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At least 829 records · Page 46

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NASA NTRS1982

On the three-dimensional magnetic structure of the plasmoid created in the magnetotail at substorm onset

The magnetic field in the plasmoid which is created by the reconnection of magnetic field lines at a neutral line formed in the near-earth region of the plasma sheet at substorm onset, and which flows out of the magnetotail into the magnetosphere's wake, displays a strong positive or negative Y(SM) component that has been difficult to reconcile with the standard, two-dimensional reconnection geometry. It is shown that this deviation of the magnetic field is a manifestation of the newly-reconnected field line loop's draping toward the tail's central or midnight meridian, and that the draping is a consequence of the three-dimensional plasma flow associated with the reconnection process.

Hones, E. W., Jr.↗

DOE OSTI2013

Nonlinear plasma wave in magnetized plasmas

Nonlinear axisymmetric cylindrical plasma oscillations in magnetized collisionless plasmas are a model for the electron fluid collapse on the axis behind an ultrashort relativisically intense laser pulse exciting a plasma wake wave. We present an analytical description of the strongly nonlinear oscillations showing that the magnetic field prevents closing of the cavity formed behind the laser pulse. This effect is demonstrated with 3D PIC simulations of the laser-plasma interaction. An analysis of the betatron oscillations of fast electrons in the presence of the magnetic field reveals a characteristic “Four-Ray Star” pattern.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2013

KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY OF A CORONAL STREAMER

Shear-flow-driven instability can play an important role in energy transfer processes in coronal plasma. We present for the first time the observation of a kink-like oscillation of a streamer that is probably caused by the streaming kink-mode Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI). The wave-like behavior of the streamer was observed by the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment C2 and C3 on board the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory. The observed wave had a period of about 70-80 minutes, and its wavelength increased from 2 R{sub Sun} to 3 R{sub Sun} in about 1.5 hr. The phase speeds of its crests and troughs decreased from 406 {+-} 20 to 356 {+-} 31 km s{sup -1} during the event. Within the same heliocentric range, the wave amplitude also appeared to increase with time. We attribute the phenomena to the MHD KHI, which occurs at a neutral sheet in a fluid wake. The free energy driving the instability is supplied by the sheared flow and sheared magnetic field across the streamer plane. The plasma properties of the local environment of the streamer were estimated from the phase speed and instability threshold criteria.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Betatron x-ray radiation in the self-modulated laser wakefield acceleration regime: prospects for a novel probe at large scale laser facilities

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of betatron x-ray radiation from laser wakefield acceleration in the self-modulated regime. Our experiments use picosecond duration laser pulses up to 150 J, for plasmas with electronic densities on the order of 10 19 cm -3 . In the self-modulated regime, electrons accelerated in the wake of the laser pulse are subject to both the longitudinal plasma and transverse laser electrical fields. As a result, they undergo oscillations and radiate a synchrotron-like spectrum. In our experimental configuration, electrons accelerated up to about 300 MeV, as well as betatron x-ray spectra with energies of 10 s of keV and photon fluxes between 10 8 –10 10 photons/eV/Sr are reported here. Our experiments open the prospect of using betatron x-ray radiation for applications, and the source could be competitive with current x-ray backlighting methods on multi-kilojoule laser systems used for high energy density or fusion sciences.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2014

Transverse Impedance of a Rectangular Collimator and Cavity Structure for Long Bunch Length

To estimate the vertical impedance of more complex geometry as an In-Vacuum Undulator we crosschecked first the results for simplified geometries. Axially symmetric tapered structures and rectangular structures are under discussion. Comparisons of analytical results with numerical results obtained with the electromagnetic field solver GdfidL are presented. Intensive studies were carried out to determine the dependence of the wake potential and kick factor on the collimator’s geometric parameters. We discuss the relationship of our results to the earlier work of G. Stupakov.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1977

Ground-based measurements of the wake vortex characteristics of a B747 aircraft in various configurations

A Boeing 747 aircraft flew 54 passes at low level over ground-based sensors. Vortex velocities were measured by a laser-Doppler velocimeter, an array of monostatic acoustic sounders, and an array of propeller anemometers. Flow visualization of the wake was achieved using smoke and balloon tracers. Preliminary results were obtained on the initial downwash field, the time for merging of the multiple vortices, the velocity fields, vortex decay, and the effects of spoilers and differential flap settings on the dissipation and structure of vortices.

Hallock, J. N.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Calculation of a circular jet in crossflow with a multiple-time-scale turbulence model

Numerical calculation of a three dimensional turbulent flow of a jet in a crossflow using a multiple time scale turbulence model is presented. The turbulence in the forward region of the jet is in a stronger inequilibrium state than that in the wake region of the jet, while the turbulence level in the wake region is higher than that in the front region. The calculated flow and the concentration fields are in very good agreement with the measured data, and it indicated that the turbulent transport of mass, concentration, and momentum is strongly governed by the inequilibrium turbulence. The capability of the multiple time scale turbulence model to resolve the inequilibrium turbulence field is also discussed.

Kim, S.-W.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Calculation of a circular jet in crossflow with a multiple-time-scale turbulence model

Kim, S.-W.↗

NASA NTRS2001

Forced Diffusion of Trailing Vorticity from a Hovering Rotor

A small turbulence generating device was Attached near the tip of a hovering rotor blade In order to alter the structure of the trailing vortex. Stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) images were used to quantify the wake behind the rotor blade during the first revolution. An analysis of the 3D-velocity field includes a method for accounting for vortex wander. The results show that a major change in the size and intensity of the trailing vortex can be achieved.

McAlister, Kenneth W.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Supersonic Disk Gap Band Parachute Performance in the Wake of a Viking-Type Aeroshell from Mach 2 to 2.5

Supersonic wind tunnel testing of 0.813 m diameter Disk-Gap-Band parachutes is being conducted in the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) 10' x 10' wind-tunnel. The tests are conducted in support of the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System development and qualification. Four percent of full-scale parachutes were constructed similarly to the flight-article in material and construction techniques. The parachutes are attached to a 4% scale MSL entry-vehicle to simulate the free-flight configuration. The parachutes are tested from Mach 2 to 2.5 over a Reynolds number (Re) range of 1 to 3 x 10(exp 6), representative of the MSL deployment envelope. Constrained and unconstrained test configurations are investigated to quantify the effects of parachute trim, suspension line interaction, and alignment with the capsule wake. The parachute is constrained horizontally through the vent region, to measure canopy breathing and wake interaction for fixed trim angles of 0 and 10 degrees from the velocity vector. In the unconstrained configuration the parachute is permitted to trim and cone, similar to the free-flight varying its alignment relative to the entry-vehicle wake. Test diagnostics were chosen to quantify parachute performance and to provide insight into the flow field structure. An in-line load cell provided measurement of unsteady and mean drag as a function of Mach and Re. High-speed shadowgraph video of the upstream parachute flow field was used to capture bow-shock motion and stand of distance. Particle image velocimetry of the upstream parachute flow field provides spatially and temporally resolved measurement velocity and turbulent statistics. Multiple high speed video views of targets placed in the interior of the canopy enable photo-grammetric measurement of the fabric motion in time and space from reflective. High speed video is also used to document the supersonic inflation and measure trim angle, projected area, and frequency of area oscillations.

EDL↗

NASA NTRS1983

Convergence characteristics of nonlinear vortex-lattice methods for configuration aerodynamics

Nonlinear panel methods have no proof for the existence and uniqueness of their solutions. The convergence characteristics of an iterative, nonlinear vortex-lattice method are, therefore, carefully investigated. The effects of several parameters, including (1) the surface-paneling method, (2) an integration method of the trajectories of the wake vortices, (3) vortex-grid refinement, and (4) the initial conditions for the first iteration on the computed aerodynamic coefficients and on the flow-field details are presented. The convergence of the iterative-solution procedure is usually rapid. The solution converges with grid refinement to a constant value, but the final value is not unique and varies with the wing surface-paneling and wake-discretization methods within some range in the vicinity of the experimental result.

Seginer, A.↗

DOE OSTI2018

Effect of Ion Streaming on Diffusion of Dust Grains in Dissipative System

The presence of strong electric fields in the sheath region of laboratory complex plasma induces an ion drift and perturbs the field around dust grains. The downstream focusing of ions leads to the formation of oscillatory kind of attractive wake potential which superimpose with the normal Debye-Hückel (DH) potential. The structural properties of complex plasma and diffusion coefficient of dust grains in the presence of such a wake potential have been investigated using Langevin dynamics simulation in the subsonic regime of ion flow. The study reveals that the diffusion of dust grains is strongly affected by the ion flow, so that the diffusion changes its character in the wake potential to the DH potential dominant regimes. The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the parameters, such as the neutral pressure, dust grain size, ion flow velocity, and Coulomb coupling parameter, have been calculated for the subsonic regime by using the Green-Kubo expression, which is based on the integrated velocity autocorrelation function. It is found that the diffusion and the structural property of the system is intimately connected with the interaction potential and significantly get affected in the presence of ion flow in the subsonic regime.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

NASA NTRS1983

Aeroacoustic computation of cylinder wake flow

Sound generation by uniform flow over a cylinder at the Reynolds number of 200 is calculated. The incompressible, time dependent flow field is first computed by standard computational fluid dynamics techniques using a stream function/vorticity formulation. The sound radiation is then obtained by integrating over the flow field with the Coriolis acceleration as the source term and a low frequency Green's function technique. Time histories, spectra, and directivity of the radiated sound are obtained. Comparisons with experimental data, where possible, indicate the feasibility of this computational aeroacoustics approach.

Hardin, J. C.↗

DOE OSTI2019

Direct laser acceleration of electrons in the plasma bubble by tightly focused laser pulses

We present an analytical theory that reveals the importance of the longitudinal laser electric field in the course of the resonant acceleration of relativistic electrons by a tightly confined laser beam. It is shown that this laser field component always counteracts the transverse one and effectively decreases the final energy gain of electrons via the direct laser acceleration (DLA) mechanism. This effect is demonstrated by carrying out particle-in-cell simulations of the DLA of the electrons injected into the accelerating phase of the plasma wake. It is shown that the electron energy gain from the wakefield is substantially compensated by the quasiresonant energy loss to the longitudinal laser field component. The analytically obtained scalings and estimates are in good agreement with the results of the numerical simulations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Verification of induction zone models for wind farm annual energy production estimation

Fast engineering wake models are the backbone of wind farm annual energy production (AEP) estimators, whereas the addition of induction zone models in existing tools is a more recent response to rising concerns over wind farm blockage associated losses. Here, "blockage" describes the combined induction fields of all wind turbines inside a farm. Unlike the term might suggest, blockage not only reduces flow speeds, but also increases them; for instance along the outer edges of wind farms. Evaluating the overall impact on AEP of these gains and losses necessitates accurate wind farm induction models. Whilst engineering wake models are tuned to predict wind farm performance, existing induction zone models are all derived for accurately predicting the near field induction not the far field value—important for wind farm simulations. This paper presents the induction models implemented in the wind farm simulation tool PyWake, as well as results from novel analytical models and compares their far field predictions to RANS-AD simulations of different turbines. We demonstrate that when including blockage in AEP simulations, the downstream speed-ups need to be included to avoid an unrealistic bias toward AEP loss and that wake expansion significantly impacts induction at rated thrust levels.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Evolution of eddy viscosity in the wake of a wind turbine

The eddy viscosity hypothesis is a popular method in wind turbine wake modeling for estimating turbulent Reynolds stresses. We document the downstream evolution of eddy viscosity in the wake of a wind turbine from experimental and large-eddy-simulation data. Wake eddy viscosity is isolated from its surroundings by subtracting the inflow profile, and the driving forces are identified in each wake region. Eddy viscosity varies in response to changes in turbine geometry and nacelle misalignment with larger turbines generating stronger velocity gradients and shear stresses. We propose a model for eddy viscosity based on a Rayleigh distribution. Model parameters are obtained from scaling the eddy viscosity hypothesis and demonstrate satisfactory agreement with the reference data. The model is implemented in the curled wake formulation in the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) framework and assessed through comparisons with the previous formulation. Our approach produced more accurate flow field estimates with lower total error for the majority of cases.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Thermal evolution of ferroelectric behavior in epitaxial Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2

In this paper, we report a cryogenic-temperature study on the evolution of the ferroelectric properties of epitaxial Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 thin films on silicon. Wake-up, endurance, and fatigue of these films are found to be intricately correlated, strongly hysteretic, and dependent on available thermal energy. Field-dependent measurements reveal a decrease in polarization with temperature, which has been determined not to be an intrinsic change of the material property, rather a demonstration of the increase in the coercive bias of the material. Our findings suggest that a deficiency in thermal energy suppresses the mobility of defects presumed to be oxygen vacancies during wake-up and trapped injected charge during fatigue, which is responsible for polarization evolution during cycling. This permits accelerated wake-up and fatigue effects at high temperatures where thermal energy is abundant but delays these effects at cryogenic temperatures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2013

Wind Tunnel Measurements of the Wake of a Full-Scale UH-60A Rotor in Forward Flight

A full-scale UH-60A rotor was tested in the National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex (NFAC) 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel in May 2010. The test was designed to acquire a suite of measurements to validate state-of-the-art modeling tools. Measurements include blade airloads (from a single pressure-instrumented blade), blade structural loads (strain gages), rotor performance (rotor balance and torque measurements), blade deformation (stereo-photogrammetry), and rotor wake measurements (Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Retro-reflective Backward Oriented Schlieren (RBOS)). During the test, PIV measurements of flow field velocities were acquired in a stationary cross-flow plane located on the advancing side of the rotor disk at approximately 90 deg rotor azimuth. At each test condition, blade position relative to the measurement plane was varied. The region of interest (ROI) was 4-ft high by 14-ft wide and covered the outer half of the blade radius. Although PIV measurements were acquired in only one plane, much information can be gleaned by studying the rotor wake trajectory in this plane, especially when such measurements are augmented by blade airloads and RBOS data. This paper will provide a comparison between PIV and RBOS measurements of tip vortex position and vortex filament orientation for multiple rotor test conditions. Blade displacement measurements over the complete rotor disk will also be presented documenting blade-to-blade differences in tip-path-plane and providing additional information for correlation with PIV and RBOS measurements of tip vortex location. In addition, PIV measurements of tip vortex core diameter and strength will be presented. Vortex strength will be compared with measurements of maximum bound circulation on the rotor blade determined from pressure distributions obtained from 235 pressure sensors distributed over 9 radial stations.

Wadcock, Alan J.↗