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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 865 records · Page 48
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Understanding ion-selective Li/Na metal plating behavior in hybrid Li-Na battery

This study investigates ion-selective Li/Na metal plating behavior in hybrid Li-Na battery systems, revealing the critical role of electrolyte solvents in these processes. Using a hybrid battery design with a LiFePO 4 cathode, Na metal anode, and NaPF 6 -based electrolytes, we observed contrasting effects of carbonate- and ether-based electrolyte solvents. While ether-based electrolytes showed expected Na plating/stripping, carbonate-based electrolytes surprisingly favored a Li-dominant plating/stripping reaction despite the Na-rich environment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that this selectivity is linked to the composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, with carbonate electrolytes forming Li-based inorganic-rich SEI layers that facilitate Li-ion diffusion while screening Na ions. In conclusion, these findings challenge the conventional understanding of metal plating in multi-ion environments and offer insights for designing future hybrid battery systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1999

Effective Forces Between Colloidal Particles

Colloidal suspensions have proven to be excellent model systems for the study of condensed matter and its phase behavior. Many of the properties of colloidal suspensions can be investigated with a systematic variation of the characteristics of the systems and, in addition, the energy, length and time scales associated with them allow for experimental probing of otherwise inaccessible regimes. The latter property also makes colloidal systems vulnerable to external influences such as gravity. Experiments performed in micro-ravity by Chaikin and Russell have been invaluable in extracting the true behavior of the systems without an external field. Weitz and Pusey intend to use mixtures of colloidal particles with additives such as polymers to induce aggregation and form weak, tenuous, highly disordered fractal structures that would be stable in the absence of gravitational forces. When dispersed in a polarizable medium, colloidal particles can ionize, emitting counterions into the solution. The standard interaction potential in these charged colloidal suspensions was first obtained by Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek. The DLVO potential is obtained in the mean-field linearized Poisson-Boltzmann approximation and thus has limited applicability. For more precise calculations, we have used ab initio density functional theory. In our model, colloidal particles are charged hard spheres, the counterions are described by a continuum density field and the solvent is treated as a homogeneous medium with a specified dielectric constant. We calculate the effective forces between charged colloidal particles by integrating over the solvent and counterion degrees of freedom, taking into account the direct interactions between the particles as well as particle-counterion, counterion-counterion Coulomb, counterion entropic and correlation contributions. We obtain the effective interaction potential between charged colloidal particles in different configurations. We evaluate two- and three-body forces in the bulk as well as study the influence of soft walls. We qualitatively explain the effects of the walls on the forces and demonstrate that many-body effects are negligible in our system. With adjustments in the parameters, the DLVO pair-potential can describe the results quantitatively. Besides electrostatic interactions, entropic depletion effects that arise from (hard-core) exclusion play an important role in determining the behavior of multi-component colloidal suspensions. A standard theory for depletion forces is due to Asakura and Oosawa and is based on the ideal gas approximation. To go beyond this approximation, we have studied entropic forces in molecular dynamics simulations of systems of hard spheres (the effects of the solvent have been ignored). The effective depletion forces for these systems can be found either from equilibrium distribution functions or from direct momentum transfer calculations. Our results obtained by either method show qualitative differences from the Asakura-Oosawa forces, indicating a longer range, higher value at contact and most importantly a more complicated structure, comprising of several maxima and minima. Our calculations include the determination of effective forces between two spheres, a hard sphere and a wall, and the behavior of a hard sphere near a step-edge and a corner. We also demonstrate that such entropic forces do not necessarily satisfy pairwise additivity.

Tehver, Riina↗
DOE OSTI2022

Specific Ion Effects in Lanthanide–Amphiphile Structures at the Air–Water Interface and Their Implications for Selective Separation

The use of surfactants to attract dissolved ions to water surfaces and interfaces is an essential step in both solvent-based and solvent-free separation processes. Here, we have studied the interactions of lanthanide ions in the aqueous subphase with monolayers of dihexadecyl phosphate at air–water interfaces. With heavier lanthanides (atomic number Z ≥ 65) in the subphase, the floating layer can be compressed to an area/molecule of about half the molecular cross section, indicating bilayer formation. X-ray fluorescence and reflectivity data support this conclusion. In the presence of lighter lanthanides (Z < 65), only monolayers are observed. Subphase-concentration-dependent studies using Er 3+ (heavier) and Nd 3+ (lighter) lanthanides show a stepwise progression, with ions attaching to the monolayer only when the solution concentration is >3 × 10 –7 M. Above ~10 –5 M, bilayers form but only in the presence of the heavier lanthanide. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction shows evidence of lateral ion–ion correlations in the bilayer structure but not in monolayers. Explicit solvent all-atom molecular dynamics simulations confirm the elevated ion–ion correlation in the bilayer system. This bilayer structure isolates heavier lanthanides but not lighter lanthanides from an aqueous solution and is therefore a potential mechanism for the selective separation of heavier lanthanides.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

How hydrophobicity, side chains, and salt affect the dimensions of disordered proteins

Abstract Despite the generally accepted role of the hydrophobic effect as the driving force for folding, many intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), including those with hydrophobic content typical of foldable proteins, behave nearly as self‐avoiding random walks (SARWs) under physiological conditions. Here, we tested how temperature and ionic conditions influence the dimensions of the N‐terminal domain of pertactin (PNt), an IDP with an amino acid composition typical of folded proteins. While PNt contracts somewhat with temperature, it nevertheless remains expanded over 10–58°C, with a Flory exponent, ν , >0.50. Both low and high ionic strength also produce contraction in PNt, but this contraction is mitigated by reducing charge segregation. With 46% glycine and low hydrophobicity, the reduced form of snow flea anti‐freeze protein (red‐sfAFP) is unaffected by temperature and ionic strength and persists as a near‐SARW, ν ~ 0.54, arguing that the thermal contraction of PNt is due to stronger interactions between hydrophobic side chains. Additionally, red‐sfAFP is a proxy for the polypeptide backbone, which has been thought to collapse in water. Increasing the glycine segregation in red‐sfAFP had minimal effect on ν . Water remained a good solvent even with 21 consecutive glycine residues ( ν > 0.5), and red‐sfAFP variants lacked stable backbone hydrogen bonds according to hydrogen exchange. Similarly, changing glycine segregation has little impact on ν in other glycine‐rich proteins. These findings underscore the generality that many disordered states can be expanded and unstructured, and that the hydrophobic effect alone is insufficient to drive significant chain collapse for typical protein sequences.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Modeling and analysis of solvent removal during Li-ion battery electrode drying

In this paper, we study the design aspects and process dynamics of solvent removal from Lithium-ion battery electrode coatings. For this, we use a continuum level mathematical model to describe the physical phenomenon of cathode drying involving coupled simultaneous heat and mass transfer with phase change. Our results indicate that around 90% of solvent is removed in less than half of the overall drying time. We study the effect of varying temperature and air velocity on the drying process. We show that the overall drying energy can be reduced by at least 50% by using a multi-zone drying process. Also, the peak solvent flux can be reduced by at least 40%. We further present the effect of using an aqueous solvent instead of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) in electrode drying. Our results indicate that Water dries nearly 4.5 times faster as compared to NMP and requires nearly 10 times less overall drying energy per kg of solvent.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Calcium Cosalt Addition to Alter the Cation Solvation Structure and Enhance the Ca Metal Anode Performance

Accessing the energy density and sustainability of calcium metal batteries requires mastering reversible calcium electrodeposition through electrolyte design. Several electrolytes support reversible, ambient temperature deposition but at utilization and rate too low for practical applications. These challenges stem from solvation structures characterized by either high barriers for cation desolvation or thermodynamic instability, leading to parasitic decomposition of the salt and solvent. The optimal solvation structure for the effective delivery of calcium to the electrode interface is not known. In this work, we show that adding a relatively small amount of a weakly associating calcium salt (calcium carba-closo-dodecaborate) to an otherwise strongly associated solution (calcium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran) produces a surprising population of fully solvent-coordinated Ca2+ cations in the form of solvent-separated ion pairs (SSIPs). We further demonstrate that the formation of these SSIPs beneficially impacts the kinetics and thermodynamics of calcium electrodeposition, revealing the unexpected finding that direct coordination of Ca2+ by the BH4– anion limits the electrodeposition process. These findings reveal how the competition between solvent and anion coordination to Ca2+ affects calcium deposition kinetics and cycling stability, setting the stage for a new calcium electrolyte design based on mixed anion electrolytes.

Landers, Alan T.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Copper Electrodeposition from Deep Eutectic Solvents—Voltammetric Studies Providing Insights into the Role of Substrate: Platinum vs Glassy Carbon

We report on the effect of the substrate on electrochemical deposition of Cu from deep eutectic solvent ethaline. We investigated the polarization behavior during electrodeposition of Cu on Pt and glassy carbon (GC) from both Cu 2+ and Cu + containing ethaline using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Formation of bulk Cu deposits on both substrates underwent nucleation and growth processes; however, the nucleation was considerably sluggish on GC compared to Pt. While experiments in Cu+ solutions indicated that coalescence of Cu islands on Pt is a slow process and that its surface may not be fully covered by Cu, such determination of Cu coverage could not be made on GC. Cu dissolution is also slower from GC than from Pt. It was observed that CV of Cu deposition on GC is influenced by the surface preparation method. Since ethaline has high chloride concentration, a parallel study in aqueous 3 M NaCl solution was conducted in order to examine the influence of the chloride medium on the electrodeposition process. Lastly, this revealed that electrodeposition in both media occurred in the same manner but with different charge and mass transfer rates caused by the differences in viscosity and chloride concentrations of the two solutions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

The effect of hydroxyl spacing in diols on the solvation structure, dynamics, and transport properties of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of liquids that offer great potential in alleviating some of the challenges present in today's long-term energy storage methods because they have physical properties that are favorable for storable electrolyte solutions. In this work, a series of glycols (ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol) were studied as potential hydrogen bond donors (HBD) with a common choline chloride (ChCl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). The solvation dynamics of the prepared systems were studied by measuring the solvent reorganization response using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (fs-TA). Conductivity, viscosity, density, ET(30) polarity, and dynamics of the prepared DESs were analyzed, with a particular interest in determining the effect of HBD chain length on these parameters. Here, classical molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate how the local liquid structure, solvent dynamics, and bulk solvent properties vary with changes in glycol chain length.

Conductivity↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effects of the advanced organosolv pretreatment strategies on structural properties of woody biomass

Plants have evolved their lignocellulosic cell walls through complex structural and chemical mechanisms to protect itself against microbial attacks, which makes native lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrant to enzymatic deconstruction. Pretreatment is a crucial step in the biological conversion of biomass as it can render structural changes in the plant cell wall to reduce the biomass recalcitrance, thus enhancing its sugar release performance. There have been many efforts to develop effective pretreatment technologies to overcome the biomass recalcitrance with a primary focus on the efficient conversion of biomass carbohydrates to liquid fuels, while lignin is significantly underutilized despite its bulk amount and high-value opportunities. In this study, the effects of two recent organosolv pretreatment strategies, co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) and γ-Valerolactone (GVL) pretreatments, on physicochemical properties of poplar were investigated and compared with the effects of conventional ethanol organosolv pretreatment. Diverse physicochemical properties of biomass including chemical compositions, molecular weights of cellulose and lignin, aromatics and inter-unit linkages of lignin, lignin hydroxyl group contents, cellulose crystallinity, and accessible surface area of cellulose were analyzed before and after pretreatments. The results revealed how each organic solvent pretreatment system affected biomass structural characteristics and recalcitrance.

Meng, Xianzhi↗
DOE OSTI2014

Fully Automated Laser Ablation Liquid Capture Sample Analysis using NanoElectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

RATIONALE: Laser ablation provides for the possibility of sampling a large variety of surfaces with high spatial resolution. This type of sampling when employed in conjunction with liquid capture followed by nanoelectrospray ionization provides the opportunity for sensitive and prolonged interrogation of samples by mass spectrometry as well as the ability to analyze surfaces not amenable to direct liquid extraction. METHODS: A fully automated, reflection geometry, laser ablation liquid capture spot sampling system was achieved by incorporating appropriate laser fiber optics and a focusing lens into a commercially available, liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA ) ready Advion TriVersa NanoMate system. RESULTS: Under optimized conditions about 10% of laser ablated material could be captured in a droplet positioned vertically over the ablation region using the NanoMate robot controlled pipette. The sampling spot size area with this laser ablation liquid capture surface analysis (LA/LCSA) mode of operation (typically about 120 m x 160 m) was approximately 50 times smaller than that achievable by direct liquid extraction using LESA (ca. 1 mm diameter liquid extraction spot). The set-up was successfully applied for the analysis of ink on glass and paper as well as the endogenous components in Alstroemeria Yellow King flower petals. In a second mode of operation with a comparable sampling spot size, termed laser ablation/LESA , the laser system was used to drill through, penetrate, or otherwise expose material beneath a solvent resistant surface. Once drilled, LESA was effective in sampling soluble material exposed at that location on the surface. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating the capability for different laser ablation liquid capture spot sampling modes of operation into a LESA ready Advion TriVersa NanoMate enhanced the spot sampling spatial resolution of this device and broadened the surface types amenable to analysis to include absorbent and solvent resistant materials.

alstroemeria↗
DOE OSTI2013

High linear energy transfer degradation studies simulating alpha radiolysis of TRU solvent extraction processes

Treatment of used nuclear fuel through solvent extraction separation processes is hindered by radiolytic damage from radioactive isotopes present in used fuel. The nature of the damage caused by the radiation may depend on the radiation type, whether it be low linear energy transfer (LET) such as gamma radiation or high LET such as alpha radiation. Used nuclear fuel contains beta/gamma emitting isotopes but also a significant amount of transuranics which are generally alpha emitters. Studying the respective effects on matter of both of these types of radiation will allow for accurate prediction and modeling of process performance losses with respect to dose. Current studies show that alpha radiation has milder effects than that of gamma. This is important to know because it will mean that solvent extraction solutions exposed to alpha radiation may last longer than expected and need less repair and replacement. These models are important for creating robust, predictable, and economical processes that have strong potential for mainstream adoption on the commercial level. The effects of gamma radiation on solvent extraction ligands have been more extensively studied than the effects of alpha radiation. This is due to the inherent difficulty in producing a sufficient and confluent dose of alpha particles within a sample without leaving the sample contaminated with long lived radioactive isotopes. Helium ion beam and radioactive isotope sources have been studied in the literature. We have developed a method for studying the effects of high LET radiation in situ via {sup 10}B activation and the high LET particles that result from the {sup 10}B(n,a){sup 7}Li reaction which follows. Our model for dose involves solving a partial differential equation representing absorption by 10B of an isentropic field of neutrons penetrating a sample. This method has been applied to organic solutions of TBP and CMPO, two ligands common in TRU solvent extraction treatment processes. Rates of degradation of TBP and CMPO and their respective degradation products in the presence of high LET radiation are presented and discussed. These results are also compared to gamma studies performed in our lab and other gamma and alpha studies found in the literature. The possible application of this method to a variety of other solvent extraction ligands to study the effects of high LET radiation is also considered. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Long timescale solvation dynamics and confinement: The case of non-ionic deep eutectic solvents of lauric acid and N-methylacetamide

Microscopic segregation and molecular heterogeneities in complex liquids are the result of the interplay between different intermolecular forces, all of which contribute to the energy landscape of the system. A consequence of the intricate energy landscape is the nontrivial effect on the solvation dynamics. Here, the impact of molecular heterogeneities on the solvation dynamics is studied using infrared spectroscopies and molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, this study focuses on the dynamical effect of nanoscopic heterogeneities present in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed of lauric acid (LA) and N-methylacetamide (NMA). To this end, a molecular probe containing a carbon triple bond is used as an infrared reporter. The results show that the vibrational probe is likely to be located in the NMA polar domains. Furthermore, the probe solvation dynamics derived from the 2DIR spectra presents a slowdown of its timescale with increasing LA concentration in the DES. Kubo modeling of the probe solvation dynamics shows a correlation between the amplitude of its long time component and the presence of molecular heterogeneities in the sample. Semiclassical modeling of the vibrational line shape of the triple bond stretch demonstrates that the heterogeneities affect the whole solvation dynamics of the system through the amplitudes of the frequency fluctuations. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the experimental results and their interpretation by showing a slowdown of the solvation dynamics when the LA heterogeneities are present. Overall, the study presents a molecular framework to explain the effect of confinement created by nanoscopic LA heterogeneities on the solvation dynamics of the system.

Chemical compounds↗
DOE OSTI2019

Polar polymer–solvent interaction derived favorable interphase for stable lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal has long been regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for future rechargeable batteries. However, the severe reaction of Li with carbonate electrolytes and the rapid growth of Li-dendrites at high current densities hinder its practical application in Li-metal batteries. In this work, we report a polar polymer protective layer to suppress highly corrosive cyclic carbonates by tuning polymer–solvent interactions. The C≡N groups of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer chains in the polar polymer network can effectively reduce high reactivity of the C=O groups of carbonate solvents leading to a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer with higher inorganic components. In situ optical and electron microscopes demonstrate that the polar polymer network effectively restrained the formation and growth of Li-dendrites, which helps to stabilize the plating/stripping behavior of Li in a symmetric Li|Li cell and a Li|LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 cell. This study provides a useful perspective of controlling electrolyte coordination to form a stable SEI layer in carbonate electrolytes for Li-metal batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Gold Nanoparticle Monolayers with Tunable Optical and Electrical Properties

In this work, centimeter-scale gold nanoparticle (Au NP) monolayer films have been fabricated using a water/organic solvent self-assembly strategy. A recently developed approach, drain to deposit, is demonstrated to be most effective in transferring the Au NP films from the water/organic solvent interface to various solid substrates while maintaining their integrity. The interparticle spacing was tuned from 1.4 to 3.1 nm using alkylamine ligands of different lengths. The ordering of the films increased with increasing ligand length. The surface plasmon resonance and the in-plane electrical conductivity of the Au NP films both exhibit an exponential dependence on the interparticle spacing. These findings show great potential in scaling up the manufacturing of high-performance optical and electronic devices based on two-dimensional metallic nanoparticle superlattices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Ionic Liquid-Enhanced Interfaces to Boost Reactive C O2 Capture

The addition of ionic liquids (ILs) to a mixture containing a molecular solvent and other ionic species can induce the heterogeneous redistribution of cations and anions at the gas–liquid interface. This nonuniform redistribution of cations and anions driven by the differences in the solvophilicity of ions can improve the thermophysical and interfacial properties of such mixtures, creating a local chemical environment that is conducive to some reactions. In this work, ILs are added to a mixture of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and ethylene glycol (EG), used as a reactive absorbent and electrolyte in the migration-assisted moisture-gradient (MAMG) process for CO 2 capture. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to probe into the effects of complex ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions and to examine the chemical composition at the gas–liquid interface. A total of 12 systems are investigated using molecular simulations to identify trends in the performance of IL additives based on the choice of cation, anion, and IL concentration. The cation effects are studied using IL additives based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM] + ) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM] + ), while the impact of anions is examined using additives based on dicyanamide [DCA] − , triflate [TfO] − , bistriflimide [NTf 2 ] − , and hexafluorophosphate [PF 6 ] − anions, respectively. The influence of the IL concentration is also evaluated at molar concentrations between 1% and 4%. The simulation results indicate that the use of IL additives can affect the physical CO 2 solubility, surface tension, and the localization of CO 2 around the [OH] − ions at the gas–liquid interface. It is also evident that the choice of cations, anions, and IL concentration determines the extent to which the IL additives impact the local physicochemical properties. Physical dissolution, diffusive transport, and interaction with [OH] − are critical intermediate steps toward reactive CO 2 capture using a liquid absorbent. Hence, the improvement in one or more of these properties, aided by IL additives, is expected to improve the overall CO 2 capture performance. Experiments reaffirmed the impact of IL additives on CO 2 capture performance and the sensitivity to the choice of the cation, anion, and concentration of the IL additive.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Uranium Removal from Seawater by Means of Polyamide 6 Fibers Directly Grafted with Diallyl Oxalate through a Single-Step, Solvent-Free Irradiation Process

In order to test the effectiveness of oxalate-based polymeric adsorbents in the recovery of uranium from seawater, diallyl oxalate (DAOx) was grafted onto nylon 6 fabrics by exposing the fabric, immersed in pure liquid DAOx or in a surfactant-stabilized dispersion of DAOx in water, to electron beam or gamma radiation. Following drying and weighing to determine the degree of grafting (DoG), the presence of oxalate in the fabrics was verified using XPS. Zeta potential measurements showed the fabric surfaces to be negatively charged. The fabrics were tested by rotating them for 7 days in a rotary agitator with actual seawater spiked with 0.2 or 1.0 mg∙L -1 uranium. The fraction of uranium in the solution which was removed due to uptake on the fabrics was found to rise with increasing DoG at both uranium concentrations. EDS measurements were used to map the distribution of adsorbed uranium on the polymeric fibers.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Beyond Local Solvation Structure: Nanometric Aggregates in Battery Electrolytes and their Effect on Electrolyte Properties

Electrolytes are an essential component of all electrochemical storage and conversion devices, such as batteries. In the history of battery development, the complex nature of electrolytes has often been a bottleneck. Fundamental knowledge of electrolyte systems encompasses elucidation of structure-property relationships of the solution species. Recently, nanometric aggregates have been observed in several classes of electrolytes, including super-concentrated, redox-flow, multivalent, polymer, and ionic liquid-based electrolytes. Compared with the well-studied local solvation structures such as contact ion pairs and solvent-separated ions, these aggregates impose unique effects on the ion distribution and transport both within bulk electrolytes and at electrode/electrolyte interfaces. This Perspective highlights the discovery of the aggregates in various battery electrolytes and their impact on electrolyte properties. We also present an outlook for future studies of this emerging field of nanometric aggregates and the need for the development of new experimental and computational tools to study their properties.

Yu, Zhou↗
DOE OSTI2025

Comparison of the efficacy of a biocompatible and a distillable solvent for pretreatment of mixed bioenergy feedstocks

Biomass deconstruction is a crucial step in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels and bioproducts. However, identifying and selecting an optimal pretreatment solvent that enhances enzymatic saccharification while being cost-efficient and ensuring sustainability remains a challenge. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of the biocompatible ionic liquid cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]) against the distillable solvent ethanolamine, when used for the pretreatment of mixed bioenergy feedstocks, including poplar, switchgrass, and sorghum. [Ch][Lys] was used at a concentration of 10 % wt. in a one-pot configuration without biomass washing and ethanolamine was used in a concentrated form and removed with a vacuum oven, before performing enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial conversion. Our results show that ethanolamine pretreatment consistently enhances the glucose yield across various biomass types compared to [Ch][Lys], with improvements ranging from 22.0 % to 52.7 %. The highest combined sugar release was observed when the three feedstocks were combined in equal amounts and pretreated with ethanolamine, achieving a glucose yield of 84.6 % and a xylose yield of 76.6 %. Additionally, ethanolamine exhibited exceptional solvent recovery efficiency, with removal efficiencies exceeding 99.8 % at 120 °C across all feedstocks, highlighting its advantage over non-distillable solvents. While both solvents produced biocompatible hydrolysates, the hydrolysates prepared using ethanolamine resulted in higher bioproduct formation. These findings highlight the industrial relevance of selecting recyclable and biocompatible solvents for scalable, sustainable, and cost-effective bioenergy production. This study contributes to the development of economically viable and scalable pretreatment technologies for bioenergy applications using different feedstocks and process configurations.

Rahman, Maksudur↗