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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 865 records · Page 48
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-T-293: Dosimetric Analysis of Microscopic Disease in SBRT for Lung Cancers

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetry of microscopic disease (MD) region of lung cancer in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods: For simplicity, we assume organ moves along one dimension. The probability distribution function of tumor position was calculated according to the breathing cycle. The dose to the MD region was obtained through accumulating the treatment planning system calculated doses at different positions in a breathing cycle. A phantom experiment was then conducted to validate the calculated results using a motion phantom (The CIRS ‘Dynamic’ Thorax Phantom). The simulated breathing pattern used a cos4(x) curve with an amplitude of 10mm. A 3-D conformal 7-field plan with 6X energy was created and the dose was calculated in the average intensity projection (AIP) simulation CT images. Both films (EBT2) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) detectors were inserted in the target of the phantom to measure the dose during radiation delivery (Varian Truebeam) and results were compared to planning dose parameters. Results: The Gamma analysis (3%/3mm) between measured dose using EBT2 film and calculated dose using AIP was 80.5%, indicating substantial dosimetric differences. While the Gamma analysis (3%/3mm) between measured dose using EBT2 and accumulated dose using 4D-CT was 98.9%, indicating the necessity of dose accumulation using 4D-CT. The measured doses using OSL and theoretically calculated doses using probability distribution function at the corresponding position were comparable. Conclusion: Use of static dose calculation in the treatment planning system could substantially underestimate the actually delivered dose in the MD region for a moving target. Funding Supported by NSFC, No.81372436.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-T-544: Microscopic Dose Enhancement of Gold Nanoparticles in Water for Proton Therapy: A Simulation Study

Purpose: To quantify the microscopic dose and linear energy transfer (LET) enhancement of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in water for proton therapy. Methods: The GEANT4 toolkit (version 10) with low energy electromagnetic classes was used to create a series of simulations where three radii (r=5, 20, 100 nm) of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were irradiated with 5 × 106 80 MeV protons. A cubic detector (10 × 10 × 10 um, divided in 25 × 25 × 25 voxels) were placed in a water phantom where the GNP rests in the center. The size of incident proton beam was set to be same as the GNPs and perpendicularly aiming to the target. Dose deposited to each voxel were recorded to calculate the overall deposited dose and the dose-averaged LET. The emitted secondary electron spectra were also collected in a spherical customized scorer (radius = 150 nm). Results: The average dose from a single GNP in a cubic water phantom was increased by 0.12 %, 1.12% and 2.3% and the mean dose-averaged LET was increased by 5.87% and 27.67% and 0.31% for GNP radius of 5 nm, 20 nm and 100 nm, respectively. Conclusion: The dose enhancement effect from the presence of a single GNP was qualified in a water phantom. A significant increase in the mean dose-averaged LET was found for 20 nm GNP.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2016

TU-H-CAMPUS-TeP3-05: Evaluation of the Microscopic Dose Enhancement in the Nanoparticle-Enhanced Auger Therapy

Purpose: The aim of this study is to apply Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the nanoparticle dose enhancement for Auger therapy. Methods: Two nanoparticle fabrications were considered: nanoshell and nanosphere. In the first step, a single nanoparticle was irradiated with Auger emitters. The electrons were scored in a phase space at the outer surface of the nanoparticle with Geant4-Penelope. In the second step, the previously recorded phase space was used as a source and placed at the center of a cell-size water phantom. The nanoscale dose was evaluated in water around the nanoparticle with Geant4-DNA. The dose enhancement factor (DEF) is defined as the ratio of doses with and without nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were replaced by corresponding water nanoparticle with the same size and volume source which represents typical situation of Auger emitters without nanoparticle. Various sizes/materials of nanoparticles and isotopes were considered. Results: Nanoshell - Microscopic dose was increased up to 130% at 20 – 100 nm distances from the surface of Au-{sup 125}I nanoshell. However, dose at less than 20 nm distance was reduced due to absorbed low energy electrons in gold nanoshell. The amounts and regions of the dose enhancement were dependent on nanoshell size, materials, and isotopes. Nanosphere - The increased amounts of electrons up to 300% and reduced average energy with nanosphere were observed compared with water nanoparticle. We observed localized dose enhancement (up to a factor 3.6) in the immediate vicinity (< 50 nm) of Au-{sup 125} I nanosphere. The dose enhancement patterns vary according to nanosphere sizes and isotopes. Conclusion: We conclude that Auger therapy with nanoparticles can lead to change of electron energy spectrum and dose enhancements at certain range. The dose enhancement patterns vary according to nanoparticle sizes, materials, and isotopes. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP: Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) (No. NRF-2013M2B2B1075776)

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Microscopic theory of scattering of weak electromagnetic radiation by a dense ensemble of ultracold atoms

Based on the developed quantum microscopic theory, the interaction of weak electromagnetic radiation with dense ultracold atomic clouds is described in detail. The differential and total cooperative scattering cross sections are calculated for monochromatic radiation as particular examples of application of the general theory. The angular, spectral, and polarization properties of scattered light are determined. The dependence of these quantities on the sample size and concentration of atoms is studied and the influence of collective effects is analyzed.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Microscopic K{sup +}-nucleus optical potential and calculations of differential elastic-scattering cross sections and total reaction cross sections

The differential elastic-scattering cross sections and the total reaction cross sections for the interaction of K{sup +} mesons with {sup 12}C and {sup 40}Ca nuclei at beam momenta of 0.635, 0.715, and 0.8 GeV/c are calculated. The microscopic optical potential derived in the high-energy approximation is used in these calculations. It is determined by the amplitude for kaon-nucleon scattering and the density distribution of pointlike nucleons of the target nucleus. In the high-energy approximation, the Klein-Gordon-Fock equation reduces to the form of the Schroedinger equation. It is shown that small distinctions between the reduction methods do not lead to significant changes in differential elastic-scattering cross sections, but the effects of relativization as such are quite large. Good agreement with experimental data on elastic K{sup +}A scattering is attained. The total reaction cross sections can be described upon adding, to the volume potential, a term that takes the form of its derivative and which has a maximum at the periphery, its contribution being fitted to experimental data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A study on the Fresnel diffraction of {sup 6}He by means of different microscopic density distributions

The elastic scattering of the halo nucleus {sup 6}He from heavy targets such as {sup 197}Au and {sup 208}Pb has been investigated in order to explain the Coulomb rainbow peak due to the Fresnel-type diffraction observed in the experimental data. In order to examine the role of nuclear potential to describe {sup 6}He + {sup 197}Au and {sup 6}He + {sup 208}Pb systems, we have used the no-core shell model, few-body and Gaussian-shaped density distributions at various energies. The microscopic real parts of the complex nuclear potential have been obtained by using the double-folding model for each of the density distribution and the phenomenological imaginary potentials have been taken as the standard Woods-Saxon shape. We have observed that fewbody and Gaussian-shaped density distributions have given standard Fresnel-type diffraction results, a classical scattering pattern with Coulomb rainbow peak whereas the nuclear potential obtained by using the no-core shell-model density distribution has provided the reduction at Fresnel peak and has given more consistent results with the experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A microscopic study on shape transition and shape coexistence in superdeformed nuclei

Superdeformed nuclei at high-spin states in several mass regions are investigated within a microscopic approach using cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky formalism to explore the equilibrium deformations in the ground state and their evolution with spin. Shape transition from normal deformed to superdeformed states with increasing spin is studied and a clear picture of shape coexistence is provided. Detailed information on spin, rotational energy, dynamical moment of inertia, and rotational frequency of superdeformed rotational bands is presented and the general features of superdeformed bands in certain mass regions are outlined. Rotational energy and dynamical moment of inertia are compared with available experimental data and the impact of temperature and pairing on superdeformed configuration are discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Microscopic study of the string breaking in QCD

Theory of strong decays defines in addition to decay widths also the channel coupling and the mass shifts of the levels above the decay thresholds. In the standard decay models of the {sup 3}P{sub 0} type the decay vertex is taken to be a phenomenological constant {gamma} and such a choice leads to large mass shifts of all meson levels due to real and virtual decays, the latter giving a divergent contribution. Here we show that taking the microscopic details of decay vertex into account, one obtains new string width effect coefficient, which strongly suppresses virtual decay contribution. In addition for a realistic space structure of the decay vertex of highly excited states, the decay matrix elements appear to be strongly different from those, where the constant {gamma} is used. From our analysis also follows that so-called flattening potential can imitate the effects of intermediate decay channels.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Searches for signals from microscopic black holes in processes of proton collisions at <##> } s $ /sqrt s $ √s </##> = 7 TeV in the CMS experiment at the LHC

If the fundamental scale of multidimensional gravity is about one or several TeV units, microscopic black holes or objects referred to as string balls may be produced at the LHC. The most recent results obtained by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC from searches for such signals at the c.m. protoninteraction energy of 7 TeV and for an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb{sup −1}. Lower limits on the masses of objects of strongly acting gravity were set in the parameter region accessible to tests at the present time. Prospects for further research in this field are discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Microscopic interpretation of the results of new measurements for the {sup 3}He(α, γ){sup 7}Be reaction

A microscopic approach based on the algebraic version of the resonating group method was implemented by applying it to the radiative capture reaction {sup 3}He(α, γ){sup 7}Be. The astrophysical S-factor of the reaction and the branching ratio between the capture to the ground and the first excited states of the {sup 7}Be nucleus were calculated. A comparison of the theoretical results with the most recent experimental data was performed, and good agreement with these data was found. Advantages of the theoretical approach realized are indicated, and possible ways to refine upon it are outlined.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Searches for Kaluza-Klein graviton excitations and microscopic black holes with the aid of the CMS detector at the LHC

A survey of the results of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment that concern searches for massive Kaluza-Klein graviton excitations and microscopic black holes, quantum black holes, and string balls within models of low-energy multidimensional gravity is presented on behalf of the CMS Collaboration. The analysis in question is performed on the basis of a complete sample of data accumulated for proton-proton collisions at the c.m. energies of 7 and 8 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) over the period spanning 2010 and 2012.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Microscopic description of diffractive deuteron breakup by {sup 3}He nuclei

A microscopic formalism for describing observed cross sections for deuteron breakup by threenucleon nuclei was developed on the basis of the diffraction nuclear model. A general formula that describes the amplitude for the reaction {sup 2}H({sup 3}He, {sup 3}Hep)n and which involves only one adjustable parameter was obtained by using expansions of the integrands involved in terms of a Gaussian basis. This formula was used to analyze experimental data on the exclusive cross sections for deuteron breakup by {sup 3}He nuclei at the projectile energy of 89.4MeV. The importance of employing, in calculations, a deuteron wave function that has a correct asymptotic behavior at large nucleon–nucleon distances was demonstrated.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Microscopic multichannel investigation of the {sup 6}Li + n seven-nucleon nuclear system at low energies

The {sup 6}Li + n seven-nucleon nuclear system is studied at low energies within a microscopic approach based on the multichannel algebraic version of the resonating group model. The partial and total cross sections for the {sup 6}Li(n, t){sup 4}He reaction are calculated. The contributions of the various partial cross sections to the energy dependence of the total cross section are considered. The results of the calculations are found to be in a good agreement with experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Time-dependent microscopic description of total reaction cross sections for collisions of {sup 6}He and {sup 9}Li nuclei with {sup 28}Si nuclei at low and intermediate energies

A microscopic description is given for the collisions of the {sup 9}Li and {sup 6}He nuclei with the {sup 28}Si nucleus. It is based on numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the external neutrons of the projectile nuclei. The corrections to the nucleus-nucleus potential associated with the redistribution of external neutrons were determined for energies of 5 to 60 MeV/nucleon using the time-dependent folding potential. The probability of leaving the elastic channel was calculated using the reflectionless boundary condition for partial waves. The calculated cross sections are in agreement with the experimental data on the total cross sections for the above reactions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Nucleon Isovector Pairing in Nuclei: Microscopic Approach, Boson Representation, and Collective Model

Nucleon pair correlations in atomic nuclei are analyzed within a nuclear microscopic model with residual isovector pairing forces. These are formulated in the boson representation of fermion operators whereby the collective mode of pair excitations can be isolated without restricting the size of the one-particle basis. This method allows one to analyze the fluctuations in the nonsuperfluid phase of nuclear matter, its phase transition to the superfluid phase, and strong pair correlations. The performance of the method is exemplified by numerical results for the nuclei in the vicinity of the doubly magic {sup 56}Ni nucleus.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Local triboelectrification of an n-GaAs surface using the tip of an atomic-force microscope

The method of scanning Kelvin-probe microscopy is used to show that the effect of triboelectrification is observed when the tip of an atomic-force microscope interacts with the surface of n-GaAs epitaxial layers. The sign of the change in the potential indicates that the sample surface after triboelectrification becomes more negative. The observed specific features of the phenomena can be attributed to the thermally activated generation of point defects in the vicinity of the sample surface due to deformation caused by the tip.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of the interaction conditions of the probe of an atomic-force microscope with the n-GaAs surface on the triboelectrization phenomenon

Triboelectrization as a result of the scanning of an atomic-force-microscope probe over an n-GaAs surface in the contact mode is investigated. The dependences of the local potential variation on the scanning rate and the pressing force of the probe are obtained. The results are explained by point-defect formation in the surface layers of samples under the effect of deformation of these layers during probe scanning. The charge localized at these defects in the case of equilibrium changes the potential of surface, which is subject to triboelectrization. It is shown that, for qualitative explanation of the observed dependences, it is necessary to take into account both the generation and annihilation of defects in the region experiencing deformation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗