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DOE OSTI2018

Embedded Sensors and Controls to Improve Component Performance and Reliability - Final Report

Oak Ridge National Laboratory has researched embedded instrumentation and controls (I&C) for extreme environments under the Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy's Nuclear Energy Enabling Technology program. Advanced sensors and controls have the potential to dramatically increase the performance and efficiency of nuclear reactor components, however, the extreme environments of exiting and advanced reactor designs limit the options for sensors, actuators, and control designs. To address two of the extreme environment challenges to embedded I&C, the focus of this research is to fill technology gaps needed for electromagnetic systems that can operate at temperatures greater than 700 C in corrosive environments. A magnetically suspended, canned-rotor pump was chosen for the embedded I&C development platform because it is a system with a practical need in industry and because the sensors, actuators, and embedded I&C technologies needed to successfully build this platform will be widely applicable to any high-temperature components that utilize electromagnetic interactions. This design also eliminates the need for pump seals and mechanical bearings which are the main sources of pump failures and maintenance costs. During the project a conceptual design for the high-temperature magnetically suspended pump was developed and analyzed for manufacturability and reliability. Specifications for the materials, control system, sensors, mechanical performance, high-temperature wiring, and electromagnetic properties were developed for the conceptual design. The canned rotor design of the high-temperature pump presents unique fluid force characteristics arising from the thin fluid channel between the rotor and stator. A model of the fluid forces was developed and the impact of these forces on the stability and performance of magnetic bearing controllers was studied. Then a room temperature bench-scale magnetic testbed was designed and fabricated for testing the performance of sensors and electromagnetic actuators, modern control design techniques, closed-loop system identification, state estimation, and model uncertainty. Finally, a loop-scale testbed with submerged magnetic bearings was designed and fabricated. This testbed will be used to analyze the stability and performance of control system designs in response to the nonlinear and cross-coupling fluid effects between the shaft axes of motion, rotordynamics, gyroscopic effects, and impeller disturbances.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Cosmology and terrestrial signals of sexaquark dark matter

We investigate the hypothesis that sexaquarks, hypothetical stable six-quark states, could be a significant component of the dark matter. We expand on previous studies of sexaquark cosmology, accounting for the possibility that some relevant interaction cross sections might be strongly suppressed below expectations based on dimensional analysis. We update direct-detection constraints on stable sexaquarks comprising a subdominant fraction of the dark matter, as well as limits on the annihilation of an antisexaquark component from Super-Kamiokande. We argue that the scenario where sexaquarks comprise a O ( 1 ) fraction of the dark matter would require either a suppression of O ( 10 − 19 ) in sexaquark interactions with baryons, combined with a very high yield of net sexaquark number from the quark-hadron transition, or else a very strong suppression of the cross section for antisexaquark annihilation on nucleons ( 24 + orders of magnitude below the QCD scale). Independently, we find that a sexaquark component comprising more than O ( 10 − 3 ) of the dark matter can be excluded from direct-detection bounds, unless its scattering cross section is severely suppressed compared to the expected scale of strong and even electromagnetic interactions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

DOE OSTI2020

Interactions Observed Between Torus and Solenoid Superconducting Magnets at JLab

The Jefferson Lab 12 GeV Upgrade of Experimental End Station Hall B required a new detector system that would be more sensitive to forward going particles and able to handle higher luminosity. This new detector is CLAS12 and includes two superconducting iron-free magnets – a torus and an actively-shielded solenoid. The torus magnet consists of 6-trapezoidal racetrack-type coils while the solenoid is an actively shielded 5 T magnet. The torus and the solenoid are located in close proximity to one another and are surrounded by sensitive particle detectors. In this work, the torus and solenoid, operating at 3770 A and 2416 A respectively, were commissioned successfully and are operating normally. This paper presents observed electromagnetic interactions which include induced static mechanical loads and inductive coupling as well as a summary of some of the cryogenic interactions and how they are mitigated.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2021

Precision luminosity measurement in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016 at CMS

The measurement of the luminosity recorded by the CMS detector installed at LHC interaction point 5, using proton–proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016, is reported. The absolute luminosity scale is measured for individual bunch crossings using beam-separation scans (the van der Meer method), with a relative precision of 1.3 and 1.0% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The dominant sources of uncertainty are related to residual differences between the measured beam positions and the ones provided by the operational settings of the LHC magnets, the factorizability of the proton bunch spatial density functions in the coordinates transverse to the beam direction, and the modeling of the effect of electromagnetic interactions among protons in the colliding bunches. When applying the van der Meer calibration to the entire run periods, the integrated luminosities when CMS was fully operational are 2.27 and 36.3 fb -1 in 2015 and 2016, with a relative precision of 1.6 and 1.2%, respectively. These are among the most precise luminosity measurements at bunched-beam hadron colliders.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Magnetic monopoles and free fractionally charged states at accelerators and in cosmic rays

Unified theories of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions which have electric charge quantization predict the existence of topologically stable magnetic monopoles. Intermediate scale monopoles are comparable with detection energies of cosmic ray monopoles at IceCube and other cosmic ray experiments. Magnetic monopoles in some models can be significantly lighter and carry two, three or possibly even higher quanta of the Dirac magnetic charge. They could be light enough for their effects to be detected at the LHC either directly or indirectly. An example based on a D-brane inspired SU(3) C × SU(3) L × SU(3) R (trinification) model with the monopole carrying three quanta of Dirac magnetic charge is presented. These theories also predict the existence of color singlet states with fractional electric charge which may be accessible at the LHC.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Structural metamaterials with innate capacitive and resistive sensing

Interpenetrating lattices consist of two or more interwoven but physically separate sub-lattices with unique behaviors derived from their multi-body construction. If the sublattices are constructed or coated with an electrically conducting material, the close proximity and high surface area of the electrically isolated conductors allow the two lattices to interact electromagnetically either across the initial dielectric filled gap or through physical contact. Furthermore, changes in the size of the dielectric gap between the sub-lattices induced by deformation can be measured via capacitance or resistance, allowing a structurally competent lattice to operate as a force or deformation sensor. In addition to resistive and capacitive deformation sensing, this work explores capacitance as a fundamental metamaterial property and the environmental sensing behaviors of interpenetrating lattices.

Computational Solid Mechanics↗

DOE OSTI2018

Study of Critical Current and n-Values of 2G HTS Tapes: Their Magnetic Field-Angular Dependence

Since many applications of YBCO tapes operate in external magnetic fields, it is necessary to investigate the magneto-angular dependence of critical current and n-values in coated conductors. In this paper, five commercial YBCO tapes with different microstructures produced by three different manufacturers are chosen. The selected samples have a width of 2.0, 4.0, 4.8, 6.0 or 12 mm, with copper, brass or stainless steel laminations. The critical current density dependence J{sub c}(B, θ) and n-values characteristics n(B, θ) of the tapes are comprehensively measured under various magnetic fields and orientations. Afterwards, the obtained experimental data sets are successfully fitted using a novel multi-objective model which considers the material anisotropy. By using this approach, a fitting function I{sub c}(B, θ) can always be obtained to accurately describe the experimental data, regardless of the fabrication and width differences of the superconducting tapes. Moreover, our experiment shows that when subject to different external magnetic fields, the angular dependence of n-values characteristics is directly correlated with the corresponding critical current profiles. Our results are helpful to predict the critical current of electromagnetically interacting 2G HTS wires, thereby improving the design and performance of the devices made from YBCO tapes.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2017

A collision timing monitor for SuperKEKB

The analysis of beamstrahlung radiation, emitted from a beam of charged particles due to the electromagnetic interaction with a second beam of charged particles, provides a diagnostic tool that can be used to monitor beam–beam collisions in a e + e - storage ring. In this paper we show that the beamstrahlung time profile is related to the timing of the collisions and the length of the beams, and how its measurement can be used to monitor and optimize collisions at the interaction point of the SuperKEKB collider. The method has a unique passive monitor capability, since it allows to monitor the timing of the collision without disturbing (scanning) the beam–beam timing, which needs to be measured to unprecedented accuracy at SuperKEKB. To measure the time dependence of beamstrahlung, here we describe a method based on nonlinear frequency mixing in a nonlinear crystal of beamstrahlung radiation with photons from a pulsed laser. We demonstrate that the method allows to measure and optimize the relative timing and length of the colliding bunches with 3% accuracy.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2021

The proton radius (puzzle?) and its relatives

We review determinations of the electric proton charge radius from a diverse set of low-energy observables. We explore under which conditions it can be related to Wilson coefficients of appropriate effective field theories. This discussion is generalized to other low-energy constants. This provides us with a unified framework to deal with a set of low-energy constants of the proton associated with its electromagnetic interactions. Unambiguous definitions of these objects are given, as well as their relation with expectation values of QCD operators. We show that the proton radius obtained from spectroscopy and lepton–proton scattering (when both the lepton and proton move with nonrelativistic velocities) is related to the same object of the underlying field theory with O ( α ) precision. The model dependence of these analyses is discussed. The prospects of constructing effective field theories valid for the kinematic configuration of present, or near-future, lepton–proton scattering experiments are explored.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Extracting the femtometer structure of strange baryons using the vacuum polarization effect

Abstract One of the fundamental goals of particle physics is to gain a microscopic understanding of the strong interaction. Electromagnetic form factors quantify the structure of hadrons in terms of charge and magnetization distributions. While the nucleon structure has been investigated extensively, data on hyperons are still scarce. It has recently been demonstrated that electron-positron annihilations into hyperon-antihyperon pairs provide a powerful tool to investigate their inner structure. We present a method useful for hyperon-antihyperon pairs of different types which exploits the cross section enhancement due to the effect of vacuum polarization at theJ/ψresonance. Using the 10 billionJ/ψevents collected with the BESIII detector, this allows a precise determination of the hyperon structure function. The result is essentially a precise snapshot of the$$\bar{\Lambda }{\Sigma }^{0}\,(\Lambda {\bar{\Sigma }}^{0})$$ Λ ¯ Σ 0 ( Λ Σ ¯ 0 ) transition process, encoded in the transition form factor ratio and phase. Their values are measured to beR = 0.860 ± 0.029(stat.) ± 0.015(syst.),$$\Delta {\Phi }_{\bar{\Lambda }{\Sigma }^{0}}=(1.011\pm 0.094({{\rm{stat.}}})\pm 0.010({{\rm{syst.}}}))\,{{\rm{r}}}ad$$ Δ Φ Λ ¯ Σ 0 = ( 1.011 ± 0.094 ( stat. ) ± 0.010 ( syst. ) ) r a d and$$\Delta {\Phi }_{\Lambda {\bar{\Sigma }}^{0}}=(2.128\pm 0.094({{\rm{stat.}}})\pm 0.010({{\rm{syst.}}}))\,{{\rm{r}}}ad$$ Δ Φ Λ Σ ¯ 0 = ( 2.128 ± 0.094 ( stat. ) ± 0.010 ( syst. ) ) r a d . Furthermore, charge-parity (CP) breaking is investigated in this reaction and found to be consistent with CP symmetry.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

DOE OSTI2014

Polarization selective phase-change nanomodulator

Manipulating optical signals below the diffraction limit is crucial for next-generation data-storage and telecommunication technologies. Although controlling the flow of light around nanoscale waveguides was achieved over a decade ago, modulating optical signals at terahertz frequencies within nanoscale volumes remains a challenge. Since the physics underlying any modulator relies on changes in dielectric properties, the incorporation of strongly electron-correlated materials (SECMs) has been proposed because they can exhibit orders of magnitude changes in electrical and optical properties with modest thermal, electrical or optical trigger signals. Here we demonstrate a hybrid nanomodulator of deep sub-wavelength dimensions with an active volume of only 0.002 µm 3 by spatially confining light on the nanometre length scale using a plasmonic nanostructure while simultaneously controlling the reactive near-field environment at its optical focus with a single, precisely positioned SECM nanostructure. Since the nanomodulator functionality hinges on this near-field electromagnetic interaction, the modulation is also selectively responsive to polarization. Lastly, this architecture suggests one path for designing reconfigurable optoelectronic building blocks with responses that can be tailored with exquisite precision by varying size, geometry, and the intrinsic materials properties of the hybrid elements.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

Kinetic effects on neutron generation in moderately collisional interpenetrating plasma flows

Collisional kinetic modifications of ion distributions in interpenetrating flows are investigated by irradiating two opposing targets, either CD/CD or CD/CH, on the National Ignition Facility. In the CD/CD case, neutron time-of-flight diagnostics are successfully used to infer the ion temperature, 5–6 keV, and velocity, 500 km/s per flow, of the flows using a multi-fluid approximation of beam-beam nuclear fusion. These values are found to be in agreement with simulations and other diagnostics. However, for CD/CH, the multi-fluid assumption breaks down, as fusion is quasi-thermonuclear in this case and thus more dependent on the details of the ion velocity distribution. Using kinetic-ion, hydrodynamic-electron, and hybrid particle-in-cell modeling, this is found to be partially due to a skewed deviation from a Maxwellian in the ion velocity distribution function resulting from ion-ion collisions. This skew causes a downshift in the mean neutron velocity that partially resolves the observation in the CD/CH case. Finally, we note that the discrepancy is not completely resolved via collisional effects alone and may be a signature of collisionless electromagnetic interactions such as the Weibel-filamentation instability.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Direct measurement of thermal Knudsen forces in rarefied gas environments

At micro- and nanoscales, momentum transfer between surfaces is influenced by various physical mechanisms, including quantum fluctuations, electromagnetic interactions, electric charges, and the dynamics of (rarefied) gases. Under non-isothermal conditions, rarefied gases give rise to thermal Knudsen forces whose magnitudes strongly depend on the gas species and surface characteristics. Knudsen forces are particularly relevant in nanotechnology, optical manipulation, and aerospace systems, where gas rarefaction occurs due to highly confined geometries, sub-micrometer length scales, and reduced particle densities. Despite their significance, predictive modeling of Knudsen forces is limited by a lack of comprehensive experimental data across diverse materials and surface morphologies. Here, in this work, we present a highly sensitive and adaptable measurement platform capable of directly quantifying Knudsen forces using a suspended, interchangeable micro-cantilever within controlled rarefied helium and nitrogen environments. The system integrates optical fiber interferometry to precisely capture out-of-plane displacements at sub-micrometer resolution, driven by Knudsen forces. From the empirical data, we derive a robust correlation linking the magnitudes of Knudsen forces to energy accommodation coefficients, offering deeper insights into the underlying gas–surface interaction mechanisms.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2025

MHD Analysis of Dual-Coolant Lead-Lithium Blanket for Spherical Tokamak Advanced Reactor

The tritium breeding blanket is vital for future fusion power plants, with the Spherical Tokamak Advanced Reactor (STAR) project highlighting the dual-coolant lead-lithium (DCLL) design. The DCLL blanket performs shielding, energy exhaust, and tritium breeding using a lead-lithium alloy , with lithium as the breeder and lead as the neutron multiplier. It also serves as the primary coolant, with helium providing supplemental cooling. Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel is used for the blanket structure. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena influence the liquid metal flow in a magnetic field, affecting heat transfer in the breeder affected by energetic neutrons. Understanding key flow parameters in such conditions is critical for efficient DCLL design. This study uses three-dimensional thermofluid MHD analysis with ANSYS CFX software, modified at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, to simulate high Hartmann flows. The neutronics code MCNP, coupled with plasma equilibrium, provides heat source distribution. In conclusion, we examine electromagnetic interactions in adjacent fluid domains and analyze the magnetic field’s impact on flow distribution in the inboard and outboard blanket layout, using detailed mesh generation for accurate results.

DCLL↗

DOE OSTI2021

On the possibility of footprint compression with one lens in nonlinear accelerator lattice

Electromagnetic interaction of colliding beams along with other nonlinear fields often limits the beams' lifetimes and luminosities. Nonlinearities result in the spread of betatron frequencies (footprint) and, thus, may enhance dynamic diffusion of particles due to high order resonances. One of the possible ways to eliminate nonlinearities and overcome the corresponding difficulties is compensation of nonlinear forces, but, in practice, it is hardly possible to obtain exact linearity of the system. The compensation with a single nonlinear lens cannot cope with distributed nonlinearities, nonlinearities due to parasitic crossings, etc. Here, we present a method to compute parameters of nonlinear element (lens) that eliminates both the footprint and resonance strength without achieving full compensation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Spin waves and high-frequency response in layered superconductors with helical magnetic structure

Here, we evaluate the spin-wave spectrum and dynamic susceptibility in a layered superconductor with helical interlayer magnetic structure. We especially focus on the structure in which the moments rotate 90 degrees from layer to layer realized in the iron pnictide RbEuFe 4 As 4 . While in nonmagnetic superconductors low-frequency magnetic field decays on the distance of the order of the London penetration depth, spin waves mediate its propagation to much larger distances limited by external dissipation mechanisms. The spin-wave spectrum in superconductors is strongly renormalized due to the long-range electromagnetic interactions between the oscillating magnetic moments. This leads to strong enhancement of the frequency of the mode coupled with uniform field and this enhancement exists only within a narrow range of the c-axis wave vectors of the order of the inverse London penetration depth. The key feature of materials like RbEuFe 4 As 4 is that this uniform mode corresponds to the maximum frequency of the spin-wave spectrum with respect to the c-axis wave vector. As a consequence, the high-frequency surface resistance acquires a very distinct asymmetric feature spreading between the bare and renormalized frequencies. Finally, we also consider excitation of spin waves with the Josephson effect in a tunneling contact between helical-magnetic and conventional superconductors and study the interplay between the spin-wave features and geometrical cavity resonances in the current-voltage characteristics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2022

Magnetic field induced hair structure in the charmonium gluon dissociation

We study the electromagnetic field effect on charmonium gluon dissociation in quark-gluon plasma. With the effective Hamiltonian derived from QCD multipole expansion under an external electromagnetic field, we first solve the two-body Schrödinger equation for a pair of charm quarks with mean field potentials for color and electromagnetic interactions and obtain the charmonium binding energies and wave functions, and then calculate the gluon dissociation cross section and decay width by taking the color electric and magnetic dipole interactions as perturbations above the mean field and employing Fermi’s golden rule. Considering the charmonium deformation in a magnetic field, the discrete Landau energy levels make the dissociation cross section grow hair, and the electric dipole channel is significantly changed, especially for the P -wave states χ c 0 and χ c ± . From our numerical calculation, the magnetic field strength e B = 5 m π 2 already changes the gluon dissociation strongly, which may indicate measurable effects in high-energy nuclear collisions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Indirect dark matter signatures in the cosmic dark ages. II. Ionization, heating, and photon production from arbitrary energy injections

Any injection of electromagnetically interacting particles during the cosmic dark ages will lead to increased ionization, heating, production of Lyman-a photons and distortions to the energy spectrum of the cosmic microwave background, with potentially observable consequences. Here, we describe numerical results for the low-energy electrons and photons produced by the cooling of particles injected at energies from keV to multi-TeV scales, at arbitrary injection redshifts (but focusing on the post-recombination epoch). We use these data, combined with existing calculations modeling the cooling of these low-energy particles, to estimate the resulting contributions to ionization, excitation and heating of the gas, and production of low-energy photons below the threshold for excitation and ionization. We compute corrected deposition-efficiency curves for annihilating dark matter, and demonstrate how to compute equivalent curves for arbitrary energy-injection histories. These calculations provide the necessary inputs for the limits on dark matter annihilation presented in the accompanying paper I, but also have potential applications in the context of dark matter decay or deexcitation, decay of other metastable species, or similar energy injections from new physics. Lastly, we make our full results publicly available at http://nebel.rc.fas.harvard.edu/epsilon, to facilitate further independent studies. In particular, we provide the full low-energy electron and photon spectra, to allow matching onto more detailed codes that describe the cooling of such particles at low energies.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗