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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 847 records · Page 47
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Phase stability, porosity distribution and microstructural evolution of amorphous Al{sub 50}Ti{sub 50} powders consolidated by electrical resistance sintering

The effect of intensity and duration of the electrical resistance sintering process on the phase stability, porosity distribution and microstructural evolution of Al{sub 50}Ti{sub 50} amorphous powders is studied. The phase transformations during the consolidation process were determined by X-ray diffraction. The porosity distribution was observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The amorphous phase is partially transformed to the crystalline phase during the sintering process, and formation of AlTi and AlTi{sub 3} intermetallic compounds occurs for temperatures higher than 300 °C. Finally, it is observed that the compacts core have lower porosity and a higher tendency to the amorphous-crystalline phase transformation than the periphery.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Phase evolution and magnetic properties of HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x}

The phase evolution of HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x} exhibits the phase transformations from the original HoIn{sub 3} with cubic structure to the intermediated HoCo{sub 2}In with orthorhombic structure and to the final HoCo{sub 3} with rhombohedral structure. The corresponding magnetic states are found to closely associate with the structural phase transformation of HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x}.With increasing Co contents, HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x} are paramagnetic in region of x < 0.6, mixture of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic in range of 0.6 < x < 1.8, and ferromagnetic in range of 3 > x > 2.4 at room temperature, respectively. The field dependence of magnetization curves follows an equation of M=M{sub s}(1−a/H )+χH, where M{sub s} and χ are corresponding to the saturation moment and susceptibility; a is a parameter related to the external field. The fitting results show that the susceptibility increases with increasing Co contents and M{sub s} depends upon the Co content as well. It implies that the evolution of magnetic phases in HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x} might originate from the change of exchange interaction from the one between the isolated Co spins and the surrounding conduction electrons in Co-poor regime to the one between Co-Co pairs mediated by the conduction electrons in Co-rich regime.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Photoinduced electro-optics measurements of biosilica transformation to cristobalite

In this paper we studied the photoinduced electro optics effects in the thermal transformation process of biosilica to cristobalite, at a relatively low temperature and ambient pressure. This process was characterized by a variety of standards techniques with emphasis on linear electro optic effect measurements. Overall we demonstrated that photoinduced electro optics measurements are very sensitive to the transformation from amorphous structure of silica in the natural sponge samples to laminar string morphology of cristobalite. With this technique we could probe the change in the samples chirality from achiral bio silica to chiral cristobalite structure. Furthermore it is shown that natural biosilica have photoinduced linear electro optics respond indicating the chiral natural of biosilica. - Graphical abstract: The phase transformation of biosilica from marine sponges to Cristobalite under thermal treatment was investigated using photoinduced electro optics measurements. The figure shows the changes of the electro-optic coefficient of cristobalite and biosilica. - Highlights: • We examine phase transformation of biosilica. • We report transition from amorphous biosilica to crystalline Cristobalite. • Biosilica transformation to Cristobalite at temperature of 850 °C. • Biosilica transformation is studied with photoinduced measurements. • We examine changes in the photoinduced linear electro optics properties.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis, properties and phase transitions of pyrochlore- and fluorite-like Ln{sub 2}RMO{sub 7} (Ln = Sm, Ho; R = Lu, Sc; M = Nb, Ta)

Graphical abstract: Temperature dependences of bulk conductivity for Sm{sub 2}ScTaO{sub 7} pyrochlore prepared at (1) 1400 °C, 20 h; and (2) 1200 °C, 40 h. - Highlights: • The phase formation of Ln{sub 2}RMO{sub 7} (Ln = Sm, Ho; R = Lu, Sc; M = Nb, Ta) at 1200–1600 °C. • The bulk conductivity and magnetic susceptibility were measured. • The bulk conductivity of Sm{sub 2}ScTaO{sub 7} has oxygen ion type at T ≥ 750 °C. • The first-order structural phase transition was observed in Sm{sub 2}ScTaO{sub 7} at ∼650–700 °C. • This phase transformation is not typical for defect fluorites. - Abstract: We have studied the new compounds with fluorite-like (Ho{sub 2}RNbO{sub 7} (R = Lu, Sc)) and pyrochlore-like (Sm{sub 2}ScTaO{sub 7}) structure as potential oxide ion conductors. The phase formation process (from 1200 to 1600 °C) and physical properties (electrical, thermo mechanical, and magnetic) for these compounds were investigated. Among the niobate materials the highest bulk conductivity is offered by the fluorite-like Ho{sub 2}ScNbO{sub 7} synthesized at 1600 °C: 3.8 × 10{sup −5} S/cm at 750 °C, whereas in Sm system the highest bulk conductivity, 7.3 × 10{sup −6} S/cm at 750 °C, is offered by the pyrochlore Sm{sub 2}ScTaO{sub 7} synthesized at 1400 °C. In Sm{sub 2}ScTaO{sub 7} pyrochlore we have observed the first-order phase transformation at ∼650–700 °C is related to rearrangement process in the oxygen sublattice of the pyrochlore structure containing B-site cations in different valence state and actually is absent in the defect fluorites. The two holmium niobates show Curie–Weiss paramagnetic behavior, with the prevalence of antiferromagnetic coupling. The magnetic susceptibility of Sm{sub 2}ScTaO{sub 7} is a weak function of temperature, corresponding to Van Vleck paramagnetism.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Liquid immiscibility and core-shell morphology formation in ternary Al–Bi–Sn alloys

The effects of composition on liquid immiscibility, macroscopic morphology, microstructure and phase transformation in ternary Al–Bi–Sn alloys were investigated. Three types of morphology, the core-shell type, the stochastic droplet type and uniform dispersion type, of Al–Bi–Sn particles prepared by a jet breakup process were distinguished, and the relationships between which were discussed. The phase transformation behaviors of the Al–Bi–Sn alloys were studied by thermal analysis, in agreement with the microstructural observation and microanalysis. The liquid immiscibility and formation of the core-shell morphology in Al–Bi–Sn alloys are easily achieved when the composition lies in the liquid miscibility gap. The particles exhibit a high melting point Al-rich core with a low melting point Sn–Bi-rich solder shell, showing promise for application as high-density electronic packaging materials. - Highlights: • The liquid demixing, morphology and microstructure in Al–Bi–Sn alloys were studied. • Three types of morphology were classified and discussed. • The conditions for formation of the core-shell morphology were obtained. • The phase transition behaviors agree with the microstructure characterization. • The Al/Sn–Bi core-shell particles show promise for use in electronic packaging.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

A facile pathway to prepare VO{sub 2} and V{sub 2}O{sub 3} powders via a carbothermal reduction process

The development of a highly efficient and low cost production process is instrumental for the wide application of VO{sub 2} and V{sub 2}O{sub 3}. In this paper, VO{sub 2} and V{sub 2}O{sub 3} powders are successfully prepared via carbothermal reduction of V{sub 2}O{sub 5} in a flowing Ar atmosphere at 973 K and 1423 K, respectively. Compared with the traditional methods, graphite is used as a reductant, which resulted in a low cost. The experimental results show that a high temperature assists in improving the kinetic rate. The phase transformation during the low-temperature reduction process between 948 K and 973 K occurs in the following sequential order: V{sub 2}O{sub 5}→V{sub 6}O{sub 13}→VO{sub 2}. When the temperature is 1423 K or 1473 K, the phase transformation can be described as follows: V{sub 2}O{sub 5}→V{sub 3}O{sub 5}→V{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Owing to the shrink of the volume, the as-prepared VO{sub 2} and V{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles could not maintain the original micro-morphology of V{sub 2}O{sub 5}. Relative to VO{sub 2}, the as-prepared V{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles are porous. It is also concluded that the V{sub 2}O{sub 3} can be easily oxidized to VO{sub 2}, when the partial pressure of O{sub 2} is in the range of 10{sup −8} atm to 10{sup −1} atm. Therefore, a reasonable reaction temperature and reaction time are important to prepare high purity V{sub 2}O{sub 3}.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

TOF MS Investigation of Nickel Oxide CVD

NiO layers were deposited by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using bis-(ethylcyclopentadienyl) nickel (EtCp){sub 2}Ni and oxygen or ozone. As a continuation of kinetic study of NiO MOCVD the gas-phase, transformations of (EtCp){sub 2}Ni were studied in the temperature range of 380–830 K. Time of reactions corresponding to the residence time of the gas stream in hot zone of the reactor was about 0.1 s under conditions studied. The interaction of (EtCp){sub 2}Ni with oxygen started at 450 K and its conversion rate reached the maximum at 700 K. The interaction of (EtCp){sub 2}Ni with ozone started at 400 K and its conversion rate reached the maximum at 600 K. Transformations of the gas phase with the temperature in the reaction zone were studied, the model reaction schemes illustrating (EtCp){sub 2}Ni transformations in the reaction systems containing oxygen and ozone have developed. In the reaction system (EtCp){sub 2}Ni–O{sub 2}–Ar the main gas-phase products at 380–500 K were CO, CO{sub 2}, HCO, C{sub 2}H{sub 5}OH, CpCOOH, and CpO. Formation of the C{sub 2}H{sub 2}O, C{sub 3}H{sub 4}O, and C{sub 5}H{sub 8}O was found at 630–830 K. The same gas-phase species, (C{sub 4}H{sub 3}O){sub 2}Ni and dialdehydes was formed in the reaction system (EtCp){sub 2}Ni–O{sub 3}–O{sub 2}–Ar. .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

Fundamental Insight into Zr Modification of Li- and Mn-Rich Cathodes: Combined Transmission Eelctron Microscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study

Zr surface modification was performed on Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode material (Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2) to suppress the detrimental phase transformation upon cycling and enhance its electrochemical performance. Using a wet chemical method, a Zr-based rock-salt layer with a thickness of 1~2 nm was formed on the surface of the LMR. Controlled studies reveal that the Zr-based layers can effectively suppress the phase transformation, leading to an enhanced long-term cycling performance and rate capability. At C/3, the Zr-modified LMR material was found to deliver an initial discharge specific capacity of 211 mAh g-1, and maintain a capacity of 182 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles. Even at high rates of 1, 2 and 3C, it still displays high discharge capacities of 178, 156 and 143 mAh g-1, respectively. This work reports for the first time the detailed mechanisms at atomic scale of how Zr modification can be effectively used to tailor the surface microstructures of high energy cathode materials to improve their long-term stability and cycle life.

Li- and Mn-rich cathode, Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2↗
DOE OSTI2019

Graphite to diamond transformation under shock compression: Role of orientational order

To gain insight into the role of orientational order on the shock-induced graphite to diamond phase transformation, three pyrolytic graphite types having different orientational orders were shock-compressed along the average c -axis to peak stresses between 35 and 69 GPa. The materials studied were ZYB-grade highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), ZYH-grade HOPG, and as-deposited pyrolytic graphite (PG) having mosaic spreads of 0.8° ± 0.2°, 3.5° ± 1.5°, and ~45°, respectively. Wave profiles, obtained using laser interferometry, show a multiple-wave structure with a distinct, rapid (<10 ns) rise to the high-pressure phase for each graphite type. Multiple-wave profiles, first observed in this study for the less ordered ZYH-grade HOPG and PG samples, show that somewhat poorly oriented pyrolytic graphites also undergo a well-defined phase transformation. Previously, rapid transformation was reported for ZYB-grade but not ZYH-grade HOPG. The measured wave profiles for both HOPG grades are very similar and both grades show a ~22 GPa transformation stress. In contrast, the PG wave profiles are quite different and show a ~46 GPa transformation stress. The continuum results (stress-density states) presented here cannot distinguish between the different high-pressure phases [hexagonal diamond (HD) or cubic diamond] reported in recent x-ray studies. Because ZYB-grade HOPG was recently shown to transform to HD and due to the similar peak states for both HOPG grades, it seems likely that ZYH-grade also transforms into HD. In conclusion, the very different shock responses of PG and HOPG suggest different transformation mechanisms for PG and HOPG, but the high-pressure PG phase remains unclear in the present work.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal Stability and Lattice Strain Evolution of High-Nb-Containing TiAl Alloy under Low-Cycle-Fatigue Loading

The micromechanical behavior and the effect of temperature on the micromechanical mechanism of high-Nb-containing TiAl alloy during low-cycle fatigue still remain uncertain. Herein, in situ and ex situ synchrotron-based high-energy X-ray (HEXRD) experiment results reveal that the gamma and omega(o) phases suffer compressive lattice strains but the lattice strain in the alpha(2) phase evolves from tensile to compressive during low-cycle fatigue at 900 degrees C. In addition, the three phases suffer compressive lattice strains during cooling to room temperature, which could result in larger compressive lattice strains in gamma and omega(o) phases and the change of the lattice strain state in the alpha(2) phase. The peak-broadening results show gamma recrystallization is dominant in the interrupted low-cycle-fatigue samples, whereas inhomogeneous deformation occurs in the failed low-cycle-fatigue samples. The performed synchrotron diffraction experiments offer a deeper insight into the phase transformations and micromechanism of TiAl alloy during low-cycle fatigue.

cyclic stress-strain behavior↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effects of annealed temperature on the properties of TiO{sub 2} thin films

In this work, the structural, morphological and electrical properties of TiO{sub 2} thin films are studied. The phase transformation of TiO{sub 2} from anatase to rutile is occurred at a certain temperature. This transformation increases defects concentration onthe surface of the film which acts as trapping sites for carriers, thereby affecting the Fermi level of TiO{sub 2} film.Quantitative estimation of Fermi level shifting is measured in terms of work function measurement using scanning Kelvin probe measurement. Work function of TiO{sub 2} was found to decrease with increasing annealed temperature indicating shifting of Fermi level towards conduction band. Position of Fermi level plays an important role in phase transformation and electronic properties of TiO{sub 2}.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Amorphization and recrystallization of single-crystalline hydrogen titanate nanowires by N{sup +} ion irradiation

We report on the phase transformation of hydrogen titanate (H{sub 2}Ti{sub 3}O{sub 7}) nanowires induced by 50 keV N{sup +} ion irradiation at room temperature with fluences of 1 × 10{sup 15} ions/cm{sup 2} and 1 × 10{sup 16} ions/cm{sup 2}, respectively. Using transmission electron microscopy, the internal structure of the ion irradiated nanowires is analyzed. At low fluence, a transformation from crystalline H{sub 2}Ti{sub 3}O{sub 7} to amorphous TiO{sub 2} is observed. However, at higher fluence, a remarkable crystalline-amorphous TiO{sub 2} core-shell structure is formed. At this higher fluence, the recrystallization occurs in the core of the nanowire and the outer layer remains amorphous. The phase transformation and formation of core-shell structure are explained using the thermal spike model, radiation enhanced diffusion, and classical theory of nucleation and growth under non-equilibrium thermodynamics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman scattering reveal further insight into the structure of the nanowires before and after ion irradiation.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Pre-processing related recrystallization behavior in β annealing of a near-β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr titanium alloy

Highlights: • Recrystallization behavior of Ti-55531 alloy in β annealing under four typical pre-processing conditions is studied. • Recrystallization nucleation mode is governed by the size and distribution of substructures. • The sequence of phase transformation and β recrystallization significantly affects recrystallized grain size. • The uniform substructures produce a higher fraction of low angle grain boundaries after full recrystallization. - Abstract: Recrystallization behavior of Ti-55531 alloy in β annealing is explored for grain refinement during primary hot working. Four typical pre-processing conditions were adopted to characterize the diverse processing routes of primary hot working: deformation and annealing in the two-phase region, deformation of globularized structure in two-phase region, deformation of lamellar structure in two-phase region and deformation in single β region. The microstructure evolution in β annealing was quantified by Optical Microscopy (OM), Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and quantitative metallography. The results indicate that the nucleation mode of static recrystallization is determined by the size and distribution of substructures prior to annealing which is related to pre-processing route. The uniform substructures in as-deformed globularized structure produce a higher fraction of low angle grain boundaries after full recrystallization. Fine β recrystallized structure can be obtained when β recrystallization is accompanied by α-to-β phase transformation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ordered/Disordered Sendust Powders Prepared by Mechanical Alloying

In this study, Sendust alloy (Fe{sub 85}Si{sub 9.6}Al{sub 5.4}) was fabricated by mechanical alloying process, and its crystal structure and magnetic properties were investigated. Sendust alloy has excellent soft magnetic properties and is widely used in different applications. Raw materials (Fe, Si, and Al) were milled by a planetary ball mill at different milling times, from 5 to 20 h. The resulted alloys were annealed at 1373 and 1473 K for 2 h, and the effect of annealing temperature was investigated on the magnetic properties. Crystal structure of the samples was investigated by X-ray diffractometery method. The results indicated that saturation magnetization of 10-h milled sample was at maximum, and it decreased both by increasing milling time and by annealing. These variations were discussed based on phase transformation from ordered to disordered phases and/or vice versa. The maximum saturation magnetization obtained, 156 emu/g, was comparable by those reported for Sendust alloy, which was prepared by other methods. Magnetization–temperature curves of the alloys and annealed ones were recorded by a Faraday balance. Two clear drops were observed on each M-T curve of the as-milled samples that displayed the existence of two different magnetic phases. On the other hand, there is just one drop on the M-T curves of the annealed samples, indicating that these samples were in a less disordered phase.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structural phase transition of BaZrO{sub 3} under high pressure

We studied the phase transition behavior of cubic BaZrO{sub 3} perovskite by in situ high pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments up to 46.4 GPa at room temperature. The phase transition from cubic phase to tetragonal phase was observed in BaZrO{sub 3} for the first time, which takes place at 17.2 GPa. A bulk modulus 189 (26) GPa for cubic BaZrO{sub 3} is derived from the pressure–volume data. Upon decompression, the high pressure phase transforms into the initial cubic phase. It is suggested that the unstable phonon mode caused by the rotation of oxygen octahedra plays a crucial role in the high pressure phase transition behavior of BaZrO{sub 3}.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Influence of Ag doping concentration on structural and optical properties of CdS thin film

This work shows the influence of Ag concentration on structural properties of pulsed laser deposited nanocrystalline CdS thin film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirm the dopant concentration in CdS films and atomic concentration of elements. XPS studies show that the samples are slightly sulfur deficient. GAXRD scan reveals the structural phase transformation from cubic to hexagonal phase of CdS without appearance of any phase of CdO, Ag{sub 2}O or Ag{sub 2}S suggesting the substitutional doping of Ag ions. Photoluminescence studies illustrate that emission intensity increases with increase in dopant concentration upto 5% and then decreases for higher dopant concentration.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Phase evolution during conventional and reactive flash sintering of (Mg,Ni,Co,Cu,Zn)O via in situ X-ray diffraction

Reactive flash sintering (RFS) enables the simultaneous synthesis and sintering of ceramics and has been shown to affect the reaction pathway of different materials. Herein, in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to investigate the (Mg,Ni,Co,Cu,Zn)O entropy-stabilized oxide formation during: (i) conventional heating and (ii) RFS under current rate-controlled mode. The same reaction pathway is verified in both instances: the starting rock-salt (RS), spinel (Co 3 O 4 ), tenorite (CuO), and wurtzite (ZnO) phases transform into a single RS phase with a (1 1 1) to (2 0 0) intensity ratio of 0.67, consistent with a random distribution of the cations into the structure. Pt lattice peak shift from the XRD patterns is used as standard to monitor the sample surface temperature, revealing a strong endothermic reaction during the RS single-phase formation (Pt peaks shift toward higher angles while increasing sample temperature/current density). Furthermore, in RFS, the single-phase RS structure is formed in just 60 s at a furnace temperature of 600°C and a current rate of 220 mA mm -2 /min. Therefore, RFS greatly accelerates the synthesis of (Mg,Ni,Co,Cu,Zn)O, however, it does not play a role in the reaction pathway for this material formation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Friction Stir Processing for Efficient Manufacturing

Friction at contacting surfaces in relative motion is a major source of parasitic energy loss in machine systems and manufacturing processes. Consequently, friction reduction usually translates to efficiency gain and reduction in energy consumption. Furthermore, friction at surfaces eventually leads to wear and failure of the components thereby compromising reliability and durability. In order to reduce friction and wear in tribological components, material surfaces are often hardened by a variety of methods, including conventional heat treatment, laser surface hardening, and thin-film coatings. While these surface treatments are effective when used in conjunction with lubrication to prevent failure, they are all energy intensive and could potentially add significant cost. A new concept for surface hardening of metallic materials and components is Friction Stir Processing (FSP). Compared to the current surface hardening technologies, FSP is more energy efficient has no emission or waste by products and may result in better tribological performance. FSP involves plunging a rotating tool to a predetermined depth (case layer thickness) and translating the FSP tool along the area to be processed. This action of the tool produces heating and severe plastic deformation of the processed area. For steel the temperature is high enough to cause phase transformation, ultimately forming hard martensitic phase. Indeed, FSP has been used for surface modification of several metals and alloys so as to homogenize the microstructure and refine the grain size, both of which led to improved fatigue and corrosion resistance. Based on the effect of FSP on near-surface layer material, it was expected to have beneficial effects on friction and wear performance of metallic materials. However, little or no knowledge existed on the impact of FSP concerning friction and wear performance the subject of the this project and final report. Specifically for steel, which is the most dominant tribological material, FSP can replace the current conventional surface hardening techniques used for friction and wear performance. Friction Stir Link Inc. (FSL) is teamed with Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to develop and optimize FSP for friction and wear performance enhancement. The ultimate goal is to offer FSP and an effective alternative to some of the current energy intensive and high-cost surface hardening processes.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗