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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Open-Source Data Engineering at NASA: CCMC's Approach to Managing Petabyte-Scale Heliophysics Data

The Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) leads heliophysics research by providing open access to numerous models and their outputs. Our resources are available on-demand and continuously updated with real-time data, covering sun-earth interactions across multiple domains. These domains include coronal, heliosphere, inner and global magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and lower atmosphere interactions. Operating in a hybrid environment, CCMC utilizes both self-owned hardware and Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud infrastructure. Managing petabytes of data across multiple locations necessitates robust data engineering solutions. To address this challenge, CCMC has adopted industry-standard and open-source tools. We use Apache Airflow as our primary data engineering platform, Python for scripting and data processing, and GitLab for version control and CI/CD. Additionally, we employ Kubernetes for containerized services, Grafana and Prometheus for metrics and monitoring, and Terraform and Puppet for reproducible infrastructure as code. This presentation will discuss lessons learned from our data engineering experiences, platforms evaluated but found unsuitable for our scientific data requirements, and specific techniques developed to enhance data transfer speed and reliability. By using these technologies effectively, CCMC continues to advance heliophysics research through efficient data management and open-access modeling.

space weather↗
NASA NTRS1978

Bank Terminals

In the photo, employees of the UAB Bank, Knoxville, Tennessee, are using Teller Transaction Terminals manufactured by SCI Systems, Inc., Huntsville, Alabama, an electronics firm which has worked on a number of space projects under contract with NASA. The terminals are part of an advanced, computerized financial transaction system that offers high efficiency in bank operations. The key to the system's efficiency is a "multiplexing" technique developed for NASA's Space Shuttle. Multiplexing is simultaneous transmission of large amounts of data over a single transmission link at very high rates of speed. In the banking application, a small multiplex "data bus" interconnects all the terminals and a central computer which stores information on clients' accounts. The data bus replaces the maze-of wiring that would be needed to connect each terminal separately and it affords greater speed in recording transactions. The SCI system offers banks real-time data management through constant updating of the central computer. For example, a check is immediately cancelled at the teller's terminal and the computer is simultaneously advised of the transaction; under other methods, the check would be cancelled and the transaction recorded at the close of business. Teller checkout at the end of the day, conventionally a time-consuming matter of processing paper, can be accomplished in minutes by calling up a summary of the day's transactions. SCI manufactures other types of terminals for use in the system, such as an administrative terminal that provides an immediate printout of a client's account, and another for printing and recording savings account deposits and withdrawals. SCI systems have been installed in several banks in Tennessee, Arizona, and Oregon and additional installations are scheduled this year.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1979

Simulated EVA operation of a remote connector assembly test report

The features of a connector concept with respect to timelines and ease of connection by EVA (extravehicular activity), in various mating orientations were evaluated. The connector tests were conducted by thee EVA astronaut test subjects. Each of four test conditions (baseline, off angle, overhead, and with visual obstruction) were run three times by each of the test subjects. Time data were taken on each test run. Visual and voice communications with the subjects were recorded. The tests demonstrated that EVA personnel can perform connection tasks in relatively short times (generally one minute) and the connector configuration was a reasonable design base for such tasks. The in-situ communications and post-test comments indicated that the connector was generally acceptable but requires improvement to its manual interface features.

Lefever, A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

On matching the systems identification technique to the particular application

Several maximum likelihood and multiple regression parameter estimation programs are currently being used at the Langley Research Center of the NASA to analyze aircraft flight test data. Based on this wealth of experience, the pertinent features of these programs are investigated and some of the difficulties involved in their use are discussed. By comparing computational time, data requirements and accuracy needed, a strategy for determining which program can be used to the best advantage of the flight test engineer is discussed.

Suit, W. T.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Link Winds: A visual data analysis system and its application to the atmospheric ozone depletion problem

The Linked Windows Interactive Data System (LinkWinds) is a prototype visual data exploration system resulting from a NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) program of research into the application of graphical methods for rapidly accessing, displaying, and analyzing large multi variate multidisciplinary data sets. Running under UNIX it is an integrated multi-application executing environment using a data-linking paradigm to dynamically interconnect and control multiple windows containing a variety of displays and manipulators. This paradigm, resulting in a system similar to a graphical spreadsheet, is not only a powerful method for organizing large amounts of data for analysis, but leads to a highly intuitive, easy-to-learn user interface. It provides great flexibility in rapidly interacting with large masses of complex data to detect trends, correlations, and anomalies. The system, containing an expanding suite of non-domain-specific applications, provides for the ingestion of a variety of data base formats and hard -copy output of all displays. Remote networked workstations running LinkWinds may be interconnected, providing a multiuser science environment (MUSE) for collaborative data exploration by a distributed science team. The system is being developed in close collaboration with investigators in a variety of science disciplines using both archived and real-time data. It is currently being used to support the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in orbit aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). This paper describes the application of LinkWinds to this data to rapidly detect features, such as the ozone hole configuration, and to analyze correlations between chemical constituents of the atmosphere.

Jacobson, Allan S.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Characterization and Measurement of Spacecraft Airborne Particulate Matter

The International Space Station (ISS) gives a 6-member astronaut crew the ability to live and work in low Earth orbit. It is a unique indoor environment, which has served as both home and workplace to over 230 people since the year 2000. In this low gravity environment, smoke does not rise and cookie crumbs do not settle the way they do on Earth, causing airborne particulate matter, or aerosols, to behave differently and pose unique hazards for crew members. In its existence, virtually the same volume of ISS air has been continuously conditioned and ‘revitalized,’ including the removal of particles by filtration. While gaseous constituents of ISS air are monitored meticulously, sparse data exists on the indoor aerosols. The quantity and types of ISS airborne debris have been investigated in NASA’s Aerosol Sampling Experiment. Both active and passive samplers successfully collected airborne particulate matter in U.S. segments of the ISS, which were returned to Earth for characterization by microscopy and other techniques. The resulting data has informed the design of candidate particle instruments for spacecraft. In 2020, a reference-quality aerosol instrument will be flown to ISS, and will provide real-time data of particle concentrations in various modules. Smaller, more compact instruments will be necessary in future space missions, for example, in smaller vehicles, in habitats on lunar and planetary surfaces with ubiquitous dust, and also for use as wearable technology throughout missions. Miniaturized aerosol sensors, though lower fidelity than reference-quality instruments, can monitor the environment well when calibrated appropriately. Indoor air quality in spacecraft is fundamentally important to human health and comfort, and several particulate monitoring technologies will be at sufficient technology readiness levels for operational use within the next two years. Results of the Aerosol Sampling Experiment will be presented, along with the status of NASA’s aerosol instrument technology demonstrations on ISS.

Meyer, Marit E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Processing PCM Data in Real Time

Novel hardware configuration makes it possible for Space Shuttle launch processing system to monitor pulse-code-modulated data in real time. Using two microprogramable "option planes," incoming PCM data are monitored for changes at rate of one frame of data (80 16-bit words) every 10 milliseconds. Real-time PCM processor utilizes CPU in mini-computer and CPU's in two option planes.

Wissink, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Low Latency DESDynI Data Products for Disaster Response, Resource Management and Other Applications

We are developing onboard processor technology targeted at the L-band SAR instrument onboard the planned DESDynI mission to enable formation of SAR images onboard opening possibilities for near-real-time data products to augment full data streams. Several image processing and/or interpretation techniques are being explored as possible direct-broadcast products for use by agencies in need of low-latency data, responsible for disaster mitigation and assessment, resource management, agricultural development, shipping, etc. Data collected through UAVSAR (L-band) serves as surrogate to the future DESDynI instrument. We have explored surface water extent as a tool for flooding response, and disturbance images on polarimetric backscatter of repeat pass imagery potentially useful for structural collapse (earthquake), mud/land/debris-slides etc. We have also explored building vegetation and snow/ice classifiers, via support vector machines utilizing quad-pol backscatter, cross-pol phase, and a number of derivatives (radar vegetation index, dielectric estimates, etc.). We share our qualitative and quantitative results thus far.

applications↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Enabling Interoperability in Earth System Digital Twins (ESDT): Integrating Observations, Models, and AI for Actionable Insights Through NASA'S Intelligent Systems Technology Program

NASA’s Intelligent Systems Technology Program (IST) is driving a paradigm shift in Earth science through the development of Earth System Digital Twins (ESDT). These integrated information systems create a dynamic "digital replica" of the Earth by harmonizing continuous, multi-source observations with high-fidelity models and state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) that enable “What now?”, “What next?”, and “What if?” scenario building. These scenarios are reflected in NASA IST’s series of ESDTs, from the Coastal Zone Digital Twin that integrates complex data on the current state of the Chesapeake Bay to the Terrestrial Environmental Rapid-Replication and Assimilation Hydrometeorological (TerraHydro) AI-based ESDT that forecasts water movement across Earth’s surface, to the Agriculture Land Information System (AgLIS) which can be used to assess optimal planting dates and crop yield estimates. By bridging the gap between vast data archives and actionable insights, these projects enable a system-of-systems approach to understanding complex, interacting Earth processes. This poster will highlight recent innovations and future directions from NASA’s ESDT initiatives: Continuous Data Assimilation & Multi-Source Fusion. A core requirement of the ESDT work is the transition from static models to dynamic "living" replicas. This involves creating frameworks for the continual assimilation of near-real-time data from uncoordinated, heterogeneous sources, including satellite observations and airborne assets, and ground-based Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. These systems link design, operational status, and environmental data, ensuring the digital twin accurately reflects the current state of the physical Earth system. High-Fidelity Hybrid Modeling & Computational Acceleration to enable interactive "what-if" explorations, programs are moving beyond traditional, slow physical solvers by developing fast surrogate machine learning models and Deep Generative Models (DGMs). These hybrid approaches use neural networks to emulate complex physics, such as cloud feedback or ocean dynamics, at a fraction of the original computing cost, often leveraging advanced hardware like Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to achieve the necessary scale. Federated Ecosystems & Interoperable Frameworks rather than building isolated tools, NASA IST is moving toward federated ESDTs and reusable analytic collaborative frameworks. This theme focuses on interoperability standards and common ontologies that allow specialized digital twins to interact and share data. This system-of-systems architecture supports multi-discipline investigations, such as analyzing how upstream watershed changes impact downstream urban flooding or how wildfire emissions affect regional air quality. By leveraging these advancements, ESDTs empower researchers and decision-makers to conduct real-time analysis and run complex hypothetical scenarios, ultimately improving our understanding of Earth’s evolving systems and informing critical real-world applications.

Earth System↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of Radiolysis Data for Hydrogen Gas Generation During Gamma Irradiation of Pre-Corroded and Pristine Aluminum Samples - An Aluminum SNF Dry Storage Study Interim Report

Information and data from radiolysis testing to measure hydrogen (H₂) generated from hydrated oxides on aluminum exposed to ⁶⁰Co radiation were reviewed to evaluate hydrogen generation with radiation dose. Hydrogen generation rate is a primary input to the coupled thermal-chemical system model of the performance of aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel in a dry storage canister (ASNF-in-canister) over its storage life. Hydrogen generation data and hydrogen generation rate (hydrogen generated per absorbed radiation dose, $\Delta$(H₂)/$\Delta$(dose)) were reported in two reports for radiolysis testing [1, 2]. The testing involved first-time data¹ for radiolytic yield of hydrogen from hydrated-oxides-on-aluminum substrates, and from pristine (non-corroded) aluminum substrates. The laboratory-grown hydrated-oxides-on-aluminum substrates contained a ~ 5 μm film consisting of the trihydroxide bayerite (Al(OH)₃) with amounts of the oxyhydroxide boehmite (AlOOH). These specimens were assumed to also contain physisorbed water (unquantified). The pristine substrates were flat coupons of aluminum that were ground to a 600-grit finish but were not immersed in water to grow a hydrated oxide. The pristine substrates were tested as companion specimens to provide information on hydrogen generation from material without chemisorbed water and were assumed to contain physisorbed water (unquantified).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1975

Real-time detection and data acquisition system for the left ventricular outline

A data acquisition system for the left ventricular outline which has potential for online use is described and basic principles of the contour detector are presented in detail. It is concluded that the data acquisition system for real time, online detection of left ventricular outlines has many advantages over presently used manual or semi-automatic procedures in a clinical investigative environment.

Reiber, J. H. C.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The NASA End-to-End Data System program

NASA has embarked on the NASA End-to-End Data System (NEEDS) program, the objective of which is to improve effectiveness and efficiency of NASA's data/information management system. Technology gaps and bottlenecks in the end-to-end system, which encompasses acquiring data, processing it, and converting it to useful information, will be identified. Technology development activities addressing these problem areas will be carried out and new technology will be implemented. Phase I, started in 1977, addresses some very near-term data handling and processing problems with the development of some subsystem components. Phase II, with a late 1978 start, will concentrate on complete subsystems developments to effect near real-time data management. Potential future phases are projected to revolve around the themes of low cost data distribution and a full system demonstration.

Price, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS2015

A Preliminary Evaluation of Supersonic Transport Category Vehicle Operations in the National Airspace System

Several public sector businesses and government agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are currently working on solving key technological barriers that must be overcome in order to realize the vision of low-boom supersonic flights conducted over land. However, once these challenges are met, the manner in which this class of aircraft is integrated in the National Airspace System may become a potential constraint due to the significant environmental, efficiency, and economic repercussions that their integration may cause. Background research was performed on historic supersonic operations in the National Airspace System, including both flight deck procedures and air traffic controller procedures. Using this information, an experiment was created to test some of these historic procedures in a current-day, emerging Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) environment and observe the interactions between commercial supersonic transport aircraft and modern-day air traffic. Data was gathered through batch simulations of supersonic commercial transport category aircraft operating in present-day traffic scenarios as a base-lining study to identify the magnitude of the integration problems and begin the exploration of new air traffic management technologies and architectures which will be needed to seamlessly integrate subsonic and supersonic transport aircraft operations. The data gathered include information about encounters between subsonic and supersonic aircraft that may occur when supersonic commercial transport aircraft are integrated into the National Airspace System, as well as flight time data. This initial investigation is being used to inform the creation and refinement of a preliminary Concept of Operations and for the subsequent development of technologies that will enable overland supersonic flight.

Underwood, Matthew C.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Modeling Solar Zenith Angle Effects on the Polar Wind

We use the Polar Wind Outflow Model (PWOM) to study the geomagnetically quiet conditions in the polar cap during solar maximum. The PWOM solves the gyrotropic transport equations for O+, H+, and He+ along several magnetic field lines in the polar region in order to reconstruct the full 3D solution. We directly compare our simulation results to the data based empirical model of Kitamura et al. (2011) of electron density which is based on 63 months of Akebono satellite observations. The modeled ion and electron temperatures are also compared with a statistical compilation of quiet time data obtained by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) and Intercosmos Satellites. The data and model agree reasonably well, albeit with some differences. This study shows that photoelectrons play an important role in explaining the differences between sunlit and dark results of electron density, ion composition, as well as ion and electron temperatures of the quiet time polar wind solution. Moreover, these results provide an initial validation of the PWOM s ability to model the quiet time "background" solution.

Glocer, A↗
DOE OSTI2023

Fusing time-varying mosquito data and continuous mosquito population dynamics models

Climate change is arguably one of the most pressing issues affecting the world today and requires the fusion of disparate data streams to accurately model its impacts. Mosquito populations respond to temperature and precipitation in a nonlinear way, making predicting climate impacts on mosquito-borne diseases an ongoing challenge. Data-driven approaches for accurately modeling mosquito populations are needed for predicting mosquito-borne disease risk under climate change scenarios. Many current models for disease transmission are continuous and autonomous, while mosquito data is discrete and varies both within and between seasons. This study uses an optimization framework to fit a non-autonomous logistic model with periodic net growth rate and carrying capacity parameters for 15 years of daily mosquito time-series data from the Greater Toronto Area of Canada. The resulting parameters accurately capture the inter-annual and intra-seasonal variability of mosquito populations within a single geographic region, and a variance-based sensitivity analysis highlights the influence each parameter has on the peak magnitude and timing of the mosquito season. This method can easily extend to other geographic regions and be integrated into a larger disease transmission model. This method addresses the ongoing challenges of data and model fusion by serving as a link between discrete time-series data and continuous differential equations for mosquito-borne epidemiology models.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1989

Resolution experiments for NW Pacific subduction zone tomography

Results are reported from an investigation of the resolving power of ISC/NEIC P travel-time data in tomographic inversions for the geometry of the subduction zones in the NW Pacific. From thermal models for the Kurile, Janan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, and Ryukyu slabs, three-dimensional synthetic velocity anomalies for subducting slabs are generated and projected onto a cell model for the uppermost 1400 km of the mantle. These synthetic models are used to compute synthetic delay times for ray paths corresponding to the source and receiver locations used for the actual data, add Gaussian noise, invert the synthetic data, and compare the resulting velocity structure to the initial synthetic models. This comparison is illustrated for sections through the Kuriles and the Mariana arcs. A variety of resolution artifacts are observed, which in many cases resemble features visible in the tomographic results obtained from inverting the actual ISC/NEIC data.

Spakman, Wim↗
NASA NTRS2011

XMOS XC-2 Development Board for Mechanical Control and Data Collection

The scanning microwave limb sounder (SMLS) will use technological improvements in low-noise mixers to provide precise data on the Earth s atmospheric composition with high spatial resolution. This project focuses on the design and implementation of a realtime control system needed for airborne engineering tests of the SMLS. The system must coordinate the actuation of optical components using four motors with encoder readback, while collecting synchronized telemetric data from a GPS receiver and 3-axis gyrometric system. A graphical user interface for testing the control system was also designed using Python. Although the system could have been implemented with an FPGA(fieldprogrammable gate array)-based setup, a processor development kit manufactured by XMOS was chosen. The XMOS architecture allows parallel execution of multiple tasks on separate threads, making it ideal for this application. It is easily programmed using XC (a subset of C). The necessary communication interfaces were implemented in software, including Ethernet, with significant cost and time reduction compared to an FPGA-based approach. A simple approach to control the chopper, calibration mirror, and gimbal for the airborne SMLS was needed. The XMOS board allows for multiple threads and real-time data acquisition. The XC-2 development kit is an attractive choice for synchronized, real-time, event-driven applications. The XMOS is based on the transputer microprocessor architecture developed for parallel computing, which is being revamped in this new platform. The XMOS device has multiple cores capable of running parallel applications on separate threads. The threads communicate with each other via user-defined channels capable of transmitting data within the device. XMOS provides a C-based development environment using XC, which eliminates the need for custom tool kits associated with FPGA programming. The XC-2 has four cores and necessary hardware for Ethernet I/O.

Jarnot, Robert F.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Expert system development methodology and the transition from prototyping to operations: FIESTA, a case study

A major barrier in taking expert systems from prototype to operational status involves instilling end user confidence in the operational system. The software of different life cycle models is examined and the advantages and disadvantages of each when applied to expert system development are explored. The Fault Isolation Expert System for Tracking and data relay satellite system Applications (FIESTA) is presented as a case study of development of an expert system. The end user confidence necessary for operational use of this system is accentuated by the fact that it will handle real-time data in a secure environment, allowing little tolerance for errors. How FIESTA is dealing with transition problems as it moves from an off-line standalone prototype to an on-line real-time system is discussed.

Happell, Nadine↗