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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 865 records · Page 48
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Insights from FEED studies for retrofitting existing fossil power plants with carbon capture technology

Recent United States Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored front-end engineering design (FEED) studies for retrofitting existing fossil-fueled power plants with state-of-the-art carbon capture technology contain previously overlooked real-world design considerations for near-term deployment of carbon capture. Insights from examining seven recently published FEED study reports are summarized in this paper. This includes a discussion of the design, performance, and cost implications associated with (1) location-specific considerations such as water availability, land availability, and accessibility; (2) host-plant-specific factors such as flue gas specifications, allowable degree of integration between the capture system and host plant, and operational mode; and (3) miscellaneous factors such as market conditions, permitting requirements, and business case incentives. In conclusion, this manuscript highlights (1) water availability as a key design and cost driver, with host plant steam extraction increasing capture system cooling water availability, (2) modularization and constructability impacts on the number of capture trains, (3) the impacts of host plant operational mode and capacity factor on the business case for installing capture, and (4) the merit of continued research, development, and demonstration efforts addressing steam extraction, host plant tie-in at the stack, solvent reclamation and air emissions control.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Molecular dynamics simulations of energy accommodation between gases and polymers for ultra-low thermal conductivity insulation

Determining the energy accommodation between gases and solids is essential to developing porous thermal insulation materials with ultra-low effective thermal conductivity that reduce energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and fossil fuel consumption. The energy accommodation coefficients of most gases, however, have been rarely studied, especially with respect to solids that have relatively high thermal resistivity, e.g., polymers. Here, by using all-atom nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal the accommodation coefficients of He, Ar, N 2 , and O 2 with polymers, mainly polystyrene. We find that their values are around 0.51, 0.72, 0.79, and 0.90, respectively, suggesting a critical reexamination of the commonly used theoretical maximum value of 1. We have also conducted experiments and validated the value for air, which is about 0.81. Such a change in accommodation coefficients can lead to a reduction of about 70%, 50%, 35%, and 20% in the thermal conductivity of He, Ar, N 2 , and O 2 gases in nano pores (below 100 nm) or at low pressures (below 1 millibar). With these new accommodation coefficients, we find that in a 10 nm pore with ambient pressure at 300 K, the gas thermal conductivity of He, Ar, N 2 , and O 2 in porous polystyrene can be as low as 9.7 × 10 –4 , 3.4 × 10 –4 , 7.3 × 10 –4 , and 8.5 × 10 –4 W·m –1 ·K –1 , respectively, which are two to three orders of magnitude lower than their bulk values, promising higher thermal resistivity of insulation materials. This work reveals the fundamental energy exchange between gases and polymers, providing important guidance for designing high-performance thermal insulation materials for various applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Process intensification approach to enhancing heat and mass transfer during drying: Ultrasonic (US) assisted drying of paper and board

Drying of paper and board is conventionally achieved through alternating conduction (steam-heated cylinders) and pocket convection (heated air over the paper web surface). These conventional drying systems rely heavily on steam from fossil fuels, resulting in inefficiencies, high energy usage, and thermal losses due to surface-driven mechanisms. Here, to address these challenges, an experimental system, with in-situ drying characteristics measurements, was developed to investigate process intensification using ultrasonic-based dewatering—a volumetric, pressure-driven acoustic energy system—integrated with conventional drying. The objectives of this study are to assess the impact of ultrasonics (US) on dewatering; compare performances to conventional drying systems; identify improvements in drying rate and energy use as a function of moisture content; and gain potential insights on heat and mass transfer mechanisms during US-assisted drying. US performance was evaluated across frequencies, power levels, pulp types, and basis weights. Results show that improvements to ultrasonic applications in conjunction with convection were 30-43% in drying rate and 20-35% in drying time over continuous and intermittent applications. When combined with conduction and convection, ultrasonics yielded up to 20% improvement in both rate and time and up to 20% reduction in energy consumption. Observations support a hypothesis of extension of the constant rate period due to improved capillary flow at higher moisture content and enhancing vapor diffusion and boundary layer disruption at lower moisture contents during falling rate period. These findings will inform future modeling, simulation, design and optimization of advanced drying systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment for electrochemical ammonia production using proton conducting membrane

Green ammonia production is facing increasing interest on a global scale as a hydrogen carrier for power generation as well as fertilizer for food production. The conventional Haber-Bosch method for ammonia synthesis is energy demanding, requires high purity hydrogen, and is based on fossil fuels. A preliminary techno-economic model for electrochemical ammonia synthesis at near ambient pressure using feed rates of 32 metric ton/day for hydrogen and 135 metric ton/day for nitrogen is presented in this study. Various pathways using different methods for nitrogen generation and hydrogen production were investigated to gain insight into added energy savings per metric ton of ammonia. Electrochemical synthesis using electrolysis for hydrogen and cryogenic nitrogen was found to be a potentially viable pathway for green ammonia. The profitability metrics including discounted cash flow rate of return, net present value and discounted payback period were estimated to be 8%, $40 MM, and 4–6 years respectively for this pathway. The cost of electricity, conversion rate, and conversion efficiency dominate the tonnage cost of ammonia and were used to assess the feasibility of the model. A life cycle assessment was also conducted to assess the environmental impact of a well to product ammonia process.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

Parametric study of operating conditions of an SO 2 -depolarized electrolyzer

Large-scale hydrogen generation is needed to satisfy both existing commercial demands and the realization of a hydrogen economy. The hybrid sulfur cycle has the potential to meet this goal without the use of fossil fuels. The ability to model and predict how the electrolyzer step of the cycle is affected by independent and interdependent variables is vital to maximizing the efficiency of the overall cycle. Herein, we report that our parametric study of the SO 2 -depolarized electrolyzer, representing one half of the overall reaction cycle, has identified desirable conditions and will help guide further development for operation that will achieve the benchmarks for economic feasibility. We discuss the interactions among the inlet flow rates, applied current, and cell temperature and pressure, on the resulting cell voltage and acid concentration in the liquid product stream. For example, we find that using a sulfonated polybenzimidazole (s-PBI) membrane and a platinum catalyst, a constant current density of either 0.5 A cm -2 , 0.75 A cm -2 , or 1 A cm -2 with an acid concentration of 65 wt% H 2 SO 4 can be produced at a cell voltage of 0.59 V, 0.63 V, and 0.67 V, respectively, by maintaining a cell temperature of 130 °C, a pressure of 2 bar, and a water-to-SO 2 stoichiometry of 2.77. Finally, we discuss directions for future research based on the findings in this manuscript.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Balancing molecular level influences of intermolecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) for successful design of FLP catalysts for hydrogen storage applications

The rise in energy demands and the deleterious environmental issues related to fossil fuels has led to a surge of interest in hydrogen as a "green" alternative. Hydrogen's extraordinary energy density makes it a potential energy and economic "power"-house. Significant research has been dedicated to materials-based hydrogen storage. One area, liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) is of substantial interest for the reversible transportation of hydrogen from production to end-use facilities. There are challenges associated with this technology including the dependency on precious metal-based catalysts. Recent work in frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) catalysis demonstrates promise for addressing these challenges. Here this review is focused on assessing recent literature on the utilization of intermolecular FLP main group catalysts for improved hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of various substrates including potential LOHC complexes. This review will present an overview of FLPs, highlight potential hydrogen storage applications, and propose areas where knowledge gaps exist that require further investigations.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling and optimization of steady flow of natural gas and hydrogen mixtures in pipeline networks

Here, we extend the canonical problems of simulation and optimization of steady-state gas flows in pipeline networks with compressors to the transport of mixtures of highly heterogeneous gases injected throughout a network. Our study is motivated by proposed projects to blend hydrogen generated using clean energy into existing natural gas pipeline systems as part of efforts to reduce the reliance of energy systems on fossil fuels. Flow in a pipe is related to endpoint pressures by a basic Weymouth equation model, with an ideal gas equation of state, where the wave speed depends on the hydrogen concentration. At vertices, in addition to mass balance, we also consider mixing of incoming flows of varying hydrogen concentrations. The problems of interest are the heterogeneous gas flow simulation (HGFS), which determines system pressures and flows given fixed boundary conditions and compressor settings, as well as the heterogeneous gas flow optimization (HGFO), which extremizes an objective by determining optimal boundary conditions and compressor settings. We examine conditions for uniqueness of solutions to the HGFS, as well as compare and contrast mixed-integer and continuous nonlinear programming formulations for the HGFO. We develop computational methods to solve both problems, and examine their performance using four test networks of increasing complexity.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

A life cycle assessment of e-hydrogen production using proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis coupled with desalination in Saudi Arabia

Hydrogen, considered a crucial element in the transition towards a sustainable energy future, offers the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Here, this study explores the viability of hydrogen production using proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) as a key driver of decarbonization within the Vision 2030 framework in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A first-of-a-kind life cycle assessment (LCA) of electrolytic hydrogen (e-hydrogen) production using PEMWE in the Kingdom is performed. As the hydrogen will be produced in a freshwater scarce region, the inclusion of water desalination processes adds an important dimension to the assessment, reflecting the local context and resource availability. Two main renewable energy scenarios are assessed: solar energy through photovoltaics (PV) and wind energy through onshore turbines. The global warming potential (GWP) results indicate a GHG emissions reduction of up to 95 % compared to the state-of-the-art steam methane reforming process if the electrolysis process is powered exclusively by renewable electricity. The scenarios powered by solar and wind energy result in 3.66 and 0.76 kg CO 2 eq/kg H 2 , respectively. The metal depletion is assessed to consider the requirement of rare materials, with a 7.19 × 10 −2 kg Cu eq/kg H 2 for the solar scenario and 2.82 × 10 −2 kg Cu eq/kg H 2 for the wind scenario. A contribution analysis reveals that the majority of emissions in both scenarios originate from the electricity used for electrolysis, with the electrolyser itself contributing minimally. The absolute impact of the water desalination process is the same in both scenarios; however, it appears more prominent in the wind-powered case due to the significantly lower overall emissions in that scenario. The findings underscore the importance of renewable energy integration and process optimization in minimizing environmental impacts and advancing the sustainability of e-hydrogen production.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

Modeling of hydrogen liquefaction using magnetocaloric cycles with permanent magnets

Hydrogen (H 2 ) is promising alternative to replace fossil fuels, but its transport and storage has been challenging. As H 2 fuel cell vehicles are gaining traction, the infrastructure for storing large amounts of liquid H 2 is needed. However, liquid H 2 would suffer from boil-off loss, and traditional vapor compression refrigeration systems would not be able to economically recover the lost H 2 due to the low efficiencies at cryogenic temperature. Magnetocaloric (MC) refrigeration systems could possess much higher coefficient of performance (COP) at cryogenic temperature compared to the vapor compression ones. Previous work on cryogenic MC systems, however, have only focused on large scale applications which use superconducting magnets to provide a large magnetic field but are prohibitively expensive to operate for small scale applications, such as that of a H 2 refilling station. In this work, we model the performance of a MC refrigeration cycle using 1-Tesla permanent magnets for H 2 liquefaction, with the objective of cooling H 2 from 80 K (using liquid nitrogen as the heat sink) to 20 K (boiling point of hydrogen). We evaluate main performance metrics including the total work input to the refrigeration system, COP, total MCM mass in the system, and total volume of the permanent magnets, etc. Our modeling results indicate that such a permanent magnet-based MC cooling system is feasible for small-scale H 2 liquefaction, with projected COP values significantly higher than those of vapor compression systems. In conclusion, this work provides design guidelines for future experimental efforts on permanent magnet MC cooling systems for cryogenic cooling.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Process intensification approach to enhancing heat and mass transfer: Radio frequency (RF) assisted drying of paper and board

Conventional multi-cylinder drying of paper and board typically relies on both conductive drying from steam-heated cylinders and convective drying, where heated air flows over the paper web surface. Conduction primarily contributes to heat transfer, while convection is the main driver of mass transfer. However, conventional drying systems are heavily dependent on steam, usually powered by fossil fuels, and are often energy-inefficient with high levels of waste. Additionally, these surface-driven processes result in a lower percentage of energy absorption compared to the energy supplied, leading to significant energy losses. To improve this long-standing process, an experimental system was developed to investigate a process intensification approach involving the integration of Radio Frequency (RF) heating, a volumetric electromagnetic technology, alongside traditional conduction and convection drying methods. This study also emphasizes the use of sensors to continuously monitor key parameters such as moisture content, supply system temperatures, sample temperatures, air flows, and drying rates in real-time. The effect of RF as an auxiliary energy source in localized environments at varying moisture levels was explored to optimize industrial drying systems, quantify potential improvements, and provide insights for future studies. Experimental results from trials combining RF with convection and with the base case alternating conduction-convection drying processes are presented. It is shown that RF is a viable process intensification approach for paper drying improving the drying rate and energy intensity at higher moisture contents. These findings offer valuable insights for process intensification and contribute to the process development, modeling, and simulation of advanced paper drying techniques.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Achieving an 80% carbon-free electricity system in China by 2035

Dramatic reductions in solar, wind, and battery storage costs create new opportunities to reduce emissions and costs in China’s electricity sector, beyond current policy goals. This study examines the cost, reliability, emissions, public health, and employment implications of increasing the share of non-fossil fuel (“carbon free”) electricity generation in China to 80% by 2035. The analysis uses state-of-the-art modeling with high resolution load, wind, and solar inputs. The study finds that achieving an 80% carbon free electricity system in China by 2035 could reduce wholesale electricity costs, relative to a current policy baseline, while maintaining high levels of reliability, reducing deaths from air pollution, and increasing employment. In our 80% scenario, wind and solar generation capacity reach 3 TW and battery storage capacity reaches 0.4 TW by 2035, implying a rapid scale up in these resources that will require changes in policy targets, markets and regulation, and land use policies.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling nuclear energy’s future role in decarbonized energy systems

Increased attention has been focused on the potential role of nuclear energy in future electricity markets and energy systems as stakeholders target rapid and deep decarbonization and reductions in fossil fuel use. This paper examines models of electric sector planning and broader energy systems optimization to understand the prospective roles of nuclear energy and other technologies. In this perspective, we survey modeling challenges in this environment, illustrate opportunities to propagate best practices, and highlight insights from the deep decarbonization literature on the range of visions for nuclear energy's role. Nuclear energy deployment is highest with combinations of stringent emissions policies, nuclear cost reductions, and constraints on the deployment of other technologies, which underscores model dimensions related to these areas. New modeling capabilities are needed to adequately address emerging issues, including representing characteristics and applications of nuclear energy in systems models, and to ensure the relevance of models for policy and planning as deeper decarbonization is explored.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

A distinct class of ferredoxin:NADP + oxidoreductase enzymes driving thermophilic ethanol production

Biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass offers a transformative solution to reduce global fossil fuel dependency. Certain thermophilic anaerobes, including Clostridium thermocellum, show promise for renewable ethanol production due to their ability to break down plant material at high temperatures. However, achieving commercially viable ethanol yields has proven challenging despite extensive engineering efforts. Here, we characterized 27 ferredoxin:NADP + oxidoreductase (Fnor) enzymes for their enzyme activity, nicotinamide cofactor specificity, thermotolerance, and functional expression in C. thermocellum . We identified a subset of 10 of these enzymes as a novel class of Fnor enzymes suited for metabolic pathways aimed at high-titer ethanol production. When expressed in engineered C. thermocellum , these enzymes increased ethanol production up to 2.2-fold. These findings establish a novel ethanol pathway and provide insights into physiological roles and biotechnological applications of this new class of Fnor enzymes.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Mechanism and kinetics of 1-dodecanol etherification over tungstated zirconia

Growing interest in finding renewable alternatives to conventional fossil fuels and petroleum-derived specialty chemicals has motivated the investigation of biomass-derived alcohols to make ethers as diesel additives or lubricants. To optimize the direct etherification of long chain alcohols in the liquid phase, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the kinetics and mechanism of etherification and dehydration reactions. In this study, tungstated zirconia was identified as a selective solid-acid catalyst for the liquid-phase etherification of 1-dodecanol. Investigations of the mechanism and kinetics of this reaction suggest that cooperation between Brønsted- and Lewis-acid sites on tungstated zirconia enhances the selectivity to ether by increasing the surface concentration of adsorbed alcohol, thereby promoting bi-molecular ether formation relative to unimolecular alcohol dehydration. The suggested rate limiting step for etherification is the formation of a C–O bond between two adsorbed alcohol molecules, and the suggested rate-limiting step for dehydration is the cleavage of the C–H bond of the β-carbon atom in an adsorbed alcohol. Measurements of the kinetic isotope effects for etherification and dehydration support the proposed mechanism. Finally, a microkinetic model based on the proposed mechanism for dodecanol etherification and dehydration over tungstated zirconia accurately describes the observed effects of alcohol concentration and product inhibition.

di-dodecylether↗
DOE OSTI2019

Life-cycle impact and exergy based resource use assessment of torrefied and non-torrefied briquette use for heat and electricity generation

Forest residue biomass can be used as bioenergy feedstock, however, issues associated with its properties including low density and high moisture content constrains its valorization. Using mobile conversion technologies that can operate in remote areas and are capable of converting forest residues into high quality energy products can address the issues associated with its valorization for renewable energy production. This study evaluated environmental sustainability of using an integrated novel system of semi-mobile biomass conversion technologies (BCTs) to utilize low-value forest residue biomass as high value bioenergy products. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) and resource use assessment on a unit-process level was conducted for two bio-products: nontorrefied briquettes (NTB) and torrefied briquettes (TOB). Their use for production of useful thermal energy in wood stoves for domestic heating and electricity at power plants were investigated along with their alternatives. The analyses were performed with SimaPro 8.5 using the DATASMART database. The impact assessment results showed a notable decrease in global warming (GW) impact when substituting fossil fuels with these two bio-products. Specifically, for domestic heating on an equivalent energy basis, a 50% substitution of propane with NTB and TOB showed GHG emission reductions of 46% and 41%, respectively. For electricity generation, 10% cofiring at coal power plant with NTB and TOB showed GHG emission reductions of 6% and 8%, respectively. For the TOB supply chain, a large portion of the GW impact of the came from the torrefaction process and followed by the drying process. This was due to the propane use in these processes. Comparative analysis showed that near-woods biomass conversion for TOB production instead of processing feedstock at an in-town facility with access to grid electricity found 48%–55% lower GW impact for both electricity and heat generation scenarios, respectively. Resourced footprint analysis showed that most exergy extraction from the natural environment came from the drying process for NTB supply chain. In the TOB product system, torrefaction was the major contributor.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Assessing the life-cycle environmental impacts of the wood pallet sector in the United States

Wood pallets play a critical role in the movement and storage of goods worldwide. They are an important component in the complex global supply chain and used by almost every industry. It is therefore important to assess the environmental implications of the wood pallet supply chain and identify optimization strategies that can be implemented. In this paper, primary 2018 annual production data collected from U.S. pallet manufacturers were used to develop the first industry-average life-cycle inventory (LCI). A new functional unit was proposed to perform a more refined and accurate environmental life-cycle assessment of the wood pallet supply chain. Using the LCI data developed, a cradle-to-grave industry-average life-cycle impact assessment was performed. This novel approach quantifies environmental impacts of a generic multi-use pallet, including repair and remanufacturing. The total global warming impact was 10.4 kg CO 2 e per 45.4 t of pallet loads of product delivered using wood pallets. The manufacturing stage contributed the most, about 35%, followed by the raw material supply stage. About 41% of total primary energy consumption was from renewable sources, with most sourced from biomass. Fossil fuels comprised about 52% of the total (225 MJ per functional unit) primary energy consumption. Total environmental impact was significantly affected by two main parameters: reference service life and load-bearing capacity. Pallet repair was also found to be an important component of the wood pallet supply chain, which has a low environmental footprint compared with the overall impact of a pallet and enables mitigation of overall impact by extending the reference service life. Finally, at end-of-life, common industry practices demonstrated substantial potential environmental benefits that can minimize overall environmental impact.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

The pursuit of net-positive sustainability for industrial decarbonization with hybrid energy systems

We report signatories of the Paris Agreement are set to miss their climate targets. The net-zero pledges announced to date across many countries and private industries are insufficient to achieve carbon neutrality, which requires implementation of far-reaching and significantly scaled-up climate-positive actions. All technology options that pertain to deep decarbonization and carbon removal must be part of the mitigation portfolio. Transformative action plans must be established in which every individual/organization around the globe is an actor of changes in relation to net-zero goals. Such plans must involve governmental policy support but also encourage voluntary efforts to boost innovations, investments, initiatives, and behavioral changes. Recognition of these efforts is made quantifiable with the concepts of carbon handprint and net positivity. This paper presents a carbon handprint perspective on characterizing the environmental benefits of hybrid energy systems (HESs)—a widely applicable solution to cleaner production leveraging the capabilities of a portfolio of low-carbon energy sources—that provide heat and electricity to industrial processes. First, the carbon handprint and net positivity concepts and their calculation approach are introduced. The state of the art of HES-enabled industrial cogeneration is then surveyed, and the greenhouse gas emission intensities of different energy sources that power HESs are compared. Next, drawing on a case study about a US chemical facility's voluntary initiative to explore replacing its fossil fuel–based cogeneration infrastructure with a clean energy–generated HES, several technically viable scenarios are evaluated—especially those with small modular nuclear reactors—to illustrate how the positive-thinking handprint approach helps encourage and inform the search for widespread influence pathways in pursuit of net-positive sustainability. Finally, current knowledge gaps in the case study are identified, and opportunities to scale up the proposed handprint-based analysis are outlined with consideration of an expanded role of HESs in fulfilling climate objectives.It is envisioned that like-minded decision makers in the industry sector and beyond will adopt this perspective and act synergistically to enhance their environmental stewardship through voluntary actions and make greater contributions to the planet's climate future.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Engineering of holocellulase in biomass-degrading fungi for sustainable biofuel production

Biofuels, such as bioethanol, are a clean and sustainable form of energy and have emerged as a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Plant biomass is an important raw material for the production of clean and renewable energy. The holocellulose contained in the composition of plants may be broken down into simple sugars, such as glucose, which are fermented by yeast to produce bioethanol. The conversion of glucose polymers into fermentable sugars is accomplished by enzymes known as holocellulases, which are produced by lignocellulolytic fungi. These enzymes act synergistically for the efficient degradation of cellulose polymers, and the fine and coordinated regulation of this process is performed by transcription factors (TFs). TFs are regulatory proteins that bind to the promoter region of their target genes (CAZymes, sugar transporters, signaling proteins, other TFs, etc.) to induce or repress their transcription. This review aims to understand the main regulatory mechanisms involved in plant biomass degradation by the most studied lignocellulolytic fungi Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Neurospora crassa. In this context, the most studied TFs related to holocellulose degradation and genetic modification of TFs or promoters as a valuable tool to improve enzyme production for biotechnological purposes have been discussed. Furthermore, this review enables the expansion of knowledge on the regulation of the cellulolytic system of filamentous fungi and the application of this knowledge to the improvement of numerous bioproducts. Engineering TFs and promoters may yield more efficient strains that may be active in plant biomass hydrolysis. In this way, the technological processes for obtaining ethanol from lignocellulose may become more commercially viable.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗