Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Balloon Instruments”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 865 records · Page 48

Coastal-Fog Microphysics Using In-Situ Observations and GOES-R Retrievals

Here, the objective of this work is to evaluate GOES-R based fog conditions occurred during the C-FOG (Toward Improving Coastal Fog Prediction) field campaign. C-FOG is designed to advance understanding of fog formation, development, and dissipation over coastal environments to improve its predictability. The project took place along coastlines and open water environments of Eastern Canada (Nova Scotia, NS and the Island of Newfoundland, NL) during August-October of 2018 where environmental conditions play an important role for late season’s fog formation. During the C-FOG field campaign, instruments were located at the Ferryland Supersite, NL, with 2 main sites, and five satellite sites, as well as on the Research Vessel (R/V) Hugh R. Sharp. Key measurement instruments included a Gondola carrying a CDP (cloud droplet probe) and a BCP (backscatter cloud probe) was used for measuring droplet spectra from 1-75 µm on the R/V. A LPM (laser precipitation monitor) with 100 µm-1 cm size range and an OPC (optical particle counter) with 0.3-17 µm at 16 spectral channels provided information for fog and drizzle discrimination. Remote sensing platforms (e.g. profiling microwave radiometer, PMWR), Ceilometer, Lidar), meteorological towers, tethered balloons, and GOES-R products (e.g. fog coverage and droplet size and liquid water path) were used to evaluate fog over horizontal and vertical dimensions. Results suggest that effective radius, phase, liquid water path, and liquid water content values obtained from GOES-R and PMWR were comparable to ground based in-situ observations. It is concluded that integration of observations and nowcasting products may help improve short term local fog predictions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

CRGTBSO3 TBS Ozone Data

The Tethered Balloon System (TBS) operated for two weeks during a summer IOP of the CoURAGE campaign. This dataset includes data collected from an En-Sci electrochemical cell (ECC) ozonesonde on the TBS. The ozonesonde was connected to an iMet-4RSB radiosonde, and the overall data collected included ozone, relative humidity, temperature, and altitude. The data from the iMet is the same as that found in the TBSMERGED data product. The TBS also had another instrument (iMet XQ2) that collected meteorological data, which may have more accurate relative humidity (RH) data. This ozonesonde data set is intended to complement the TBSMERGED data product, the CRGTBSO3 surface ozone measurements, and the CoURAGE SWARM ozone lidar (TOLNet) measurements from other locations.

Atmospheric relative humidity↗

Investigation of the electric field below 80 km from a parachute-deployed payload

An experimental investigation of the atmospheric electric field from rocket-boosted parachute-deployed payloads has been conducted. Data from two prototype flights; a drop test from a high-altitude balloon on July 10, 1973; and a rocket test on July 24, 1974, indicate that measurements of the ambient electric field from parachuted payloads are possible under appropriate circumstances. However, intermittent anomalous charging of the payloads, probes, and parachute has sometimes prevented measurement of the ambient field. No good explanation of this anomalous behavior has been found. This charging process needs to be understood or prevented before fully reliable operation of this and other related instruments can be achieved.

Bering, E. A.↗

The Next Generation of Planetary Atmospheric Probes

Entry probes provide useful insights into the structures of planetary atmospheres, but give only one-dimensional pictures of complex four-dimensional systems that vary on all temporal and spatial scales. This makes the interpretation of the results quite challenging, especially as regards atmospheric dynamics. Here is a planetary meteorologist's vision of what the next generation of atmospheric entry probe missions should be: Dedicated sounding instruments get most of the required data from orbit. Relatively simple and inexpensive entry probes are released from the orbiter, with low entry velocities, to establish ground truth, to clarify the vertical structure, and for adaptive observations to enhance the dataset in preparation for sensitive operations. The data are assimilated onboard in real time. The products, being immediately available, are of immense benefit for scientific and operational purposes (aerobraking, aerocapture, accurate payload delivery via glider, ballooning missions, weather forecasts, etc.).

Houben, Howard↗

Early Validation Analyses of Atmospheric Profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura Satellite

We present results of early validation studies using retrieved atmospheric profiles from the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Aura satellite. 'Global' results are presented for MLS measurements of atmospheric temperature, ozone, water vapor, hydrogen chloride, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, and carbon monoxide, with a focus on the January-March 2005 time period. These global comparisons are made using long-standing global satellites and meteorological datasets, as well as some measurements from more recently launched satellites. Comparisons of MLS data with measurements from the Ft. Sumner, NM, September 2004 balloon flights are also presented. Overall, good agreeement is obtained, often within 5% to 10%, but we point out certain issues to resolve and some larger systematic differences; some artifacts in the first publicly released MLS (version 1.5) dataset are noted.We comment briefly on future plans for validation and software improvements.

Atmospheric retrievals↗

Towards a Model Climatology of Relative Humidity in the Upper Troposphere for Estimation of Contrail and Contrail-Induced Cirrus

The formation of contrails and contrail cirrus is very sensitive to the relative humidity of the upper troposphere. To reduce uncertainty in an estimate of the radiative impact of aviation-induced cirrus, a model must therefore be able to reproduce the observed background moisture fields with reasonable and quantifiable fidelity. Here we present an upper tropospheric moisture climatology from a 26-year ensemble of simulations using the GEOS CCM. We compare this free-running model's moisture fields to those obtained from the MLS and AIRS satellite instruments, our most comprehensive observational databases for upper tropospheric water vapor. Published comparisons have shown a substantial wet bias in GEOS-5 assimilated fields with respect to MLS water vapor and ice water content. This tendency is clear as well in the GEOS CCM simulations. The GEOS-5 moist physics in the GEOS CCM uses a saturation adjustment that prevents supersaturation, which is unrealistic when compared to in situ moisture observations from MOZAIC aircraft and balloon sondes as we will show. Further, the large-scale satellite datasets also consistently underestimate super-saturation when compared to the in-situ observations. We place these results in the context of estimates of contrail and contrail cirrus frequency.

Selkirk, Henry B.↗

EPIC Calibration/Validation Experiment Field Campaign Report

A field exercise involving several different kinds of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and supporting instrumentation systems provided by DOE/ARM and NOAA/NSSL was conducted at the ARM SGP site in Lamont, Oklahoma on 29-30 October 2016. This campaign was part of a larger National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) UAS Program Office program awarded to the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). named Environmental Profiling and Initiation of Convection (EPIC). The EPIC Field Campaign (Test and Calibration/Validation) proposed to ARM was a test or “dry-run” for a follow-up campaign to be requested for spring/summer 2017. The EPIC project addresses NOAA’s objective to “evaluate options for UAS profiling of the lower atmosphere with applications for severe weather.” The project goal is to demonstrate that fixed-wing and rotary-wing small UAS have the combined potential to provide a unique observing system capable of providing detailed profiles of temperature, moisture, and winds within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) to help determine the potential for severe weather development. Specific project objectives are: 1) to develop small UAS capable of acquiring needed wind and thermodynamic profiles and transects of the ABL using one fixed-wing UAS operating in tandem with two different fixed rotary-wing UAS pairs; 2) adapt and test miniaturized, high-precision, and fast-response atmospheric sensors with high accuracy in strong winds characteristic of the pre-convective ABL in Oklahoma; 3) conduct targeted short-duration experiments at the ARM Southern Great Plains site in northern Oklahoma concurrently with a second site to be chosen in “real-time” from the Oklahoma Mesonet in coordination with the (National Weather Service (NWS)-Norman Forecast Office; and 4) gain valuable experience in pursuit of NOAA’s goals for determining the value of airborne, mobile observing systems for monitoring rapidly evolving high-impact severe weather conditions not observed with current operational systems. OU operated three UAS at the Lamont SGP site – the OU CopterSonde, the OU Iris, and the Meteomatics Meteodrone – under a blanket Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certificate of Authorization (COA) allowing flights up to 400 feet above ground level (AGL). The mission for the rotary-wing UAS involved four aircraft, three from the ARM Lamont site and one from an Oklahoma Mesonet site located at Medford, involving a vertical ascent to an altitude of 400 ft (130 m) AGL at ~ 30 minute intervals for ~ 5 hours duration on each of the two experiment days. This operation was conducted in close coordination with NSSL-launched rawinsonde balloons at the two sites, and operation of a fixed-wing UAS from the University of Colorado called the TTwistor that flew mission flight legs between the Lamont site and Medford. The NSSL operation at Medford (outside of ARM) also involved use of their Collaborative Lower Atmosphere Mobile Profiling System (CLAMPS) ground-based remote-sensing system for measuring atmospheric profiles of temperature, moisture, and winds with atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer (AERI), microwave radiometer, and Doppler wind lidar systems. The ARM Facility supported the project by providing access to their instrumented tower data at Lamont (at three levels), as well as AERI and Doppler wind lidar data obtained from systems quite similar to those used by CLAMPS. These non-UAS data from both ARM and NSSL provided the observations used to validate the experimental UAS observations.

atmospheric boundary layer↗

Development of a Ballon-Borne Barge-Mounted Wind Measurement Platform

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is developing a low-cost, environmentally safe, and weather-proof sensor system that can be deployed offshore for extended periods of time for wind resource monitoring. The system has clear economic benefits over meteorological (met) tower approaches and is easily relocated to multiple locations across a project site. The end development goal is a buoy or barge-based, balloon-borne atmospheric measurement platform that operates autonomously in all but the most severe weather conditions, provides data of comparable accuracy to a met tower, and provides more accurate wind data at higher altitudes than floating lidar at half the cost.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

The upper atmosphere research satellite

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) will provide, for the first time, data on a global basis for the study of the physical processes acting witin and upon the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. Specifically, the areas of scientifc study to be addressed are energy input and loss, photochemistry, dynamics, and the coupling among processes and between atmospheric regions. The UARS is a single observatory consisting of a multimission modular spacecraft (MMS) and an instrument module containing 10 scientific instruments. The satellite will be Shuttle launched and placed in a 57 deg inclined orbit at 600 km altitude. A Central Data Handling Facility (CDHF) will receive data from the satellite and process these data into atmospheric quantities for use by the science team. The 'processed' data will be stored at the CDHF and will be available via communication lines for analysis by the investigators at their home laboratories using remote computers. Together with other satellite programs, balloons, sounding rockets, and laboratory efforts, UARS will make available the opportunity for extensive coordination of data devoted to solar terrestrial study.

Burr, P. T.↗

SHARPI: Solar High Angular Resolution Photometric Imager

Observing the lower solar atmosphere with enough linear resolution (< 100 km) to study individual magnetic flux tubes and other features on scales comparable to the photon mean free path has proven to be a challenging and elusive goal. Space-borne instruments based on conventional heavy optics turned out to be too expensive, and adaptive optics on the ground made slow progress for many years. Nevertheless, the scientific case for high-resolution imaging and magnetography has only become more compelling over the last ten years. Today, ground-based adaptive optics is a promising approach for small fields of view at visible wavelengths. Space experiments will need to employ lightweight optics and low cost platforms. The Sunrise balloon experiment is one example. We describe a concept for a sounding rocket experiment that will achieve 0.1-arcsecond imaging using a lightweight, ultraprecise 55-cm mirror in the far ultraviolet (160 nm continuum, Lyman alpha, and possibly C IV 155 nm). The f/1.2 parabolic primary mirror is entering the final stages of production. The mirror is a ULE honeycomb design with front and back face sheets. The front sheet will be figured to 6.3 nm rms with microroughness 1 nm or better. For the initial proof of concept, we describe a no-frills, high-cadence imager aboard a Black Brant sounding rocket. Development of lightweight UV/EUV optics at Goddard Space Flight Center has been supported by the Internal Research and Development program.

Rabin, D.↗

Comparison of ozone profiles from ground-based lidar, electrochemical concentration cell balloon sonde, ROCOZ-A rocket ozonesonde, and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment satellite measurements

A series of coordinated atmospheric ozone profile measurements was made during October and November 1988. Only SAGE II measurements made within 1000 km of both of the ground, sites were considered for this intercomparison study. It was found that, at least for the time of year of the study, SAGE II measurements agreed only when they were made much closer than 1000 km (less than 500 km) from the other sites, and this is explained in terms of the large latitudinal gradient observed in the ozone concentration profile. Agreement to 5 percent was seen between the instruments, over the altitude range from 20 to 50 km, when the measurements were made close together in both time and space.

Mcdermid, I. S.↗

Simulation and Comparison of Martian Surface Ionization Radiation

The spectrum of energetic particle radiation and corresponding doses at the surface of Mars is being characterized by the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD), one of ten science instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover. The time series of dose rate for the first 300 Sols after landing on Mars on August 6, 2012 is presented here. For the comparison to RAD measurements of dose rate, Martian surface ionization radiation is simulated by utilizing observed space quantities. The GCR primary radiation spectrum is calculated by using the Badhwar-O'Neill 2011 (BO11) galactic cosmic ray (GCR) model, which has been developed by utilizing all balloon and satellite GCR measurements since 1955 and the newer 1997-2012 Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) measurements. In the BO11 model, solar modulation of the GCR primary radiation spectrum is described in terms of the international smoothed sunspot number and a time delay function. For the transport of the impingent GCR primary radiation through Mars atmosphere, a vertical distribution of atmospheric thickness at each elevation is calculated using the vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and pressure made by Mars Global Surveyor measurements. At Gale Crater in the southern hemisphere, the seasonal variation of atmospheric thickness is accounted for the daily atmospheric pressure measurements of the MSL Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) by using low- and high-density models for cool- and warm-season, respectively. The spherically distributed atmospheric distance is traced along the slant path, and the resultant directional shielding by Martian atmosphere is coupled with Curiosity vehicle for dose estimates. We present predictions of dose rate and comparison to the RAD measurements. The simulation agrees to within +/- 20% with the RAD measurements showing clearly the variation of dose rate by heliospheric conditions, and presenting the sensitivity of dose rate by atmospheric pressure, which has been found from the RAD experiments and driven by thermal tides on Martian surface.

Kim, Myung-Hee Y.↗

Overview of the Design, Fabrication and Performance Requirements of Micro-Spec, an Integrated Submillimeter Spectrometer

Micro-Spec is a compact submillimeter (350-700 GHz) spectrometer which uses low loss superconducting niobium microstrip transmission lines and a single-crystal silicon dielectric to integrate all of the components of a grating-analog spectrometer onto a single chip. Here we present details of the fabrication and design of a prototype Micro-Spec spectrometer with resolution, R64, where we use a high-yield single-flip wafer bonding process to realize instrument components on a 0.45 m single-crystal silicon dielectric. We discuss some of the electromagnetic design concerns (such as loss, stray-light, cross-talk, and fabrication tolerances) for each of the spectrometer components and their integration into the instrument as a whole. These components include a slot antenna with a silicon lens for optical coupling, a phase delay transmission line network, parallel plate waveguide interference region, and aluminum microstrip transmission line kinetic inductance detectors with extremely low cross-talk and immunity to stray light. We have demonstrated this prototype spectrometer with design resolution of R64. Given the optical performance of this prototype, we will also discuss the extension of this design to higher resolutions suitable for balloon-flight.

spectrometer↗

Clustering Acoustic Background Noise in the Stratosphere Using Machine Learning

Infrasound, characterized by low-frequency sound inaudible to humans (<20 Hz), emanates from natural and anthropogenic sources. Its efficacy for monitoring phenomena necessitates robust sensing networks. Traditional ground-based infrasound sensors have limitations due to atmospheric dynamics and noise interference. Balloon-bore sensors have emerged as an alternative, offering reduced noise and improved capabilities. This study bridges clustering algorithms with balloon borne infrasound data, a domain yet to be explored. Employing K-Means, DBSCAN, and GMM algorithms on normalized and reshaped data and only normalized data from a New Zealand-based NASA balloon flight, insights into background noise at stratospheric altitudes were revealed. Despite challenges arising from distinguishing signals amid unique background noise, this research provides vital reference material for noise analysis and calibration. Beyond infrasound event capture, the dataset enriches comprehension of background noise characteristics in the southern hemisphere.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

The Galactic Annihilation Line Explorer (GALE): Balloon-borne Mission to study Galactic 511-keV annihilation emission

The Galactic Annihilation Line Explorer (GALE) mission will address the long-standing question of the sources of Galactic positrons: whether they are produced by unresolved astrophysical sources or created via diffuse processes, possibly due to dark matter decay and/or annihilation. The problem of Galactic positrons that produce 511-keV gamma-ray emission from the Galactic plane and Galactic Center has existed for years and is well-defined by the measurements of INTEGRAL/SPI. GALE is designed to achieve the needed angular resolution (fraction of a degree) and point source sensitivity (< 10−4 ph/cm2/s) required to understand the 511-keV emission structure in the Galactic Center. The GALE instrument combines a coded-aperture mask (CAM) with a cadmium-zinc-telluride imaging calorimeter (ImCal) to form a combined CAM/Compton telescope. This is mated with the Wallops Arc-Second Pointer (WASP) support system to achieve the precise telescope pointing control required for imaging the Galactic Center. In this paper, the science goals, GALE instrument concept, anticipated performance and mission results will be discussed.

Moiseev, Alex A [University of Maryland, College P↗

Instrument Development for X-Ray Astronomy

Current x-ray observatories such as Chandra and XMM-Newton have delivered spectacular results at soft-x-ray energies thanks to their grazing incidence mirrors. To continue these advances necessitates the development of mirrors with even larger collecting areas, yet within manageable weights and budgets, and focal detectors with improved energy resolution. At higher energies where x-ray critical-grazing angles become very small, x-ray optics have typically not been employed and thus this region remains relatively unexplored at high sensitivity levels and fine angular resolutions. This situation is changing with the development of hard-x-ray optics carried aloft by high-altitude balloons, which promise to bring about dramatic advances. This presentation will review developments in all these areas.

Ramsey, Brian↗

Progress in Search for Antihelium with BESS

We have searched for antihelium nuclei in cosmic rays using the data obtained from balloon flights of the BESS magnetic spectrometer. The search was mainly based on track-quality selection, followed by rigidity analysis, and on the time-of-flight and dE/dx measurements by the scintillation counter hodoscope. We analysed all the data collected during 1993-2000 with a common analysis procedure. No antihelium nuclei events were found in the energy range from 1 to 14 GV. In order to determine a new upper limit, we have simulated the loss in the air and in the instrument of He (He-bar) using the GEANT/GHEISHA code. Combined with the data collected in 1993 through 2000, a new 95 % confidence upper limit for the ratio of He-bar/He at the top of the atmosphere of 6.8 x 10(exp -7) has been obtained to be after correcting for the interactions in the air and in the instruments.

Sasaki, M.↗

The Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI): Expected Results at Titan and Performance Verification in Terrestrial Atmosphere

The Huygens ASI is a multi-sensor package resulting from an international cooperation, it has been designed to measure the physical quantities characterizing Titan's atmosphere during the Huygens probe mission. On 14th January, 2005, HASI will measure acceleration, pressure, temperature and electrical properties all along the Huygens probe descent on Titan in order to study Titan s atmospheric structure, dynamics and electric properties. Monitoring axial and normal accelerations and providing direct pressure and temperature measurements during the descent, HASI will mainly contribute to the Huygens probe entry and trajectory reconstruction. In order to simulate the Huygens probe descent and verify HASI sensors performance in terrestrial environment, stratospheric balloon flight experiment campaigns have been performed, in collaboration with the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The results of flight experiments have allowed to determine the atmospheric vertical profiles and to obtain a set of data for the analysis of probe trajectory and attitude reconstruction.

Ferri, F.↗