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At least 865 records · Page 48

Observations and Analysis of Atmospheric Hydroxyl

Ground-based measurements of sunlight absorption at the OH P(sub 1)(l) resonance line at 308 nm have been made on a continuous basis at Fritz Peak, Colorado. The derived OH vertical column abundances show the persistence of a new seasonal regime which began in 1991. The fall minimum has been consistently depressed about 10-15% below the 1980-1990 average fall values. While the initial onset of depressed fall abundances occurred a few months after the Pinatubo eruption, there has been no fall OH recovery correlating with decreased amounts of volcanic aerosol found since spring 1993. The Colorado data also continues to exhibit an AM-PM asymmetry which varies seasonally, approximately in phase with local total ozone. These observations were presented at the Front Range AGU meeting in February 1996 and were published in Geophysical Research Letters in July 1996 (preprint enclosed). An update through the fall of 1996, when morning abundances were found to be extremely low, was presented at the Fall 1996 AGU meeting (abstract attached). A PEPSIOS instrument of identical design is currently operational and has been used since April 1996 for OH column measurements at New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM. Title for both instruments was transferred from Florida Atlantic University to New Mexico Tech in February of 1996. Comparative measurements from the two instruments for April-July 1996 indicate small differences in OH column abundances, with New Mexico (34 deg N) abundances about 10% above Colorado (40 deg N) values for comparable solar zenith angles. A more detailed comparison will require at least one full year of data from both locations. New Mexico measurements were obtained on June 10, 1996, concurrently with a balloon launch of the NASA STRAT mission from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. We hope to make use of STRAT measurements H2O, CH4, and O3 which are particularly relevant to OH photochemistry. Additional work at New Mexico Tech involves a comparison of P(sub 1)(1) and Q(sub 1)(3) absorption by the method of Doppler shift of solar limb spectra. These are being used to infer path weighted temperatures and for validations studies on the standard method of analysis using the single P(sub 1)(1) line. Results were presented at the Fall 1996 AGU meeting (abstract attached). A graduate student in the Physics Department at New Mexico Tech has been supported since August 1996. The student is investigating column OH behavior using the NCAR 2-D model of the middle atmosphere. Graduate student support was not available until the start of the second year (Nov. 15, 1996), therefore funds have been transferred from the allocation for the research associate, who resigned from the project July 1, 1996.

Minschwaner, Ken R.↗

Choked flow of fluid nitrogen with emphasis on the thermodynamic critical region

A critical flow experiment was performed with fluid nitrogen in a converging-diverging nozzle at stagnation conditions from 87.5 to 234 K and pressures to 9.3 MN/sq m, with particular emphasis on the thermodynamic critical region. The nozzle throat conditions ranged from two-phase to near critical to gaseous. Proximity of the fluid in the nozzle to the critical point has a significant influence on the critical flow rate and pressure ratio curves. The flow rate exhibits an inflection and the pressure ratio shows a sharp peak when stagnation conditions are near the transposed critical point. The critical flow data are compared with equilibrium and nonequilibrium theories, and conditions are defined for which various methods of prediction remain valid.

Hendricks, R. C.↗

A review of air transport noise

Flight vehicles are characterized according to their manner of operation and type of propulsion system, and their associated sources of noise are identified. Available noise reduction technology as it relates to engine cycle design and to power plant component design is summarized. Such components as exhaust jets, fans, propellers, rotors, airflow-surface interactions, and reciprocating engine exhausts are discussed, along with their noise reduction potentials. Significant aircraft noise reductions are noted to have been accomplished by the application of available technology in support of noise certification rules. Improved analytical prediction methods, and well controlled validation experiments supported by advanced design aeroacoustic facilities, are required as a basis for an effective integrated systems approach to aircraft noise control.

Hubbard, H. H.↗

Magnetism in meteorites

An overview of this subject is presented. The paper includes a glossary of magnetism terminology and a discussion of magnetic techniques used in meteorite research. These techniques comprise thermomagnetic analysis, alternating field demagnetization, thermal demagnetization, magnetic anisotropy, low-temperature cycling, and coercive forces, with emphasis on the first method. Limitations on the validity of paleointensity determinations are also discussed.

Herndon, J. M.↗

Performance modeling of earth resources remote sensors

A technique is presented for constructing a mathematical model of an earth resources remote sensor. The technique combines established models of electronic and optical components with formulated models of scan and vibration effects, and it includes a model of the radiation effects of the earth's atmosphere. The resulting composite model is useful for predicting in-flight sensor performance, and a descriptive set of performance parameters is derived in terms of the model. A method is outlined for validating the model for each sensor of interest. The validation for one airborne infrared scanning system is accomplished in part by a satisfactory comparison of predicted response with laboratory data for that sensor.

Kidd, R. H.↗

Wind tunnel test and calibration techniques for the measurement of damping and dynamic cross derivatives due to pitching and yawing

The paper shows how the oscillatory apparatus described previously by Orlik-Rueckemann et al. (1974) for determining cross and cross-coupling moment derivatives due to pitching and yawing oscillation is strengthened, extensively modified, and adapted to permit operation in a large continuous-flow wind tunnel. Particular attention is given to an electromagnetic three-degrees-of-freedom calibrating system developed to verify the validity of the experimental method and the various aspects of data reduction procedure. Typical results from calibration tests and from a series of wind tunnel experiments are presented. The only significant limitation is that the apparatus can only be used for models that are relatively small and have a conically-shaped longitudinal cavity.

Hanff, E. S.↗

Monte Carlo solution of Boltzmann equation for a simple model of highly nonequilibrium diatomic gases: Translational rotational energy relaxation

The semiclassical transition probability was incorporated in the simulation for energy exchange between rotational and translational energy. The results provide details on the fundamental mechanisms of gas kinetics where analytical methods were impractical. The validity of the local Maxwellian assumption and relaxation time, rotational-translational energy transition, and a velocity analysis of the inelastic collision were discussed in detail.

Yoshikawa, K. K.↗

Drones for aerodynamic and structural testing /DAST/ - A status report

A program for providing research data on aerodynamic loads and active control systems on wings with supercritical airfoils in the transonic speed range is described. Analytical development, wind tunnel tests, and flight tests are included. A Firebee II target drone vehicle has been modified for use as a flight test facility. The program currently includes flight experiments on two aeroelastic research wings. The primary purpose of the first flight experiment is to demonstrate an active control system for flutter suppression on a transport-type wing. Design and fabrication of the wing are complete and after installing research instrumentation and the flutter suppression system, flight testing is expected to begin in early 1979. The experiment on the second research wing - a fuel-conservative transport type - is to demonstrate multiple active control systems including flutter suppression, maneuver load alleviation, gust load alleviation, and reduce static stability. Of special importance for this second experiment is the development and validation of integrated design methods which include the benefits of active controls in the structural design.

Murrow, H. N.↗

Development and validation of a combined rotor fuselage induced flow field computational method

A potential-flow panel method was modified to calculate the effects of a rotor wake on the time-averaged surface pressure and velocity distributions on a helicopter fuselage. The rotor-induced velocities are calculated by using a vortex-tube wake model. The calculated pressure distributions are found to compare well with experimental data obtained from tests of a wind-tunnel model.

Freeman, C. E.↗

Development of a fire test facility for graphite fiber-reinforced composites

A number of modifications were added to the Model 25 facility to make it specifically applicable for composite material screening tests. Most significant was the development of hardware for trapping fibers released during test and isolating them for quantitative measurement. Capability was added for increasing test section velocities and increasing the range of air/fuel ratios available from very rich to very lean. A provision was added for agitation of the test specimen and the combustion gases by a pulsating gas supply. A variety of specimen configurations was evaluated by an extensive series of tests on a graphite-epoxy reference composite which is representative of material currently used in advanced aircraft. A standard test technique and specimen configuration were established which was satisfactory for the reference composite. A test program was then performed on several alternate composite materials to verify the validity of the test method for relative evaluation of a variety of composite materials.

Alexander, J. G.↗

Some observations regarding the statistical determination of stress rupture regression lines

Observations concerning the statistical evaluation of creep data are presented. Methods currently employed in the determination of stress rupture regression lines can result in conflicting and necessarily invalid results. Anomalous behavior is principally associated with the selection of the dependent variable. However, it is the least squares method of curve fitting which introduces regression bias. Methods to improve the validity of least squares regressions are suggested.

Pizzo, P. P.↗

Solution of Boltzmann equation for highly nonequilibrium diatomic gases rotational translational energy relaxation

The direct simulation Monte Carlo method is applied to solve the Boltzmann equation for collisions between internally excited diatomic gases in highly nonequilibrium states. The semiclassical transition probability is incorporated in the simulation for energy exchange between rotational and translational energy. The results provide details on the fundamental mechanisms of gas kinetics where analytical methods are impractical. The validity of the local Maxwellian assumption and relaxation time, rotational-translational energy transition, and a velocity analysis of the inelastic collision are discussed in detail.

Yoshikawa, K. K.↗

On the birthrate of galactic supernovae

The birthrate of galactic supernovae is estimated in three different ways. The three ranges overlap, and it is suggested that 70 + or - 35 yr represents a more realistic estimate of the rate than some that have previously been made. The galactic supernova remnants and their observed systematic brightness gradients perpendicular to the galactic plane imply a scale height of about 200 pc for the remnant progenitors and a galactic magnetic field scale height of about 300 pc. Long standing anomalies associated with the young remnant AD 1006, the galactic loops, and faint remnants, are accounted for by the brightness gradient effect. This provides firm, independent evidence for the validity of the remnant method of deducing the birthrate of galactic supernovae.

Lerche, I.↗

A study of the relativistic rise in ionization as measured by ion chambers of different design

Techniques for scheduling with resource-constraints are investigated. In particular, the use of zero-one programming and dispatching methods are discussed. An algorithm which combines characteristics of both existing methods to generate a valid schedule to experiments is introduced. Examples and test results are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the use of this algorithm on data typical to Spacelab missions.

Shand, J. B., Jr.↗

Photogrammetry of the Viking Lander imagery

The problem of photogrammetric mapping which uses Viking Lander photography as its basis is solved in two ways: (1) by converting the azimuth and elevation scanning imagery to the equivalent of a frame picture, using computerized rectification; and (2) by interfacing a high-speed, general-purpose computer to the analytical plotter employed, so that all correction computations can be performed in real time during the model-orientation and map-compilation process. Both the efficiency of the Viking Lander cameras and the validity of the rectification method have been established by a series of pre-mission tests which compared the accuracy of terrestrial maps compiled by this method with maps made from aerial photographs. In addition, 1:10-scale topographic maps of Viking Lander sites 1 and 2 having a contour interval of 1.0 cm have been made to test the rectification method.

Wu, S. S. C.↗

The computation of Laplacian smoothing splines with examples

Laplacian smoothing splines (LSS) are presented as generalizations of graduation, cubic and thin plate splines. The method of generalized cross validation (GCV) to choose the smoothing parameter is described. The GCV is used in the algorithm for the computation of LSS's. An outline of a computer program which implements this algorithm is presented along with a description of the use of the program. Examples in one, two and three dimensions demonstrate how to obtain estimates of function values with confidence intervals and estimates of first and second derivatives. Probability plots are used as a diagnostic tool to check for model inadequacy.

Wendelberger, J. G.↗

Transition probability of the Si III 189.2-nm intersystem line

Measurement of the lifetime of the metastable 3s3p(3)P(0)1 level of Si(2+) (Si III), which decays by photon emission at 189.2 nm to the 3s2(1)S0 state, is reported. The data were taken from spontaneous emission from metastable Si III stored in an RF ion trap. The Si III ions were produced through electron bombardment of SiH4 and SiF4 at pressures of 1/100,000,000-1/10,000,000 Torr. A photomultiplier was employed to count the photon emissions from the transitions. A total of 11 decay curves were generated for analysis, with Poisson statistics used to set the uncertainties at within 8 pct. Significant systematic effects were controlled, and the lifetime was found to be within 3.6 microsec of 59.9 microsec. The method used is concluded valid for determining the lifetimes of metastable levels of low-Z ions with low charge, and thereby the transition probabilities.

Kwong, H. S.↗