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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Distributed and communication-efficient solutions to linear equations with special sparse structure

In this paper we report two distributed and communication-efficient algorithms based on the multi-agent system are proposed to solve a system of linear equations with the Laplacian sparse system matrix. One algorithm is based on the gradient descent method in optimization. In this algorithm, the agents only share partial information instead of all of their collective state vectors to save significant communication. The other algorithm is obtained by approximating Newton’s method for a faster convergence rate. Although it requires twice as much communication as the first one, it is still communication-efficient given the low dimension of the information shared among agents. The convergence at a linear rate is proved for both algorithms, and a comprehensive comparison of their convergence rate, communication burden, and computation costs is also performed. The proposed algorithms can be applied to various systems to solve those problems that can be modeled as a system of linear equations with a Laplacian sparse system matrix. Simulation results with the electric power system illustrate their effectiveness.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Scaled-up Neuromorphic Array Communications Controller (SNACC) for Large-scale Neural Networks

Neuromorphic computing is one promising post-Moore’s law era technology, which takes inspiration from biological brains to perform computing tasks. The human brain contains billions of neurons with trillions of synapses and as neuromorphic hardware systems scale to larger and larger sizes, the communication system used to transfer information between neuromorphic elements and traditional computers must scale to keep up. In prior work, we describe the use of a separate neuromorphic array communications controller to support low-latency, high-throughput communication between our neuromorphic systems and a traditional computer. In this work, the neuromorphic array communications controller is used to support the scaling of a neuromorphic development system which uses multiple neuromorphic processors arranged in a two-dimensional array. The neuromorphic array communications controller, along with scalable local connections, is used to create a scalable neuromorphic platform to enable the development and testing of large neuromorphic network arrays.

Young, Aaron↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Communication Testbed for Testing Power Electronic Agent Systems

Power electronic systems (PES) incorporate complex intra-system communication, which are of vital importance for the successful operation of these systems. This paper proposes and outlines a communication testbed that will help in the development and testing of the communications between the components of PES. It allows for the comparison and evaluation of different communication methods, such as MQTT, Modbus, or User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and for the characterization of how these communication protocols perform.

Dean, Ben↗
DOE OSTI2021

Distributed Inference with Sparse and Quantized Communication

Here, we consider the problem of distributed inference where agents in a network observe a stream of private signals generated by an unknown state, and aim to uniquely identify this state from a finite set of hypotheses. We focus on scenarios where communication between agents is costly, and takes place over channels with finite bandwidth. To reduce the frequency of communication, we develop a novel event-triggered distributed learning rule that is based on the principle of diffusing low beliefs on each false hypothesis. Building on this principle, we design a trigger condition under which an agent broadcasts only those components of its belief vector that have adequate innovation, to only those neighbors that require such information. We prove that our rule guarantees convergence to the true state exponentially fast almost surely despite sparse communication, and that it has the potential to significantly reduce information flow from uninformative agents to informative agents. Next, to deal with finite-precision communication channels, we propose a distributed learning rule that leverages the idea of adaptive quantization. We show that by sequentially refining the range of the quantizers, every agent can learn the truth exponentially fast almost surely, while using just 1 bit to encode its belief on each hypothesis. For both our proposed algorithms, we rigorously characterize the trade-offs between communication-efficiency and the learning rate.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quantum entanglement distribution coexisting with high-rate, broadband classical optical communications over a real-world fiber connecting remote, synchronized nodes

Compatibility with existing classical network infrastructure offers a scalable path towards deploying large-scale quantum networks. Here, we demonstrate O-band polarization-encoded quantum entanglement distribution over an installed 24.4-km fiber while coexisting with a state-of-the-art fully loaded C-band classical communications line system and a picosecond-level precision L-band synchronization signal. The classical system carries two 800-Gbps channels while the remainder of the C-band is filled with amplified spontaneous emission, as is standard for such state-of-the-art communications systems. We examine the spontaneous Raman scattering spectrum generated from this broadband C-band light and offer insights into wavelength allocation for O-band quantum channels. Optimal wavelength selection and narrow filtering enable well-preserved Bell state fidelity when coexisting with 21.4-dBm aggregate launch power across the C-band suitable for 36-Tbps transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of entanglement-based quantum communications between two remote nodes coexisting with independent classical communications traffic. We demonstrate coexistence of quantum entanglement with ultra-high power levels and record classical bandwidth, offering promise for real-world entanglement-based networking integrated within high-capacity communications infrastructure.

Talcott, Gina M. [Northwestern U.] (ORCID:00000002↗
DOE OSTI2022

Securing Inverter Communication: Proactive Intrusion Detection and Mitigation System to Tap, Analyze, and Act

The electric grid has undergone rapid, revolutionary changes in recent years; from the addition of advanced smart technologies to the growing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) to increased interconnectivity and communications. However, these added communications, access interfaces, and third-party software to enable autonomous control schemes and interconnectivity also expand the attack surface of the grid. To address the gap of DER cybersecurity and secure the grid-edge to motivate a holistic, defense-in-depth approach, a proactive intrusion detection and mitigation system (PIDMS) device was developed to secure PV smart inverter communications. The PIDMS was developed as a distributed, flexible bump-in-the-wire (BITW) solution for protecting PV smart inverter communications. Both cyber (network traffic) and physical (power system measurements) are processed using network intrusion monitoring tools and custom machinelearning algorithms for deep packet analysis and cyber-physical event correlation. The PIDMS not only detects abnormal events but also deploys mitigations to limit or eliminate system impact; the PIDMS communicates with peer PIDMSs at different locations using the MQTT protocol for increased situational awareness and alerting. The details of the PIDMS methodology and prototype development are detailed in this report as well as the evaluation results within a cyber-physical emulation environment and subsequent industry feedback.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Communication System Modeling in Transactive Systems

Transactive energy systems almost always rely on communication systems for proper operation but most analysis of transactive systems do not model the communication system. Often these analysis are performed by those without a communication system modeling or simulation background and the difficulty of implementing such models in the analysis environment is prohibitive. Without this model, an understanding of the communication system requirements to successfully implement a transactive energy system can not be comprehended. This report details a capability of auto-generating communication system models from an electrical distribution system model, discusses the need for such models, discusses the method by which these models were developed in this project, and demonstrates the impact on the performance of a load management system when using such models. This capability has been incorporated into Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL) Transactive Energy Simulation Platform (TESP).

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Peer-to-peer communication control for resilient operations of networked cyberphysical systems

This report includes two main accomplishments of the peer-to-peer communication control for resilient operation of networked microgrids project in FY24, which include a scheme for cyberattack-aware coordination of networked microgrids for supporting voltages of bulk power systems and a scheme for price signal-based operations of EV-rich networked microgrids with mixed ownership. First, the cyberattack-aware scheme enables networked microgrids to distributedly determine the amount of reactive power injection to support the voltage of bulk power system (BPS) in a fair manner. In this scheme, a risk-informed algorithm is presented to generate the peer-to- peer (P2P) communication graph with minimal risk of attack on communication links. To deal with cyberattacks on MG controllers, the resilient consensus algorithm (CA) is utilized for MG controllers to robustly estimate the total reactive power headroom, from which the MGs can accurately provide the needed amount of reactive power injection for supporting the voltage of BPS. The CA implementation and performance within the P2P communication framework are demonstrated on the IEEE 39-bus system with 6 microgrids contained in the distribution feeder under different cyberattack scenarios. Second, the price-based scheme enables the usage of the real-time price signal for the operations of electric vehicle (EV)-rich networked-microgrids with mixed ownership, in which not all the microgrids can communicate with the distribution system operator (DSO). In this scheme, a max consensus is introduced to enable the real-time price signal to be propagated from the DSO to all the microgrids, from which each microgrid controller will manage the DERs to balance the load demand and the power injection from the EV charging stations within its microgrid. Numerical results over one day with 288 slots of 5-minute intervals on the modified 123-node test feeder including 3 microgrids with high penetration of EV are presented to evaluate how the price signal affects the operations of networked microgrids under different charging strategies of the EV charging stations. The result indicates that our proposed EVCS (dis)charging strategy, which leverages the flexibility of EVs to support the grid through discharging during peak demand, proves to be a cost-effective solution that reduces operational costs while improving the social welfare of EV charging.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Broadband Communications Using High Voltage Transmission Lines - A Review

The possibilities afforded by using an existing transmission line infrastructure for the transport of broadband communications are many ranging from (conventional) A-to-B point-to-point links, to integration of Wi-Fi access points mounted at defined network (power and communications) locations, to operation as a fault-tolerant, rollover backup communications fabric (in conjunction with other transport media, such as optical fiber or terrestrial microwave). As stated by RCR Wireless reporter Jeff Kagan – regarding an ongoing in-field demonstration - “This is so much more cost effective for the company and so much easier for them to deliver an ultra-fast, gigabit speed, wireless internet connection anywhere there are power lines.” The same situation arises for a utility looking to augment or simply deploy a communications fabric in their region via treating the transmission line infrastructure as a communication fabric thereby reducing the cost and complexity of deployment. A circa 2020 review of broadband over powerlines (BPL) is presented here.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Communication systems and methods for authenticating data packets within network flow

A communication system includes a first quantum key distribution device and an intermediary device. The first quantum key distribution device is configured to be coupled to a second quantum key distribution device over a quantum channel and to generate a shared key with the second quantum key distribution device based on a quantum state transmitted along the quantum channel. The intermediary device is disposed along a communication pathway within a network between a sender device and a receiver device. The intermediary device is communicatively connected to the first quantum key distribution device and configured to utilize the shared key to authenticate one or more data packets communicated from the sender device along the communication pathway by examining the one or more data packets for a presence of an information pattern that is associated with the shared key.

Bush, Stephen Francis↗
DOE OSTI2023

Downhole to surface communications platform for drilling applications

A drilling assembly for downhole to surface communications is provided. The drilling assembly includes a series of pipe segments coupled in fluid communication between a slip ring assembly and an end pipe portion. The slip ring assembly is coupled in data and fluid communication with the pipe segments. A surface communications link is in data communication with the drilling assembly via the slip ring assembly. An end pipe portion is coupled with the drilling assembly that includes an electronics assembly with electronic components for transferring data to the slip ring assembly via the drilling assembly. A drill bit is operably coupled with the end pipe portion for drilling a borehole. Each pipe segment includes an outer conductor portion, a hollow inner conductor portion, and a dielectric portion for electrical isolation between the outer conductor portion and the inner conductor portion.

Su, Jiann-Cherng↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bus repeater and bit injector for MIL-STD-1553/1760 communications bus

A fault insertion device (FID) comprises a transceiver and an FPGA. The transceiver receives signals from a MIL-STD-1553/1760 communications bus. The FPGA evaluates the signals received from the communications bus against a set of rules stored by the FPGA. Based upon the set of rules, the FPGA can selectively modify messages received from the communications bus prior to transmission to a remote terminal or a bus controller that is configured to communicate on the communications bus.

Krein, Jason P.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Communication engine for hybrid interconnect technologies

Systems, apparatuses, and methods for dynamically selecting between wired and wireless interconnects for sending packets are disclosed. A system includes at least a hybrid communication engine and a plurality of interconnects for connecting to various end-points. The communication engine dynamically discovers and utilizes the best interconnect technology available in between given end-points. The communication engine dynamically chooses the physical interconnect that is best suited at any given time to send data from one source to one or multiple destinations. This communication can be either on-chip or across nodes. The communication engine makes a decision based on a set of predetermined parameters that can be re-adjusted by the application layer, such as latency of the transmission, message data size, physical distance from source to destination, the energy cost, and the current congestion on the alternative interconnects.

Blagodurov, Sergey↗
DOE OSTI2025

Systems, devices, and methods for millimeter wave communication for unmanned aerial vehicles

Systems, devices, and methods are described for controlling, and communicating with, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) over a millimeter wave (mmWave) communication network established between a base station and the UAVs. A communication system may include one or more unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The communication system may further include one or more base stations including millimeter wave (mmWave) antennas configured to generate control signals to the one or more UAVs over an mmWave communication network.

Bhuyan, Arupjyoti↗
DOE OSTI2022

Seamless Wireless Communication Platform for Internet of Things Applications

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices resulted in the proliferation of wireless technologies to cater to their increasing data rate requirements and support multiple applications. However, such ever-increasing wireless technologies present numerous challenges such as incompatible wireless standards, increased energy consumption, and insecure communication. The traditional gateways proposed in the literature suffers from limitations such as computational complexity, resource requirements, increased cost, and device size. We vision an era of seamless wireless communication to alleviate the aforementioned challenges in IoT applications. through three inter-dependent functionalities namely detection and identification of wireless technologies, energy-efficient transmit power control, and secure end-to-end communication. To prove the concept, a new gateway is proposed to achieve these three functionalities with only physical layer measurements so that the different communication protocols in the higher layers can be avoided. Novel schemes are conceptualized for resource-limited seamless IoT applications. Moreover, the conceptual seamless IoT platform is validated through software-based computer simulation and software-defined radio-based testbed implementation. Finally, the preliminary analysis demonstrates that the proposed platform has great potential in advancing seamless IoT applications.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self-powered Through-wall communication for dry cask storage monitoring

Many nuclear facilities, such as spent fuel storage dry casks and nuclear reactor pressure vessels, are entirely sealed by metal layers to prevent harmful radiation. For safety and security operations, the temperature, pressure, radiation, and humidity inside the vessel needs to be closely monitored. However, no practical technology is currently available to realize the through-wall data communication and monitoring for these vessels due to the inside harsh environment of high temperature and nuclear radiation. In this paper, an innovative self-powered wireless through-wall data communication system for the nuclear environment is presented, which demonstrates a successful solution to such challenges. The presented system is composed of four modules, i.e., energy harvester with power management circuits, ultrasound wireless communication using high-temperature piezoelectric transducers, electronic circuits for sensing and data transmission, and radiation shielding for electronics. Here, constitutive functions of each module were firstly designed and followed by the system integration. Experiments were conducted subsequently to validate the designed functions and evaluate the performance of the integrated system. Results showed that the average power of over 40 mW was harvested from the thermal flow inside the nuclear spent fuel canisters which could provide enough energy to operate the sensing and data communication systems. The gamma radiation test results showed that the thermoelectric energy harvester and ultrasound transceivers can withstand radiation dosing over 100 Mrad. Furthermore, temperature shock tests demonstrated that the entire system including the shielded electronics can survive and maintain their functionalities at temperatures as high as 195°C. Under the in-lab mocked-up high temperature conditions and radiation shielding, the proposed system is foreseen to survive and operate stably for fifty years inside a nuclear spent fuel canister, and send the frequency modulated data out of the canister for 3 s in every 10 min.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

5G Communications in Nuclear: Potential Use Cases and Security Considerations

As fifth-generation (5G) communications continues to revolutionize the future of wireless technology, there is growing demand to utilize its benefits for critical infrastructures such as nuclear power plants (NPPs). In regard to achieving full automation and control in the operation of existing and future nuclear reactors, the unique capabilities of 5G can bring several potential advantages over other wireless technologies. However, a deep investigation is needed for the availability and security of 5G communications under various NPP operational scenarios. This article examines how 5G security capabilities can be architecturally deployed in nuclear applications so as to replace existing communication infrastructures. We discuss the current use of all wireless technologies in NPPs with their key features. Consequently, we investigated several NPP use cases in which 5G offers potential advantages but entails specific security considerations. The present article covers the characteristics of 5G communications, general challenges to its application in nuclear, and the security gaps that need to be addressed. We also highlight certain 5G security-by-design features that can help addressing current stringent NPP requirements. In addition, we discuss some future research direction that can facilitate the implementation of 5G in a nuclear facility. The findings presented herein can help foster 5G deployment in NPPs, thus enabling secured data transmission, cost savings, and increased operational efficiency with enhanced reliability.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Synchrophasor Data Anomaly Detection on Grid Edge by 5G Communication and Adjacent Compute

The fifth-generation mobile communication (5G) technology offers the opportunities to enhance the grid real-time monitoring. The 5G-enabled phasor measurement units (PMUs) features flexible positioning and cost-effective long-term maintenance, without constraints of fixing wire. This paper is the first to demonstrate the applicability of 5G in PMU communication, and the experiment was carried out at Verizon non-standalone testbed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Advanced Wireless Communication lab. The performance of 5G-enabled PMU communication setup is reviewed and discussed in this paper, and the paper presents a real-time dynamic linear model (DML) based synchrophasor data anomaly detection application. Last but not least, the practicability of implementing 5G for wide-area protection strategies is explored and discussed by analyzing the experimental results.

5G, Synchrophasor data, machine learning, anomaly ↗