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TU-H-BRC-09: Validation of a Novel Therapeutic X-Ray Array Source and Collimation System
Purpose: We have experimentally characterized and simulated the dosimetric properties and spatial fidelity of a novel X-ray array source and collimation system called SPHINX that has the potential to generate complex intensity modulated X-ray beams by varying the electron beam intensity only, and without any moving parts like in multi-leaf collimators. Methods: We investigated the spatial fidelity and the X-ray performances of a SPHINX prototype in tungsten, using a Cyber Knife and the experimental high-energy electron beam line at XTA at SLAC National Laboratory. Dose distributions were recorded with gafchromic films, placed at the distal end of SPHINX and at several depths in a solid water phantom. The geometry of SPHINX and of the experimental set-ups was also modeled in Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with the FLUKA code, used to reproduce the experimental results and, after validation, to predict and optimize the performance and design of the SPHINX. Results: The results indicate significant particle leakage through the channels during a single-channel irradiation for high incident energies, followed by a rapid decrease for energies of clinical interest. When the collimator channels are used as target, the photon production increases, however at expense of the beam size that is also enlarged. The illumination of all channels simultaneously shows a fairly even transmission of the beam. Conclusion: With the measurements we have verified the MC models and the uniformity of beam transmission through SPHINX, and we have evaluated the importance of particle leakage through adjacent channels. These results can be used to optimize SPHINX design through the validated MC simulations. Funding: Weston Havens Foundation, Office of the Dean of Medical School and Office of the Provost (Stanford University). Loo, Maxim, Borchard, Tantawi are co-founders of TibaRay Inc. Loo and Tantawi are TibaRay Inc. board members. Loo and Maxim received grants from Varian Medical Systems and RaySearch Laboratory.
The use of Landsat multispectral data to derive land cover information for the location and quantification of non-point source water pollutants
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G65.2+5.7: A Thermal Composite Supernova Remnant with a Cool Shell
This paper presents archival ROSAT PSPC observations of the G65.2+5.7 supernova remnant (also known as G65.3+5.7). Little material obscures this remnant and so it was well observed, even at the softest end of ROSATs bandpass (approx. 0.11 to 0.28 keV). These soft X-ray images reveal the remnant s centrally-filled morphology which, in combination with existing radio frequency observations, places G65.2+5.7 in the thermal composite (mixed morphology) class of supernova remnants. Not only might G65.2+5.7 be the oldest known thermal composite supernova remnant, but owing to its optically revealed cool, dense shell, this remnant supports the proposal that thermal composite supernova remnants lack X-ray bright shells because they have evolved beyond the adiabatic phase. These observations also reveal a slightly extended point source centered on RA = l9(sup h) 36(sup m) 46(sup s). dec = 30 deg.40 min.07 sec.and extending 6.5 arc min in radius in the band 67 map. The source of this emission has yet to be discovered, as there is no known pulsar at this location.
Evaluation of Acoustic Snapshot Arrays for Rotorcraft Source Noise Characterization
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Radiometric field inter-comparison of fiducial reference measurements using an open source community processor
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Design Study of the Higher Harmonic Cavity for Advanced Photon Source Upgrade
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Estimated Accuracy of Three Common Trajectory Statistical Methods
Three well-known trajectory statistical methods (TSMs), namely concentration field (CF), concentration weighted trajectory (CWT), and potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods were tested using known sources and artificially generated data sets to determine the ability of TSMs to reproduce spatial distribution of the sources. In the works by other authors, the accuracy of the trajectory statistical methods was estimated for particular species and at specified receptor locations. We have obtained a more general statistical estimation of the accuracy of source reconstruction and have found optimum conditions to reconstruct source distributions of atmospheric trace substances. Only virtual pollutants of the primary type were considered. In real world experiments, TSMs are intended for application to a priori unknown sources. Therefore, the accuracy of TSMs has to be tested with all possible spatial distributions of sources. An ensemble of geographical distributions of virtual sources was generated. Spearman s rank order correlation coefficient between spatial distributions of the known virtual and the reconstructed sources was taken to be a quantitative measure of the accuracy. Statistical estimates of the mean correlation coefficient and a range of the most probable values of correlation coefficients were obtained. All the TSMs that were considered here showed similar close results. The maximum of the ratio of the mean correlation to the width of the correlation interval containing the most probable correlation values determines the optimum conditions for reconstruction. An optimal geographical domain roughly coincides with the area supplying most of the substance to the receptor. The optimal domain s size is dependent on the substance decay time. Under optimum reconstruction conditions, the mean correlation coefficients can reach 0.70 0.75. The boundaries of the interval with the most probable correlation values are 0.6 0.9 for the decay time of 240 h and 0.5 0.95 for the decay time of 12 h. The best results of source reconstruction can be expected for the trace substances with a decay time on the order of several days. Although the methods considered in this paper do not guarantee high accuracy they are computationally simple and fast. Using the TSMs in optimum conditions and taking into account the range of uncertainties, one can obtain a first hint on potential source areas.
Mo layer thickness requirement on the ion source back plate for the HNB and DNB ion sources in ITER
All the inner surfaces of the ion sources and the upstream surface of the plasma grid of the ITER neutral beam ion sources are proposed to be coated with molybdenum. This is done to avoid sputtering of the base material (Cu or CuCrZr) by the ions in the source plasma (D{sup +}, D{sub 2}{sup +}, D{sub 3}{sup +} or H{sup +}, H{sub 2}{sup +}, H{sub 3}{sup +}). The sputtering of Mo by the ions in the source plasma is low compared to that from Cu, and the threshold energy for sputtering ∼80 eV) is high compared to the energy of the ions in the source. However the D{sub 2}{sup +}, H{sub 2}{sup +} and D{sup +}, H{sup +} ions backstreaming from the accelerators will have energies that substantially exceed that threshold and it is important that the Mo layer is not eroded such that the base material is exposed to the source plasma. In the case of the HNB, the backstreaming ion power is calculated to be in the order of ∼1 MW, and the average energy of the backstreaming ions is calculated to be ∼300 keV. The ion sources in the HNB beam lines, 40 A 1 MeV D and 46 A 870 keV H beams, are supposed to operate for a period of 2 x 10{sup 7} s. For the DNB, 60 A 100 keV H beams, the corresponding number is 1.4 × 10{sup 6} s considering a beam duty cycle of 3s ON/20s OFF with 5 Hz modulation. The Mo layer on the ion source back plate should be thick enough to survive this operational time. Thickness estimation has been carried out taking into account the sputtering yields (atoms/ion), the energy spectrum of the backstreaming ions and the estimated profiles on the ion source back plate.
Laser measurement of H{sup -} ions in a field-effect-transistor based radio frequency ion source
Hydrogen negative ion density measurements are required to clarify the characteristics of negative ion production and ion source performance. Both of laser photodetachment and cavity ring down (CRD) measurements have been implemented to a field-effect-transistor based radio-frequency ion source. The density ratio of negative hydrogen ions to electrons was successfully measured by laser photodetachment and effect of magnetic filter field on negative ion density was confirmed. The calculated CRD signal showed that CRD mirrors with >99.990% reflectivity are required and loss of reflectivity due to cesium contamination should be minimized.
AN ANALYSIS OF CO PRODUCTION IN COMETARY COMAE: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GAS-PHASE PHENOMENA
Understanding the sources of CO in cometary comae is important for understanding comet chemistry and the roles comets have played in the development of the solar system. Among comets sampled to date, the CO abundances vary widely and no direct correlation of CO abundance with other known comet properties has been identified. The picture is complicated further by the discovery of CO production in the comae of some comets, most notably comets Halley and Hale-Bopp. In this study, we investigate the conditions under which CO can be produced in the coma via gas-phase phenomena. We include photochemistry of several parent molecules, as well as two-body chemical reactions that involve the parents and their photodissociative daughter and granddaughter products. We also consider the level of excitation of 'hot' hydrogen (H*) and O({sup 1}D) in the network, because the level of excitation of these reactants strongly influences reaction rates. Our results suggest that the dominant gas-phase contributor to CO formation is the photodissociation of H{sub 2}CO. Even though typical abundances of H{sub 2}CO are at {approx}1% relative to water in the coma, it produces more CO than other processes due to its relatively short photodissociation lifetime. Because other studies have shown H{sub 2}CO to have a distributed source as well, it suggests that at least some CO formation in the coma is connected to the H{sub 2}CO distributed source. We take the time to examine the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio and note that while the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio in comets Halley, Hale-Bopp, and Hyakutake are noticeably different when only native CO is considered, the CO{sub 2}/CO ratios show greater similarity when total CO is considered. Although this sample is relatively small, should the relatively similar CO{sub 2}/CO{sub Total} ratio of {approx}0.25 indeed be constant for comets with distributed CO sources, it suggests that the extended CO source of these comets is tied directly to the overall C, H, O chemistry of comets, as is likely to happen if hydrogenation of CO occurred on icy grains.
Use of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by a bacteria-animal symbiosis from seagrass sediments
The gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis lives in symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria that provide nutrition by fixing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into biomass using reduced sulfur compounds as energy sources. A recent metaproteomic analysis of the O. algarvensis symbiosis indicated that carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) might also be used as energy sources. We provide direct evidence that the O. algarvensis symbiosis consumes CO and H 2 . Single cell imaging using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed that one of the symbionts, the γ3-symbiont, uses the energy from CO oxidation to fix CO 2 . Pore water analysis revealed considerable in-situ concentrations of CO and H 2 in the O. algarvensis environment, Mediterranean seagrass sediments. Pore water H 2 concentrations (89-2147 nM) were up to two orders of magnitude higher than in seawater, and up to 36-fold higher than previously known from shallow-water marine sediments. Pore water CO concentrations (17-51 nM) were twice as high as in the overlying seawater (no literature data from other shallow-water sediments are available for comparison). Ex-situ incubation experiments showed that dead seagrass rhizomes produced large amounts of CO. Lastly, CO production from decaying plant material could thus be a significant energy source for microbial primary production in seagrass sediments.
Hydrothermal catalytic conversion of oleic acid to heptadecane over Ni/ZrO 2
There is growing interest in the substitution of expensive noble metal catalysts with low-cost earth-abundant metals in applications targeting biofuels production from waste organic feedstocks. Here, nickel (Ni) catalysts supported on zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ), both with and without copper (Cu) as a co-metal, were tested in hydrothermal reactions of unsaturated and saturated C18 fatty acids as models for waste oil feedstocks. In contrast to recent reports, this study showed no enhancement of nickel's activity for fatty acid conversion to alkane products when Cu was present. Ni/ZrO 2 prepared by metal coprecipitation methods converted 100% of oleic acid with 25% selectivity to heptadecane after 5h of reaction at 350 °C using methanol as a hydrogen donor source, increasing to 41% heptadecane after 20 h. Lower yields were observed with catalysts prepared by wet impregnation and using alternative hydrogen donor sources (glycerol, formic acid). Greater selectivity to heptadecane was also observed at higher temperatures (370 °C) and when the initial fatty acid had greater saturation. Longer term exposure to hydrothermal media led to metal sintering and catalyst deactivation. Findings support a path forward to the development of earth-abundant metal catalysts for the upgrading of waste organic feedstocks.
Ion Source Development at the SNS
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) now routinely operates near 1 MW of beam power on target with a highly-persistent ~38 mA peak current in the linac and an availability of ~90%. The ~1 ms-long, 60 Hz, ~50 mA H- beam pulses are extracted from a Cs-enhanced, multi-cusp, RF-driven, internal-antenna ion source. An electrostatic LEBT (Low Energy Beam Transport) focuses the 65 kV beam into the RFQ accelerator. The ion source and LEBT have normally a combined availability of ~99%. Although much progress has been made over the last years to achieve this level of availability further improvements are desirable. Failures of the internal antenna and occasionally impaired electron dump insulators require several source replacements per year. An attempt to overcome the antenna issues with an AlN external antenna source early in 2009 had to be terminated due to availability issues. This report provides a comprehensive review of the design, experimental history, status, and description of recently updated components and future plans for this ion source. The mechanical design for improved electron dump vacuum feedthroughs is also presented, which is compatible with the baseline and both external antenna ion sources.
Quantifying the photoionization cross section of the hydroxyl radical
The hydroxyl free radical, OH, is one of the most significant radicals in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry, and its cation plays a role in the reactions leading to H 2 O formation. Knowledge of the photoionization efficiency of the OH radical is crucial to properly model the water photochemical cycle of atmospheres and astrophysical objects. With a gas-phase radical source based on a single H-abstraction reaction combined with a photoelectron/photoion imaging coincidence spectrometer coupled with synchrotron radiation, we recorded the OH+ photoion yield over the 12.6-15 eV energy range, and we set it to an absolute cross section scale using an absolute point measurement performed at 13.8 eV: σ$^{ion}_{OH}$ = 9.0 +/- 2.7 Mb. The resulting cross section values differ by approximately a factor 2 from the recent measurement of Dodson et al. [ J. Chem. Phys. 148, 184302 (2018)] performed with a different radical source, which is somewhat greater than the combined uncertainties of the measurements. This finding underlines the need for further investigations of this cross section.
ARE OUTFLOWS BIASING SINGLE-EPOCH C IV BLACK HOLE MASS ESTIMATES?
We use a combination of reverberation mapping data and single-epoch (SE) spectra of the C IV emission line in a sample of both low- and high-redshift active galactic nuclei to investigate sources of the discrepancies between C IV- and H{beta}-based SE black hole (BH) mass estimates. We find that for all reverberation mapped sources, there is a component of the line profile that does not reverberate, and the velocity characteristics of this component vary from object to object. The differing strength and properties of this non-variable component are responsible for much of the scatter in C IV-based BH masses compared to H{beta} masses. The C IV mass bias introduced by this non-variable component is correlated with the shape of the C IV line, allowing us to make an empirical correction to the BH mass estimates. Using this correction and accounting for other sources of scatter, such as poor data quality and data inhomogeneity, reduces the scatter between the C IV and H{beta} masses in our sample by a factor of {approx}2, to only {approx}0.2 dex. We discuss the possibility that this non-variable C IV component originates in an orientation-dependent outflow from either the proposed broad-line region disk wind or the intermediate-line region, a high-velocity inner extension of the narrow-line region.
ALTERNATIVE AND ENHANCED CHEMICAL CLEANING: BASIC STUDIES RESULTS FY2010
In an effort to develop and optimize chemical cleaning methods for the removal of sludge heels from High Level Waste tanks, solubility tests have been conducted using nonradioactive, pure metal phases. The metal phases studied included the aluminum phase gibbsite and the iron phases hematite, maghemite, goethite, lepidocrocite, magnetite, and wustite. Many of these mineral phases have been identified in radioactive, High Level Waste sludge at the Savannah River and Hanford Sites. Acids evaluated for dissolution included oxalic, nitric, and sulfuric acids and a variety of other complexing organic acids. The results of the solubility tests indicate that mixtures of oxalic acid with either nitric or sulfuric acid are the most effective cleaning solutions for the dissolution of the primary metal phases in sludge waste. Based on the results, optimized conditions for hematite dissolution in oxalic acid were selected using nitric or sulfuric acid as a supplemental proton source. Electrochemical corrosion studies were also conducted (reported separately; Wiersma, 2010) with oxalic/mineral acid mixtures to evaluate the effects of these solutions on waste tank integrity. The following specific conclusions can be drawn from the test results: (1) Oxalic acid was shown to be superior to all of the other organic acids evaluated in promoting the dissolution of the primary sludge phases. (2) All iron phases showed similar solubility trends in oxalic acid versus pH, with hematite exhibiting the lowest solubility and the slowest dissolution. (3) Greater than 90% hematite dissolution occurred in oxalic/nitric acid mixtures within one week for two hematite sources and within three weeks for a third hematite sample with a larger average particle size. This dissolution rate appears acceptable for waste tank cleaning applications. (4) Stoichiometric dissolution of iron phases in oxalic acid (based on the oxalate concentration) and the formation of the preferred 1:1 Fe to oxalate complex is possible with the addition of a supplemental hydrogen ion source (HNO{sub 3} or H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) and pH control. (5) Sulfuric acid is nearly twice as effective as nitric acid (on a molar basis) at promoting hematite dissolution in oxalic acid solutions, most likely due to the fact that it is diprotic. (6) The greater the oxalic acid concentration, the greater the demand for supplemental H{sup +} to promote optimal dissolution. Minimum mineral acid concentrations required for optimal oxalic acid utilization based on hematite solubility tests are provided. (7) Corrosion studies conducted (reported elsewhere) with 1 wt.% oxalic acid revealed that carbon steel corrosion rates are manageable at lower mineral acid concentrations (0.1 M HNO{sub 3} and 0.05 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) and lower temperatures (45 C). (8) Proposed conditions for waste tank heel dissolution based on the solubility and corrosion test results are 0.5 wt.% oxalic acid and 0.18 M HNO{sub 3} or 0.09 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} at 50 C. (9) The OLI Thermodynamic Model appears to over-predict the solubility of the iron phases studied in oxalic acid and oxalic/nitric acid mixtures. The predictions show better agreement with experimental results at higher pH and in sulfuric/oxalic acid mixtures. (10) Oxalic, nitric, and sulfuric acids are effective at quickly dissolving gibbsite ({ge}86% dissolution in 2 weeks), with oxalic/sulfuric acid mixtures being particularly effective. (11) Limited dissolution tests conducted with carbon steel coupons revealed that the presence of metallic iron can, in some cases, result in dramatically different results. Additional studies in this area are recommended. Based on the current results, the optimal approach for the removal of sludge heels for HLW tanks would include the following steps: (1) removal of the maximum possible amount of heel materials by mechanical means; (2) neutralization and acidification of the heel using dilute mineral acid (This step should promote significant dissolution of certain metal hydroxides and salts, including gibbsite.); and (3) dissolution of the residual heel material at 50 C using an acid mixture containing 0.5 wt.% oxalic acid and 0.18 M nitric acid (This step should dissolve the iron phases.)
Growth of polyphenyls via ion-molecule reactions: An experimental and theoretical mechanistic study
The reactivity of biphenylium cations C{sub 12}H{sub 9}{sup +} with benzene C{sub 6}H{sub 6} is investigated in a joint experimental and theoretical approach. Experiments are performed by using a triple quadruple mass spectrometer equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ion source to generate C{sub 12}H{sub 9}{sup +} via dissociative ionization of various isomers of the neutral precursor hydroxybiphenyl (C{sub 12}H{sub 10}O). C-C coupling reactions leading to hydrocarbon growth are observed. The most abundant ionic products are C{sub 18}H{sub 15}{sup +}, C{sub 18}H{sub 13}{sup +}, C{sub 17}H{sub 12}{sup +}, and C{sub 8}H{sub 7}{sup +}. The dependence of product ion yields on the kinetic energy of reagent ions, as well as further experiments performed using partial isotopic labelling of reagents, support the idea that the reaction proceeds via a long lived association product, presumably the covalently bound protonated terphenyl C{sub 18}H{sub 15}{sup +}. Its formation is found to be exothermic and barrierless and, therefore, might occur under the low pressure and temperature conditions typical of planetary atmospheres and the interstellar medium. Theoretical calculations have focussed on the channel leading to C{sub 8}H{sub 7}{sup +} plus C{sub 10}H{sub 8}, identifying, as the most probable fragments, the phenylethen-1-ylium cation and naphthalene, thus suggesting that the pathway leading to them might be of particular interest for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Both experiments and theory agree in finding this channel exoergic but hampered by small barriers of 2.7 and 3.7 kcal mol{sup -1} on the singlet potential energy surface.