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Matrix grain characterisation by electron backscattering diffraction of powder metallurgy aluminum matrix composites reinforced with MoSi{sub 2} intermetallic particles
Research highlights: Six extruded PM AA6061/MoSi{sub 2}/15p were processed with and without ball milling {yields} EBSD was used to characterise matrix grain size and grain orientation. {yields} Ball milling decreases matrix grain size to submicrometric level. {yields} Ball milling produces a more equiaxed microstructure and larger misorientation. {yields} Increasing milling time produces matrix texture randomization.
Electron backscatter and X-ray diffraction studies on the deformation and annealing textures of austenitic stainless steel 310S
We studied the texture evolution of thermo-mechanically processed austenitic stainless steel 310S. This alloy was cold rolled up to 90% reduction in thickness and subsequently annealed at 1050 °C. At the early stages of deformation, strain-induced martensite was formed from deformed austenite. By increasing the deformation level, slip mechanism was found to be insufficient to accommodate higher deformation strains. Our results demonstrated that twinning is the dominant deformation mechanism at higher deformation levels. Results also showed that cold rolling in unidirectional and cross rolling modes results in Goss/Brass and Brass dominant textures in deformed samples, respectively. Similar texture components are observed after annealing. Thus, the annealing texture was greatly affected by texture of the deformed parent phase and martensite did not contribute as it showed an athermal reversion during annealing. Results also showed that when the fraction of martensite exceeds a critical point, its grain boundaries impeded the movement of austenite grain boundaries during annealing. As a result, recrystallization incubation time would increase. This caused an incomplete recrystallization of highly deformed samples, which led to a rational drop in the intensity of the texture components. - Highlights: •Thermo-mechanical processing through different cold rolling modes can induce different textures. •Martensite reversion is athermal during annealing. •Higher fraction of deformation-induced martensite can increase the annealing time required for complete recrystallization. •Annealing texture is mainly influenced by the deformation texture of austenite.
Growth mechanism of extension twin variants during annealing of pure magnesium: An ‘ex situ’ electron backscattered diffraction investigation
Pure magnesium was subjected to plastic deformation through CSM (continuous stiffness measurement) indentation followed by annealing at 200 °C for 30 min. Nucleation of no new grains was observed neither at the twin–twin intersections nor at the multiple twin variants of a grain after annealing. Significant growth of off-basal twin orientation compared to basal twin orientation was observed in the sample after annealing and is attributed to the partial coherent nature of twin boundary in the later case. Further, growth of twins was independent of the strain distribution between parent and twinned grains. - Highlights: • An ‘ex situ’ EBSD of pure Mg during annealing was investigated. • Nucleation of no new grains was observed. • Significant growth of off-basal twin orientation was observed. • Growth of twins may be attributed to the partial coherent nature of twin boundary.
Electron backscatter diffraction characterization of fatigue crack growth in laser metal wire deposited Ti-6Al-4V
Highlights: • No difference in fatigue crack growth rate was confirmed within the material. • The tortuosity of the crack propagation could be related to the alpha colonies. • Large areas with similar crystallographic orientation were observed. - Abstract: By additive manufacturing (AM) there is a feasibility of producing near net shape components in basically one step from 3D CAD model to final product. The interest for AM is high and during the past decade a lot of research has been carried out in order to understand the influence from process parameters on the microstructure and furthermore on the mechanical properties. In the present study laser metal wire deposition of Ti-6Al-4V has been studied in detail with regard to its fatigue crack propagation characteristics. Two specimen orientations, parallel and perpendicular to the deposition direction, have been evaluated at room temperature and at 250 °C. No difference in the fatigue crack growth rate could be confirmed for the two specimen orientations. However, in the fractographic study it was observed that the tortuosity varied between certain regions on the fracture surface. The local crack path characteristic could be related to the alpha colony size and/or the crystallographic orientation. Moreover, large areas exhibiting similar crystallographic orientation were observed along the prior beta grain boundaries, which were attributed to the wide alpha colonies frequently observed along the prior beta grain boundaries.
Electron Backscatter Diffraction for Investigating Lithium-Ion Electrode Particle Architectures
Not Available
Spatially resolved texture and microstructure evolution of additively manufactured and gas gun deformed 304L stainless steel investigated by neutron diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction
In this study, we report the characterization of a 304L stainless steel cylindrical projectile produced by additive manufacturing. The projectile was compressively deformed using a Taylor Anvil Gas Gun, leading to a huge strain gradient along the axis of the deformed cylinder. Spatially resolved neutron diffraction measurements on the HIgh Pressure Preferred Orientation time-of-flight diffractometer (HIPPO) and Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress diffractometer (SMARTS) beamlines at the Los Alamos Neutron Science CEnter (LANSCE) with Rietveld and single-peak analysis were used to quantitatively evaluate the volume fractions of the α, γ, and ε phases as well as residual strain and texture. The texture of the γ phase is consistent with uniaxial compression, while the α texture can be explained by the Kurdjumov–Sachs relationship from the γ texture after deformation. This indicates that the material first deformed in the γ phase and subsequently transformed at larger strains. The ε phase was only found in volumes close to the undeformed material with a texture connected to the γ texture by the Shoji–Nishiyama orientation relationship. This allows us to conclude that the ε phase occurs as an intermediate phase at lower strain, and is superseded by the α phase when strain increases further. Furthe, we found a proportionality between the root-mean-squared microstrain of the γ phase, dominated by the dislocation density, with the α volume fraction, consistent with strain-induced martensite α formation. In conclusion, knowledge of the sample volume with the ε phase from the neutron diffraction analysis allowed us to identify the ε phase by electron back scatter diffraction analysis, complementing the neutron diffraction analysis with characterization on the grain level.
Diffraction-controlled backscattering threshold and application to Raman gap
In most classic analytical models of linear stimulated scatter, light diffraction is omitted, a priori. However, modern laser optic typically includes a variant of the random phase plate [Y. Kato et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1057 (1984)], resulting in diffraction limited laser intensity fluctuations - or localized speckles - which may result in explosive reflectivity growth as the average laser intensity approaches a critical value [H. A. Rose and D. F. DuBois, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2883 (1994)]. Among the differences between stimulated Raman scatter (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scatter is that the SRS scattered light diffracts more strongly than the laser light with increase of electron density. This weakens the tendency of the SRS light to closely follow the most amplified paths, diminishing gain. Let G{sub 0} be the one-dimensional power gain exponent of the stimulated scatter. In this paper we show that differential diffraction gives rise to an increase of G{sub 0} at the SRS physical threshold with increase of electron density up to a drastic disruption of SRS as electron density approaches one fourth of its critical value from below. For three wave interaction lengths not small compared to a speckle length, this is a physically robust Raman gap mechanism.
Evaluation of the interface of thin GaN layers on c- and m-plane ZnO substrates by Rutherford backscattering
Lattice distortion at the interfaces between thin GaN layers with {approx}400 nm in thickness and ZnO substrates with non-polar m-plane (10-10) and polar c-plane (0001) is studied using Rutherford backscattering/ion channeling techniques. The interface between GaN/m-plane ZnO is aligned clearly to m-axis, indicating no lattice distortion, while between GaN/c-plane ZnO causes the lattice distortion in the GaN layer due to the piezoelectric field. The range of distortion exceeds {approx}90 nm from the interface of GaN/c-plane ZnO. These results are confirmed by x-ray diffraction and reflection high energy electron diffraction studies.
Robust relativistic electron mirrors in laser wakefields for enhanced Thomson backscattering
By adopting an up-ramp density profile, we propose to generate relativistic electron mirrors from laser-driven underdense plasma waves, which are insensitive to finite thermal temperature within a certain range. Along the density ramp, premature wavebreaking due to thermal effects is shown to be well mitigated. Under sufficiently high amplitudes of wake excitation, overcritical dense electron mirrors can pile up when approaching the end of the up-ramp. The consequent mirror speed can be stably driven to the group velocity of the laser propagating in a corresponding uniform plasma. Compared with using purely uniform but thermal plasmas, the present thermal-insensitive mirrors can provide enhanced scattering efficiency and spectral upshift for a counter-propagating probe pulse. These observations are confirmed by multi-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations.
Laser-Compton backscattering for nuclear astrophysics
Using γ-ray beams for experimental nucleosynthesis study forms a new branch of nuclear astrophysics. I introduce typical experimental investigations and give a future prospect of this branch.
Reduction of stimulated Brillouin backscattering with plasma beam smoothing
Plasma induced incoherence (PII) can strongly modify the growth rates of stimulated scattering instabilities. A special double-target design was used to quantify the effect of PII on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Successive shots using all or part of these targets led to the characterization of temporal and spatial incoherence of a laser pulse after propagation through a foam plasma and to the quantification of the reduction of SBS from the second target. Numerical simulations were used to identify the main physical mechanisms in play.
Effect of the magnetic field on coexisting stimulated Raman and Brillouin backscattering of an extraordinary mode
This paper presents a model to study the interplay between the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the presence of background magnetic field. This formalism is applicable to laser produced plasma as well as to heating mechanism in toroidal system by an extraordinary electromagnetic wave. In the former case, the magnetic field is self-generated, while in the latter case (toroidal plasmas) magnetic field is applied externally. The behavior of one scattering process is explicitly dependent on the coexisting scattering process as well as on the magnetic field. Explicit expressions for the back-reflectivity of scattered beams (SRS and SBS) are presented. It has been demonstrated that due to the magnetic field and coexistence of the scattering processes (SRS and SBS) the back-reflectivity gets modified significantly. Results are also compared with the three wave interaction case (isolated SRS or SBS case)
Probing the potential and reaction coupling effects of {sup 6,7}Li+{sup 28}Si at sub- and near-barrier energies with elastic backscattering
The excitation functions for {sup 7}Li+{sup 28}Si quasielastic scattering at 150 deg. and 170 deg. have been measured at sub- and near-barrier energies (0.6 to 1.3 V{sub B}) and the corresponding barrier distributions derived. The results were analyzed within the framework of the optical model using a procedure similar to one used on previous results for {sup 6}Li+{sup 28}Si employing double-folded potentials calculated using the BDM3Y1 effective interaction. The variation of the surface strength of the optical potential as a function of incident energy was compared for the two systems {sup 6}Li+{sup 28}Si and {sup 7}Li+{sup 28}Si, the barrier distributions being used to help better define the potential at the lowest energies. The barrier distributions were also analyzed with continuum-discretized coupled-channel (CDCC) and coupled reaction channel (CRC) calculations as a means of investigating the influence of breakup and transfer reactions on these quantities for these light, weakly bound projectiles.
Exploration of synchrotron Mossbauer micrscopy with micrometer resolution: forward and a new backscattering modality on natural samples
New aspects of synchrotron Moessbauer microscopy are presented. A 5 {micro}m spatial resolution is achieved, and sub-micrometer resolution is envisioned. Two distinct and unique methods, synchrotron Moessbauer imaging and nuclear resonant incoherent X-ray imaging, are used to resolve spatial distribution of species that are chemically and magnetically distinct from one another. Proof-of-principle experiments were performed on enriched {sup 57}Fe phantoms, and on samples with natural isotopic abundance, such as meteorites.
The Coherent Backscattering Opposition Effect: Search for Wavelength Dependent Changes in the Shape of the Phase Curve
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Polarimetric Modelling of Ocean Backscatter and Brightness Temperatures
There has been an increasng Interest in the applications of polarimetric microwave radiometers for ocean wind remote sensing.
Assessment of Sea Ice Thickness Inversion from Backscatter Data
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