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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 883 records · Page 49
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Hidden-sectors search and probe of discrete symmetries at the REDTOP experiment

The $η$ and $η^{\prime}$ mesons are nearly unique in the particle universe since they are nearly Goldstone bosons, and their decay dynamics are strongly constrained. While earlier experiments collected samples of order $\sim 10^{9}η$, the proposed REDTOP (Rare Eta Decays To Observe Physics Beyond the Standard Model) facility targets $\mathcal{O}(10^{14})η$ and $\mathcal{O}(10^{12})η^\prime$, enabling broad searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. In this work, we present studies evaluating REDTOP sensitivity to processes that couple the Standard Model to New Physics through four portals: the Vector (dark photon), the Scalar (Higgs-mixing), the Axion-like, and the Heavy Lepton. In parallel, the proposed statistics allow precise tests of $CP$ and $T$ invariance and lepton universality and improve determinations of the $η/η'$ transition form factors, which are crucial inputs to the hadronic light-by-light contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment $(g-2)_μ$.

Gatto, C. [INFN, Naples; Northern Illinois U.]↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effect of Heat Treatment and Combination of Cold Rolling and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Ti6Al2V2Zr1.5Mo

The heat treatment and cold rolling combinations have been carried out on titanium alloy Ti6Al2V2Zr1.5Mo, and microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior have been studied. Solution treatment below the β-transus temperature, followed by air cooling, resulted in higher microhardness/strength as compared to the same with water quenching. A sudden drop in microhardness/strength is observed in sample solution heat-treated above β-transus temperature followed by air cooling. The former is attributed to the additional presence of fine secondary α-phase formed by dynamic aging during air cooling as compared to water-quenched samples which did not have fine secondary α-phase. Solution treatment above β-transus temperature resulted in Widmanstatten microstructure with no significant fine secondary α in air-cooled samples. Among the studied conditions of cold rolling (CR), gain in strength of the alloy from annealed condition is significant with first 15% reduction and thereafter it is marginal for 30% reduction. Initiation of cracks at the edges has been observed in 30% CR. The microstructure of cold-rolled samples confirms the fragmentation of α-plates with the presence of high dislocation density. Heat treatment of cold-rolled samples resulted in significant reduction in strength from the as-cold-rolled conditions. The marginally lower strength than the as-received (annealed) or heat-treated alloy samples is due to the recrystallization in CR samples and the formation of Widmanstatten microstructure in air-cooled samples. The alloy does not have fine secondary α or regions with large dislocation density in this condition. The microstructure in the samples heat-treated (with air cooling) below as well as above β-transus temperature (after CR) is similar to air-cooled samples (without prior CR) with heat treatment above β-transus temperature. This indicates the reduction in recrystallization temperature with cold working, which is substantiated with the reduction in strength as well.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dynamic infrared gas analysis from longleaf pine fuel beds burned in a wind tunnel: observation of phenol in pyrolysis and combustion phases

Pyrolysis is the first step in a series of chemical and physical processes that produce flammable organic gases from wildland fuels that can result in a wildland fire. We report results using a new time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method that correlates the measured FTIR spectrum with an infrared thermal image sequence, enabling the identification and quantification of gases within different phases of the fire process. The flame from burning fuel beds composed of pine needles (Pinus palustris) and mixtures of sparkleberry, fetterbush, and inkberry plants was the natural heat source for pyrolysis. Extractive gas samples were analyzed and identified in both static and dynamic modes synchronized to thermal infrared imaging: a total of 29 gases were identified including small alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, nitrogen compounds, and aromatics, most previously measured by FTIR in wildland fires. This study presents one of the first identifications of phenol associated with both pre-combustion and combustion phases using ca. 1 Hz temporal resolution. Preliminary results indicate ~2.5× greater phenol emissions from sparkleberry and inkberry compared to fetterbush, with differing temporal profiles.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Viscoelastic Properties of PP/Reed Flour Composites

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/reed flour (RF) composites. The experimental samples were prepared through the melt mixing of PP/RF at 50% weight ratios, with various amounts of MWCNTs (0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 phr) in a twin-screw extruder, then the samples made by injection molding. The amount of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) as a coupling agent was fixed at 2 phr for all formulations. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests were carried out to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of nanocomposites. The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus (Eʹ), loss modulus (Eʺ), and damping coefficient (tan δ) of nanocomposites were investigated in the temperature range of −80 to 160 °C at a step of 5 °C and frequency of 1 Hz. The morphology of the specimens was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) technique. Results indicated that the storage modulus of samples was found to increase with incorporation of MWCNTs while damping properties registered a decrease, owing to the reinforcing effect of CNTs into the composites. Moreover, CNTs addition leads to a positive shift in glass transition temperature (T{sub g}), which is explained on the molecular mobility of the polymer chains behavior. Additionally, the minimum adhesion factor is related to samples containing 2 phr MWCNTs which provides the best interaction between polymer and fibers. FE-SEM micrographs showed a predominantly homogeneous CNTs distribution through the composites; however, some aggregates were observed at higher CNTs fractions.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1994

Vestibular afferent responses to linear accelerations in the alert squirrel monkey

The spontaneous activity of 40 otolith afferents and 44 canal afferents was recorded in 4 alert, intact squirrel monkeys. Polarization vectors and response properties of otolith afferents were determined during static re-orientations relative to gravity and during Earth-horizontal, sinusoidal, linear oscillations. Canal afferents were tested for sensitivity to linear accelerations. For regular otolith afferents, a significant correlation between upright discharge rate and sensitivity to dynamic acceleration in the horizontal plane was observed. This correlation was not present in irregular units. The sensitivity of otolith afferents to both static tilts and dynamic linear acceleration was much greater in irregularly discharging units than in regularly discharging units. The spontaneous activity and static and dynamic response properties of regularly discharging otolith afferents were similar to those reported in barbiturate-anesthetized squirrel monkeys. Irregular afferents also had similar dynamic response properties when compared to anesthetized monkeys. However, this sample of irregular afferents in alert animals had higher resting discharge rates and greater sensitivity to static tilts. The majority of otolith polarization vectors were oriented near the horizontal in the plane of the utricular maculae; however, directions of maximum sensitivity were different during dynamic and static testing. Canal afferents were not sensitive to static tilts or linear oscillations of the head.

Somps, Christopher J.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Anomalous neutron scattering `halo' observed in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) has been used as monochromators, analyzers and filters at neutron and X-ray scattering facilities for more than half a century. Interesting questions remain. In this work, the first observation of anomalous neutron `halo' scattering of HOPG is reported. The scattering projects a ring onto the detector with a half-cone angle of 12.4°, which surprisingly persists to incident neutron wavelengths far beyond the Bragg cutoff for graphite (6.71 Å). At longer wavelengths the ring is clearly a doublet with a splitting roughly proportional to wavelength. Sample tilting leads to the shift of the ring, which is wavelength dependent with longer wavelengths providing a smaller difference between the ring shift and the sample tilting. The ring broadens and weakens with decreasing HOPG quality. The lattice dynamics of graphite play a role in causing the scattering ring, as shown by the fact that the ring vanishes once the sample is cooled to 30 K. A possible interpretation by multiple scattering including elastic and inelastic processes is proposed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Predicting octane number from microscale flame dynamics

The standard method for measuring the octane number of fuels requires large sample volumes (~1L) and access to a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine. This method reliably quantifies the knock resistance of fuels in spark ignition engines, however the large sample volume requirement prevents testing of new experimental fuels (often produced in quantities of just ~1 mL), and the large equipment size impedes mobile, decentralized testing of remote fuel supplies. When direct measurements of octane number are impractical, other methods are needed. Micro flow reactors have shown promise in measuring ignition characteristics that are sensitive to octane number, and they are compact and operate on small volumes (~1 mL). This study uses simulations to demonstrate that measurements of the unsteady flame dynamics in a micro flow reactor can provide valuable data for accurate octane number predictions. Simulations of the flow reactor are used to obtain ignition characteristics for over 200 ethanol-toluene primary reference fuels (ETPRF) and 21 biofuel blends. A feed forward neural network is trained using the micro flow reactor ignition characteristics, fuel properties, and known research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) for the ETPRF fuels. Here, the neural network is able to predict the RON and MON of the biofuel blends to within 2 octane number on average. Prediction results are compared to other methods available in the literature. Additional neural network models are trained that show improved prediction accuracy as additional fuel training data becomes available.

02 PETROLEUM↗
NASA NTRS1970

Normally Expected Aberrations in the 8-hour Dynamic EKG

The establishment of norms for interpreting long term dynamic electrocardiograms is attempted by correlating a completely disease symptom and cardiac risk factor free sample with a non-pure sample in the direction of normality on various variables. Out of a population of 362 subjects exposed to dynamic electrocardiogram testing, a discrimination between normals and abnormals in terms of traditional risk factors was observed. The two groups differed significantly on the following variables: cholesterol, smoking, systolic blood pressure, white blood count, fasting blood sugar, uric acid, resting EKG, year of birth, and coronary insufficiency.

Fleck, R. L.↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Melampsora americana Population on Salix purpurea in the Great Lakes Region Is Highly Diverse with a Contributory Influence of Clonality

Shrub willows (Salix spp.) are emerging as a viable lignocellulosic, second-generation bioenergy crop with many growth characteristics favorable for marginal lands in New York State and surrounding areas. Willow rust, caused by members of the genus Melampsora, is the most limiting disease of shrub willow in this region and remains extremely understudied. In this study, genetic diversity, genetic structure, and pathogen clonality were examined in Melampsora americana over two growing seasons via genotyping-by-sequencing to identify single-nucleotide polymorphism markers. In conjunction with this project, a reference genome of rust isolate R15-033-03 was generated to aid in variant discovery. Sampling between years allowed regional and site-specific investigation into population dynamics, in the context of both wild and cultivated hosts within high-density plantings. This work revealed that this pathogen is largely panmictic over the sampled areas, with few sites showing moderate genetic differentiation. These data support the hypothesis of sexual recombination between growing seasons because no genotype persisted across the two years of sampling. Additionally, clonality was determined as a driver of pathogen populations within cultivated fields and single shrubs; however, there is also evidence of high genetic diversity of rust isolates in all settings. This work provides a framework for M. americana population structure in the Great Lakes region, providing crucial information that can aid in future resistance breeding efforts.

Plant Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2016

Novel covariance-based neutrality test of time-series data reveals asymmetries in ecological and economic systems

Systems as diverse as the interacting species in a community, alleles at a genetic locus, and companies in a market are characterized by competition (over resources, space, capital, etc) and adaptation. Neutral theory, built around the hypothesis that individual performance is independent of group membership, has found utility across the disciplines of ecology, population genetics, and economics, both because of the success of the neutral hypothesis in predicting system properties and because deviations from these predictions provide information about the underlying dynamics. However, most tests of neutrality are weak, based on static system properties such as species-abundance distributions or the number of singletons in a sample. Time-series data provide a window onto a system’s dynamics, and should furnish tests of the neutral hypothesis that are more powerful to detect deviations from neutrality and more informative about to the type of competitive asymmetry that drives the deviation. Here, we present a neutrality test for time-series data. We apply this test to several microbial time-series and financial time-series and find that most of these systems are not neutral. Our test isolates the covariance structure of neutral competition, thus facilitating further exploration of the nature of asymmetry in the covariance structure of competitive systems. Much like neutrality tests from population genetics that use relative abundance distributions have enabled researchers to scan entire genomes for genes under selection, we anticipate our time-series test will be useful for quick significance tests of neutrality across a range of ecological, economic, and sociological systems for which time-series data are available. Here, future work can use our test to categorize and compare the dynamic fingerprints of particular competitive asymmetries (frequency dependence, volatility smiles, etc) to improve forecasting and management of complex adaptive systems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2012

Analysis of the Touch-And-Go Surface Sampling Concept for Comet Sample Return Missions

This paper studies the Touch-and-Go (TAG) concept for enabling a spacecraft to take a sample from the surface of a small primitive body, such as an asteroid or comet. The idea behind the TAG concept is to let the spacecraft descend to the surface, make contact with the surface for several seconds, and then ascend to a safe location. Sampling would be accomplished by an end-effector that is active during the few seconds of surface contact. The TAG event is one of the most critical events in a primitive body sample-return mission. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic behavior of a representative spacecraft during the TAG event, i.e., immediately prior, during, and after surface contact of the sampler. The study evaluates the sample-collection performance of the proposed sampling end-effector, in this case a brushwheel sampler, while acquiring material from the surface during the contact. A main result of the study is a guidance and control (G&C) validation of the overall TAG concept, in addition to specific contributions to demonstrating the effectiveness of using nonlinear clutch mechanisms in the sampling arm joints, and increasing the length of the sampling arms to improve robustness.

Touch-and-Go (TAG)↗
NASA NTRS2009

Dynamic Measurement of Temperature, Velocity, and Density in Hot Jets Using Rayleigh Scattering

A molecular Rayleigh scattering technique is utilized to measure gas temperature, velocity, and density in unseeded gas flows at sampling rates up to 10 kHz, providing fluctuation information up to 5 kHz based on the Nyquist theorem. A high-power continuous-wave laser beam is focused at a point in an air flow field and Rayleigh scattered light is collected and fiber-optically transmitted to a Fabry-Perot interferometer for spectral analysis. Photomultiplier tubes operated in the photon counting mode allow high-frequency sampling of the total signal level and the circular interference pattern to provide dynamic density, temperature, and velocity measurements. Mean and root mean square velocity, temperature, and density, as well as power spectral density calculations, are presented for measurements in a hydrogen-combustor heated jet facility with a 50.8-mm diameter nozzle at NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field. The Rayleigh measurements are compared with particle image velocimetry data and computational fluid dynamics predictions. This technique is aimed at aeronautics research related to identifying noise sources in free jets, as well as applications in supersonic and hypersonic flows where measurement of flow properties, including mass flux, is required in the presence of shocks and ionization occurrence.

Mielke, Amy F.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Isophote shapes of early-type galaxies in massive clusters at z ∼ 1 and 0

We compare the isophote shape parameter a{sub 4} of early-type galaxies (ETGs) between z ∼ 1 and 0 as a proxy for dynamics to investigate the epoch at which the dynamical properties of ETGs are established, using cluster ETG samples with stellar masses of log(M{sub ∗}/M{sub ⊙})⩾10.5 which have spectroscopic redshifts. We have 130 ETGs from the Hubble Space Telescope Cluster Supernova Survey for z ∼ 1 and 355 ETGs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey for z ∼ 0. We have developed an isophote shape analysis method, which can be used for high-redshift galaxies and has been carefully compared with published results. We have applied the same method for both the z ∼ 1 and 0 samples. We find similar dependence of the a{sub 4} parameter on the mass and size at z ∼ 1 and 0; the main population of ETGs changes from disky to boxy at a critical stellar mass of log(M{sub ∗}/M{sub ⊙})∼11.5 with the massive end dominated by boxy. The disky ETG fraction decreases with increasing stellar mass both at z ∼ 1 and 0, and is consistent between these redshifts in all stellar mass bins when the Eddington bias is taken into account. Although uncertainties are large, the results suggest that the isophote shapes and probably dynamical properties of ETGs in massive clusters are already in place at z > 1 and do not significantly evolve in z < 1, despite significant size evolution in the same galaxy population. The constant disky fraction favors less violent processes than mergers as the main cause of the size and morphological evolution of intermediate mass ETGs in z < 1.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Improving the Accuracy of Atomistic Simulations of the Electrochemical Interface

Atomistic simulation of the electrochemical double layer is an ambitious undertaking, requiring quantum mechanical description of electrons, phase space sampling of liquid electrolytes, and equilibration of electrolytes over nanosecond time scales. All models of electrochemistry make different trade-offs in the approximation of electrons and atomic configurations, from the extremes of classical molecular dynamics of a complete interface with point-charge atoms to correlated electronic structure methods of a single electrode configuration with no dynamics or electrolyte. Here, we review the spectrum of simulation techniques suitable for electrochemistry, focusing on the key approximations and accuracy considerations for each technique. Additionally, we discuss promising approaches, such as enhanced sampling techniques for atomic configurations and computationally efficient beyond density functional theory (DFT) electronic methods, that will push electrochemical simulations beyond the present frontier.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

UQpy: A general purpose Python package and development environment for uncertainty quantification

In this paper, we present the UQpy software toolbox, an open-source Python package for general uncertainty quantification (UQ) in mathematical and physical systems. The software serves as both a user-ready toolbox that includes many of the latest methods for UQ in computational modeling and a convenient development environment for Python programmers advancing the field of UQ. The paper presents an introduction to the software's architecture and existing capabilities, divided in the code in a set of modules centered around different UQ tasks such as sampling methods, generation of random processes and random fields, probabilistic inverse modeling, reliability analysis, surrogate modeling, and active learning. The paper also highlights the importance of the RunModel module, which is used to drive simulations in the uncertainty analyses performed in UQpy. This module conveniently allows the user to define computational models directly in Python, or to run simulations from a third-party software in serial or in parallel. To illustrate the various capabilities, two examples are tracked throughout the paper and analyzed repeatedly for various UQ tasks. The first is a Python model solving a nonlinear structural dynamics problem, used to illustrate UQpy's capabilities in sampling and forward propagation of high dimensional random vectors (stochastic processes), and probabilistic inference. The second model is a third-party Abaqus finite element model solving the thermomechanical response of a beam structure. This example is used to illustrate UQpy's capabilities in variance reduction sampling techniques, reliability analysis, surrogate modeling and active learning techniques.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS2003

On the Exploitation of Sensitivity Derivatives for Improving Sampling Methods

Many application codes, such as finite-element structural analyses and computational fluid dynamics codes, are capable of producing many sensitivity derivatives at a small fraction of the cost of the underlying analysis. This paper describes a simple variance reduction method that exploits such inexpensive sensitivity derivatives to increase the accuracy of sampling methods. Three examples, including a finite-element structural analysis of an aircraft wing, are provided that illustrate an order of magnitude improvement in accuracy for both Monte Carlo and stratified sampling schemes.

Cao, Yanzhao↗
NASA NTRS1993

Large eddy simulation of a boundary layer with concave streamwise curvature

One of the most exciting recent developments in the field of large eddy simulation (LES) is the dynamic subgrid-scale model. The dynamic model concept is a general procedure for evaluating model constants by sampling a band of the smallest scales actually resolved in the simulation. To date, the procedure has been used primarily in conjunction with the Smagorinsky model. The dynamic procedure has the advantage that the value of the model constant need not be specified a priori, but rather is calculated as a function of space and time as the simulation progresses. This feature makes the dynamic model especially attractive for flows in complex geometries where it is difficult or impossible to calibrate model constants. The dynamic model was highly successful in benchmark tests involving homogeneous and channel flows. Having demonstrated the potential of the dynamic model in these simple flows, the overall direction of the LES effort at CTR shifted toward an evaluation of the model in more complex situations. The current test cases are basic engineering-type flows for which Reynolds averaged approaches were unable to model the turbulence to within engineering accuracy. Flows currently under investigation include a backward-facing step, wake behind a circular cylinder, airfoil at high angles of attack, separated flow in a diffuser, and boundary layer over a concave surface. Preliminary results from the backward-facing step and cylinder wake simulations are encouraging. Progress on the LES of a boundary layer on a concave surface is discussed. Although the geometry of a concave wall is not very complex, the boundary layer that develops on its surface is difficult to model due to the presence of streamwise Taylor-Gortler vortices. These vortices arise as a result of a centrifugal instability associated with the convex curvature.

Lund, Thomas S.↗