIRTF, and the SIRTF wide field, diffraction-limited array camera. Also discussed are the cryogenic star-tracking telescope for Gravity Probe-B, a balloon-borne spectrometer for measurement of lower stratospheric trace constituents, the primary mirror support system design for a cryogenic space telescope, and the SQUID readout and ultralow magnetic fields of Gravity Probe-B.

Melugin, Ramsey K.↗

Observations and Analysis of Atmospheric Hydroxyl

Ground-based measurements of sunlight absorption at the OH P(sub 1)(l) resonance line at 308 nm have been made on a continuous basis at Fritz Peak, Colorado. The derived OH vertical column abundances show the persistence of a new seasonal regime which began in 1991. The fall minimum has been consistently depressed about 10-15% below the 1980-1990 average fall values. While the initial onset of depressed fall abundances occurred a few months after the Pinatubo eruption, there has been no fall OH recovery correlating with decreased amounts of volcanic aerosol found since spring 1993. The Colorado data also continues to exhibit an AM-PM asymmetry which varies seasonally, approximately in phase with local total ozone. These observations were presented at the Front Range AGU meeting in February 1996 and were published in Geophysical Research Letters in July 1996 (preprint enclosed). An update through the fall of 1996, when morning abundances were found to be extremely low, was presented at the Fall 1996 AGU meeting (abstract attached). A PEPSIOS instrument of identical design is currently operational and has been used since April 1996 for OH column measurements at New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM. Title for both instruments was transferred from Florida Atlantic University to New Mexico Tech in February of 1996. Comparative measurements from the two instruments for April-July 1996 indicate small differences in OH column abundances, with New Mexico (34 deg N) abundances about 10% above Colorado (40 deg N) values for comparable solar zenith angles. A more detailed comparison will require at least one full year of data from both locations. New Mexico measurements were obtained on June 10, 1996, concurrently with a balloon launch of the NASA STRAT mission from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. We hope to make use of STRAT measurements H2O, CH4, and O3 which are particularly relevant to OH photochemistry. Additional work at New Mexico Tech involves a comparison of P(sub 1)(1) and Q(sub 1)(3) absorption by the method of Doppler shift of solar limb spectra. These are being used to infer path weighted temperatures and for validations studies on the standard method of analysis using the single P(sub 1)(1) line. Results were presented at the Fall 1996 AGU meeting (abstract attached). A graduate student in the Physics Department at New Mexico Tech has been supported since August 1996. The student is investigating column OH behavior using the NCAR 2-D model of the middle atmosphere. Graduate student support was not available until the start of the second year (Nov. 15, 1996), therefore funds have been transferred from the allocation for the research associate, who resigned from the project July 1, 1996.

Minschwaner, Ken R.↗

Search for gamma ray bursts with coincident balloon flights

A search was conducted for cosmic gamma ray bursts of small size and of sufficient frequency of occurrence to be detected during a one day observation program. Two similar detectors, successfully balloon-borne from launch sites in South Dakota and Texas, achieved about 20 hours of simultaneous operation at several millibars atmospheric depth, with continuous separation of over 1,500 km. Fluctuations of the counting rates of less than 150 keV photons with temporal structures from microseconds to several minutes were compared in order to detect coincident or associated responses from the two instruments. No coincident gamma-ray burst events were detected. The resulting integral size spectrum of small bursts, from this and from all other searches, remains a spectrum of upper limits, consistent with an extrapolation of the size spectrum of the largest known bursts, fitting a power low of index -1.5.

Cline, T. L.↗

Seasonal and diurnal variation of the atmospheric NO2 at Syowa Station, Antarctica

Extensive attention has been directed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) since its important role in the atmospheric chemistry relating to the stratospheric ozone (e.g., WMO, 1982) has been pointed out. However, the behavior of NO2 in the atmosphere has still not been fully confirmed, although ground-based, balloon and satellite measurements of NO2 have been reported by many scientists. Especially, only a few measurements made at high latitude in the Southern Hemisphere have been reported. The total atmospheric NO2 by ground-based visible absorption spectroscopy at Syowa Station (69 deg S, 39.6 deg E), Antarctica. The observation continued from March 1983, to January 1984. The principles of measurement, instrumentation and the method of data analysis are described in detail.

Shibasaki, K.↗

Magnetospheric Substorms and Tail Dynamics

This grant funded several studies of magnetospheric substorms and their effect on the dynamics of the earth's geomagnetic tail. We completed an extensive study of plasmoids, plasma/magnetic field structures that travel rapidly down the tail, using data from the ISEE 3 and IMP 8 spacecraft. This study formed the PhD thesis of Mark Moldwin. We found that magnetically plasmoids are better described as flux-ropes (twisted magnetic flux tubes) rather than plasma bubbles, as had been generally regarded up to that point (Moldwin and Hughes, 1990; 1991). We published several examples of plasmoids observed first in the near tail by IMP 8 and later in the distant tail by ISEE 3, confirming their velocities down tail. We showed how the passage of plasmoids distorts the plasma sheet. We completed the first extensive statistical survey of plasmoids that showed how plasmoids evolve as they move down tail from their formation around 30 RE to ISEE 3 apogee at 240 RE. We established a one-to-one correspondence between the observation of plasmoids in the distant tail and substorm onsets at earth or in the near tail. And we showed that there is a class of plasmoid-like structures that move slowly earthward, especially following weak substorms during northward IMF. Collectively this work constituted the most extensive study of plasmoids prior to the work that has now been done with the GEOTAIL spacecraft. Following our work on plasmoids, we turned our attention to signatures of substorm onset observed in the inner magnetosphere near geosynchronous orbit, especially signatures observed by the CRRES satellite. Using data from the magnetometer, electric field probe, plasma wave instrument, and low energy plasma instrument on CRRES we were able to better document substorm onsets in the inner magnetosphere than had been possible previously. Detailed calculation of the Poynting flux showed energy exchange between the magnetosphere and ionosphere, and a short burst of tailward convective flow just prior to onset, suggesting the active role of the ionosphere in the onset process, and adding credibility to the ballooning instability theory of substorm onset. This grant also supported a number of other substorm studies and reviews. These are represented by the list of publications and meeting presentations resulting out of this grant.

Hughes, W. Jeffrey↗

Upper atmosphere research satellite program

A satellite program to conduct research on the chemistry, energetics, and dynamics of the upper atmosphere was developed. The scientific goals of the Upper Atmospheric Research Program, the program requirements, and the approach toward meeting those requirements are outlined. An initial series of two overlapping spacecraft missions is described. Both spacecraft are launched and recovered by the STS, one in the winter of 1983 at a 56 deg inclination, and the other a year later at a 70 deg inclination. The duration of each mission is 18 months, and each carries instruments to make global measurements of the temperature, winds, composition, irradation, and radiance in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere between the tropopause and 120 km altitude. The program requires a dedicated ground-based data system and a science team organization that leads to a strong interaction between the experiments and theory. The program includes supportive observations from other platforms such as rockets, balloons, and the Spacelab.

Huntress, W. T., Jr.↗

Analysis method for Fourier transform spectroscopy

A fast Fourier transform technique is given for the simulation of those distortion effects in the instrument line shape of the interferometric spectrum that are due to errors in the measured interferogram. The technique is applied to analyses of atmospheric absorption spectra and laboratory spectra. It is shown that the nonlinear least squares method can retrieve the correct information from the distorted spectrum. Analyses of HF absorption spectra obtained in a laboratory and solar CO absorption spectra gathered by a balloon-borne interferometer indicate that the retrieved amount of absorbing gas is less than the correct value in most cases, if the interferogram distortion effects are not included in the analysis.

Park, J. H.↗

ALT space shuttle barometric altimeter altitude analysis

The accuracy was analyzed of the barometric altimeters onboard the space shuttle orbiter. Altitude estimates from the air data systems including the operational instrumentation and the developmental flight instrumentation were obtained for each of the approach and landing test flights. By comparing the barometric altitude estimates to altitudes derived from radar tracking data filtered through a Kalman filter and fully corrected for atmospheric refraction, the errors in the barometric altitudes were shown to be 4 to 5 percent of the Kalman altitudes. By comparing the altitude determined from the true atmosphere derived from weather balloon data to the altitude determined from the U.S. Standard Atmosphere of 1962, it was determined that the assumption of the Standard Atmosphere equations contributes roughly 75 percent of the total error in the baro estimates. After correcting the barometric altitude estimates using an average summer model atmosphere computed for the average latitude of the space shuttle landing sites, the residual error in the altitude estimates was reduced to less than 373 feet. This corresponds to an error of less than 1.5 percent for altitudes above 4000 feet for all flights.

Killen, R.↗

Observations of effects from magnetospheric cusp movement during a solar proton event

Observations of a magnetospheric cusp motion event during a solar proton event are presented. The observations were made by a series of riometers and balloon-borne radiation detectors and conductivity probes near Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. During the arrival of solar protons on August 19, 1979, the balloon-borne detectors recorded two rises and declines in nuclear gamma ray intensity accompanied by a marked softening in the photon spectrum. The observations are interpreted as a shift in detector position from the dayside of the magnetosphere to the polar cap resulting from an equatorward displacement or expansion of the polar cusp by 5 deg in 15 min with a southward turning of the IMF. Instruments on ISEE 3 confirm this interpretation, showing a southward turning of the IMF and a solar wind speed increase. Results imply a proton cutoff energy in the range 6-10 MeV at Sondre Strombjord prior to the cusp motion, and reflect the early effects of field line erosion.

Brown, R. R.↗

Space observations of aerosols and ozone; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting, Ottawa, Canada, May 16-June 2, 1982

The measurement of aerosols from space is discussed, taking into account the role of aerosols in climate, instrumentation and further measurement systems, retrieval procedures, measurements and observations, ground truth measurements, and effects on remote sensing and on climate. Aspects of ozone variability in the middle atmosphere are explored, giving attention to the quasi-biennial oscillation in equatorial stratospheric temperatures and total ozone, global pictures on the ozone field from high altitudes from DE-1, measurements of atmospheric ozone from aircraft and from balloons, a mesospheric ozone profile at sunset, periodic and aperiodic ozone variations in the middle and upper stratosphere, solar eclipse induced variations in mesospheric ozone concentrations, and solar UV and ozone balloon measurements. The determination of aerosol optical depth is considered along with a method for estimating cross radiance.

Mccormick, M. P.↗

The Energy Spectra of Heavy Nuclei Measured by the ATIC Experiment

ATIC (Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter) is a balloon-borne experiment to measure the spectra and composition of primary cosmic rays in the region of total energy from 100 GeV to near 100 TeV for Z from 1 to 26. ATIC consists of a pixelated silicon matrix detector to measure charge plus a fully active BGO calorimeter, to measure energy, located below a carbon target interleaved with three layers of scintillator hodoscope. The ATIC instrument had a second (scientific) flight from McMurdo, Antarctica from 12/29/02 to 1/18/03, yielding 20 days of good data. The GEANT 3.21 Monte Carlo code with the QGSM event generator and the FLUKA code with the DPMJET-II event generator were used to convert energy deposition measurements to primary energy. We present the preliminary energy spectra for the abundant elements C, O, Ne, Mg, Si and Fe and compare them with the results of the first (test) flight of ATIC in 2000-01 and with results from the HEAO-3 and CRN experiments.

Panov, A. D.↗

Next-Generation Video Ice Particle Sampler Field Campaign Report

The next-generation video ice particle sampler (ngVIPS) was operated on the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility’s tethered balloon system (TBS) during the IFFExO (Ice Fog Field Experiment at Oliktok Point) project in November, 2020. The purpose of the project was to study ice fog microphysics and the environmental conditions during ice fog to enable better predictions during low-visibility conditions. This project was conducted at the site of the third ARM Mobile Facility (AMF3) at Oliktok Point, Alaska. Among a suite of other instruments, the ngVIPS was operated to observe atmospheric ice particles.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Wind measurements by electromagnetic probes

The emerging technology of electromagnetic probing of the atmosphere to measure winds used in a space vehicle ascent winds load calculations is presented. The frequency range, altitude, and resolution for the following probes are presented: lidars, microwave radars, and clear-air Doppler radars (popularly known as wind profilers). The electromagnetic probing of the atmosphere by clear-air radars and lasers is the new technology to supplement balloon-borne wind sensors used to determine ascent wind loads of space vehicles. The electromagnetic probes measure the wind velocity using the Doppler effect. This is the radar technology used in MSFC's Radar Wind Profiler, and is similar to the technology used in conventional Doppler systems except that the frequency is generally lower, antenna is bigger, and dwell time much longer. Designed for unattended and automated instrumentation in providing measurements of the wind in the troposphere, the profiler employs Doppler radar technology and is currently being put in operation at NASA Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

Susko, Michael↗

Comparison of SAGE II ozone measurements and ozone soundings at Uccle (Belgium) during the period February 1985 to January 1986

The ozone profiles obtained from 24 balloon soundings at Uccle (50 deg 48 min N, 4 deg 21 min E) made with electrochemical ozonesondes were used as correlative data for SAGE II ozone profiles retrieved within a distance of at most 600 km from Uccle. The agreement between the two data sets is in general quite good, especially for profiles nearly coincident in time and space, and during periods of little dynamic activity over the area considered. The percent difference between the ozone column density of the mean balloon and SAGE profile is 4.4 percent (-3.3) percent in the altitude region between 10 and 26 km. From a statistical analysis it appears that there is a small but meaningful difference between the mean profiles at the level of the ozone maximum and around the 30-km level. An error analysis of both data sets give similar results, leading to the conclusion that these differences are instrumentally induced. However, differences between the mean profiles in the lower stratosphere are probably real and due to the high ozone variability in time and space in that altitude region.

De Muer, D.↗

The Explorer of Diffuse Galactic Emission (EDGE): Determination of Large-Scale Structure Evolution from Measurement of the Anisotropy of the Cosmic Infrared Background

The formation of the first objects, stars and galaxies and their subsequent evolution remain a cosmological unknown. Few observational probes of these processes exist. The Cosmic Infrared Background (CIB) originates from this era, and can provide information to test models of both galaxy evolution and the growth of primordial structure. The Explorer of Diffuse Galactic Emission (EDGE) is a proposed balloon-borne mission designed to measure the spatial fluctuations in the CIB from 200 micrometers to 1 millimeter on 6' to 3 degree scales with 2 microKelvin sensitivity/resolution element. Such measurements would provide a sensitive probe of the large-scale variation in protogalaxy density at redshifts approximately 0.5-3. In this paper, we present the scientific justification for the mission and show a concept for the instrument and observations.

Silverberg, R. F.↗

First Flight of the X-Ray Polarimeter X-Calibur

X-ray polarimetry promises to give qualitatively new information about high-energy astrophysical sources, such as binary black hole systems, micro-quasars, active galactic nuclei, and gamma-ray bursts. We designed, built and tested a hard X-ray polarimeter, X-Calibur, to be used in the focal plane of the balloon-borne InFOCuS grazing incidence X-ray telescope with the goal of observing astrophysical sources. X-Calibur combines a low-Z Compton scatterer with a CZT detector assembly to measure the polarization of 20-60 keV X-rays making use of the fact that polarized photons Compton scatter preferentially perpendicular to the electric field orientation. A I-day test. flight of the instrument was performed from Ft.Sumner, NM, In fall 2014. The sensitivity, performance and first results form the flight will be presented.

First Flight↗

Acoustic Waves From a Distant Explosion Recorded on a Continuously Ascending Balloon in the Middle Stratosphere

Abstract A helium‐filled mylar balloon carrying a smartphone and infrasound sensors ascended to a stratospheric height of 35 km over the surface detonation of a chemical explosive, with a total acoustic propagation distance of 127 km. The smartphone was configured to collect multi‐modal data at high rates from internal sensors. Analysis of the data shows successful collection of the explosion signal by both the smartphone's microphone and its accelerometers, the first from an ascending balloon. Comparison of the acoustic signal with that collected by other infrasound sensors, both airborne and ground‐based, provides insight into the possibilities and limitations of collecting acoustic data from the stratosphere.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗