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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Temperature and flow measurements on near-freezing aviation fuels in a wing-tank model

Freezing behavior, pumpability, and temperature profiles for aviation turbine fuels were measured in a 190-liter tank, to simulate internal temperature gradients encountered in commercial airplane wing tanks. Two low-temperature situations were observed. Where the bulk of the fuel is above the specification freezing point, pumpout of the fuel removes all fuel except a layer adhering to the bottom chilled surfaces, and the unpumpable fraction depends on the fuel temperature near these surfaces. Where the bulk of the fuel is at or below the freezing point, pumpout ceases when solids block the pump inlet, and the unpumpable fraction depends on the overall average temperature.

Friedman, R.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Desirable floating-point arithmetic and elementary functions for numerical computation

The topics considered are: (1) the base of the number system, (2) precision control, (3) number representation, (4) arithmetic operations, (5) other basic operations, (6) elementary functions, and (7) exception handling. The possibility of doing without fixed-point arithmetic is also mentioned. The specifications are intended to be entirely at the level of a programming language such as FORTRAN. The emphasis is on convenience and simplicity from the user's point of view. Conforming to such specifications would have obvious beneficial implications for the portability of numerical software, and for proving programs correct, as well as attempting to provide facilities which are most suitable for the user. The specifications are not complete in every detail, but it is intended that they be complete in spirit - some further details, especially syntatic details, would have to be provided, but the proposals are otherwise relatively complete.

Hull, T. E.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Progress and Perspectives: Zirconium Electrodeposition from Different Electrolytes

Zirconium (Zr) possesses outstanding properties, including exceptional chemical resistance and a high melting point, and is therefore desirable for use in a wide variety of challenging environments, such as in nuclear reactors and the chemical processing industry. To minimize the amount of Zr required for any given application, developing methods for generating metallic Zr coatings is highly advantageous. Owing to Zr’s highly negative reduction potential, electrodeposition in traditional solvents at near ambient temperatures remains challenging and thus not well understood. Due to the extreme conditions required to deposit this metal, extensive work has been conducted in molten salt electrolytes, however the broad applicability of this methodology is limited due to its corrosivity. The primary focus of this article is to present an overview of Zr’s electrochemical behavior and to consolidate the efforts of researchers in exploring electrodeposition techniques for Zr involving aqueous, organic, ionic liquid, deep eutectic, and molten salt solvents. With this information, we highlight trends across solvent systems and opportunities for future research.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1980

Saturn: Origin and composition of its inner moons and rings

The contraction of the primitive protosaturnian cloud, using ideas of supersonic turbulent convection was modeled. The model suggested that each of Saturn's inner moons, excepting Rhea, condensed above the ice-point of water and consists primarily of hydrous magnesium silicates. The satellite mean densities steadily increase towards the planet and the rocky moons are irregular in shape.

Prentice, A. J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Saturn - Origin and composition of its inner moons and rings

Theoretical modelling of the contraction of the primitive protosaturnian cloud, using ideas of supersonic turbulent convection, suggests that each of Saturn's inner moons, excepting Rhea, condensed above the ice-point of water and consists primarily of hydrous magnesium silicates. It is predicted that Voyager 1 may find that the satellite mean densities steadily increase towards the planet and that the rocky moons are irregular in shape.

Prentice, A. J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Recent progress in exobiology and planetary biology

Recent work in the fields of exobiology, the study of the possible characteristics of extraterrestrial life, and planetary biology, the study of life forms as a function of planetary conditions, is reviewed. Searches conducted for life on Mars by the Viking Landers and on Titan by Voyager 1 are considered, and the origin of life on earth is considered in relation to the question of the inorganic trace elements in living systems that are required for life. The question of the origin of terrestrial life from spores carried through the interstellar medium is examined, and the unlikelihood of the survival of such spores except within meteorites or dust particles is pointed out. Studies of organic molecules present in the interstellar medium are indicated as evidence that the conditions necessary for the formation of life can exist in various locations throughout the universe. Investigations of the molecular evolution of life on earth and of life under extreme conditions of heat, cold, drought and ultraviolet radiation, and of the organic compounds found in meteorites and comets are also discussed. The importance of a mechanism of heredity, such as terrestrial DNA, to the evolution of terrestrial and possible extraterrestrial life is pointed out.

Jukes, T. H.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Global Hydrologic Cycle

One of the major scientific questions in hydrology is: Can remote sensing data be used effectively with models to improve our understanding of hydrologic processes? Virtually all hydrologic models, with only a few exceptions, were designed to interface with conventional point data. These models must be modified or new ones developed to be compatible with remote sensing capabilities (areal coverage, high spatial resolution, repetitiveness, etc.). A comprehensive program of development and testing of these models at various application scales ranging from flash flood modeling and small tributary streams to continental size general circulation models must be carried out.

Rango, A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Critical Mach numbers in classical magnetohydrodynamics

Stationary point analysis is used to compute generalized critical Mach numbers for finite-amplitude fast and slow shocks in classical MHD fluids. Particular attention is paid to the case where the resistive and thermal conduction dissipation scale lengths are comparable and much larger than the viscous scale lengths. With both resistivity and thermal conduction, the critical Mach number at which viscosity must be invoked is determined by the condition that the downstream flow speed equals the isothermal sound speed. It is also shown that resistivity and thermal conduction can provide convergent stationary point solutions for nearly all slow shocks, except perhaps switch-off-shocks.

Kennel, Charles F.↗
NASA NTRS1956

Aerodynamic Mixing Downstream from Line Source of Heat in High-intensity Sound Field

Theory and measurement showed that the heat wake downstream from a line source is displaced by a transverse standing sound wave in a manner similar to a flag waving in a harmonic mode. With a 147 db, 104 cps standing wave, time-mean temperatures were reduced by an order of magnitude except near the displacement-pattern nodal points. The theory showed that a 161 db, 520 cps standing wave considerably increased the mixing in both the time-mean and instantaneous senses.

COMBUSTION RESEARCH - GENERAL↗
DOE OSTI2024

Celestial leaf amplitudes

Celestial amplitudes may be decomposed as weighted integrals of AdS 3 -Witten diagrams associated to each leaf of a hyperbolic foliation of spacetime. We show, for the Kleinian three-point MHV amplitude, that each leaf subamplitude is smooth except for the expected light-cone singularities. Moreover, we find that the full translationally-invariant celestial amplitude is simply the residue of the pole in the leaf amplitude at the point where the total conformal weights of the gluons equals three. This full celestial amplitude vanishes up to light-cone contact terms, as required by spacetime translation invariance, and reduces to the expression previously derived by Mellin transformation of the Parke-Taylor formula.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1999

Large-Scale Coronal Heating from "Cool" Activity in the Solar Magnetic Network

In Fe XII images from SOHO/EIT, the quiet solar corona shows structure on scales ranging from sub-supergranular (i.e., bright points and coronal network) to multi-supergranular (large-scale corona). In Falconer et al 1998 (Ap.J., 501, 386) we suppressed the large-scale background and found that the network-scale features are predominantly rooted in the magnetic network lanes at the boundaries of the supergranules. Taken together, the coronal network emission and bright point emission are only about 5% of the entire quiet solar coronal Fe XII emission. Here we investigate the relationship between the large-scale corona and the network as seen in three different EIT filters (He II, Fe IX-X, and Fe XII). Using the median-brightness contour, we divide the large-scale Fe XII corona into dim and bright halves, and find that the bright-half/dim half brightness ratio is about 1.5. We also find that the bright half relative to the dim half has 10 times greater total bright point Fe XII emission, 3 times greater Fe XII network emission, 2 times greater Fe IX-X network emission, 1.3 times greater He II network emission, and has 1.5 times more magnetic flux. Also, the cooler network (He II) radiates an order of magnitude more energy than the hotter coronal network (Fe IX-X, and Fe XII). From these results we infer that: 1) The heating of the network and the heating of the large-scale corona each increase roughly linearly with the underlying magnetic flux. 2) The production of network coronal bright points and heating of the coronal network each increase nonlinearly with the magnetic flux. 3) The heating of the large-scale corona is driven by widespread cooler network activity rather than by the exceptional network activity that produces the network coronal bright points and the coronal network. 4) The large-scale corona is heated by a nonthermal process since the driver of its heating is cooler than it is. This work was funded by the Solar Physics Branch of NASA's office of Space Science through the SR&T Program and the SEC Guest Investigator Program.

Falconer, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Analysis of the Dryden Wet Bulb GLobe Temperature Algorithm for White Sands Missile Range

In locations where workforce is exposed to high relative humidity and light winds, heat stress is a significant concern. Such is the case at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. Heat stress is depicted by the wet bulb globe temperature, which is the official measurement used by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The wet bulb globe temperature is measured by an instrument which was designed to be portable and needing routine maintenance. As an alternative form for measuring the wet bulb globe temperature, algorithms have been created to calculate the wet bulb globe temperature from basic meteorological observations. The algorithms are location dependent; therefore a specific algorithm is usually not suitable for multiple locations. Due to climatology similarities, the algorithm developed for use at the Dryden Flight Research Center was applied to data from the White Sands Missile Range. A study was performed that compared a wet bulb globe instrument to data from two Surface Atmospheric Measurement Systems that was applied to the Dryden wet bulb globe temperature algorithm. The period of study was from June to September of2009, with focus being applied from 0900 to 1800, local time. Analysis showed that the algorithm worked well, with a few exceptions. The algorithm becomes less accurate to the measurement when the dew point temperature is over 10 Celsius. Cloud cover also has a significant effect on the measured wet bulb globe temperature. The algorithm does not show red and black heat stress flags well due to shorter time scales of such events. The results of this study show that it is plausible that the Dryden Flight Research wet bulb globe temperature algorithm is compatible with the White Sands Missile Range, except for when there are increased dew point temperatures and cloud cover or precipitation. During such occasions, the wet bulb globe temperature instrument would be the preferred method of measurement. Out of the 30 dates examined, 23 fell under the category of having good accuracy.

LaQuay, Ryan Matthew↗
NASA NTRS1977

Measurements and analysis of far-field scattering from a prolate spheroid

The far-field acoustic scattering by a prolate spheroid with axial point sources near the tip of the body was measured. Data were taken for ka between 10 - 160 where (a) is the semi-major axis of the spheroidal. Comparisons were made with numerical results obtained by an integral equation based on the simple source method, with appropriate coordinate stretching introduced to permit high frequency solutions with a minimal number of grid points. Theory and experiment agree within experimental error except for the highest frequencies in the shadow region, where very rapid changes in pressure make precise measurements difficult. The results show that for frequencies of aeroacoustic interest, the scattered field is very large and cannot be ignored.

Bayliss, A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Measurements and analysis of farfield scattering from a prolate spheroid

The farfield acoustic scattering by a prolate spheroid with axial point sources near the tip of the body was measured. Data were taken for ka between 10 and 160, where a is the semimajor axis of the spheroid. Comparisons were made with numerical results obtained by an integral equation based on the simple-source method, with appropriate coordinate stretching introduced to permit high-frequency solutions with a minimal number of grid points. Theory and experiment agree within experimental error except for the highest frequencies in the shadow region, where very rapid changes in pressure make precise measurements difficult. The results show that for frequencies of aeroacoustic interest, the scattered field is very large and cannot be ignored.

Bayliss, A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Forest resource information system

The author has identified the following significant results. Satisfactory results were obtained separately from both winter and spring LANDSAT data for areal estimates. Bitemporal results were improved by combining winter and spring data. Per-point and per-field classifiers performed comparably, except regarding time, where the per-field classifiers were more efficient.

Mroczynski, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Benchmarking the QUAD4/TRIA3 element

The QUAD4 and TRIA3 elements are the primary plate/shell elements in NASTRAN. These elements enable the user to analyze thin plate/shell structures for membrane, bending and shear phenomena. They are also very new elements in the NASTRAN library. These elements are extremely versatile and constitute a substantially enhanced analysis capability in NASTRAN. However, with the versatility comes the burden of understanding a myriad of modeling implications and their effect on accuracy and analysis quality. The validity of many aspects of these elements were established through a series of benchmark problem results and comparison with those available in the literature and obtained from other programs like MSC/NASTRAN and CSAR/NASTRAN. Never-the-less such a comparison is never complete because of the new and creative use of these elements in complex modeling situations. One of the important features of QUAD4 and TRIA3 elements is the offset capability which allows the midsurface of the plate to be noncoincident with the surface of the grid points. None of the previous elements, with the exception of bar (beam), has this capability. The offset capability played a crucial role in the design of QUAD4 and TRIA3 elements. It allowed modeling layered composites, laminated plates and sandwich plates with the metal and composite face sheets. Even though the basic implementation of the offset capability is found to be sound in the previous applications, there is some uncertainty in relatively simple applications. The main purpose of this paper is to test the integrity of the offset capability and provide guidelines for its effective use. For the purpose of simplicity, references in this paper to the QUAD4 element will also include the TRIA3 element.

Pitrof, Stephen M.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Autopilot Servoactuator With Pressurized Detented Centering

Centering valve allows use of mechanical override in autopilot mode. Alternate system designed incorporates centering valves into four FBW servos, providing detents for reacting mechanical system forces following FBW shutdown. Required linkage hard point incorporated directly into autopilot servoactuator by centering valve assembly shown. All components in this functional hydraulic schematic usually present in contemporary aircraft flight-control-system autopilot servoactuators, with exception of centering valve. Centering valve, which serves as hard-point linkage for mechanical system forces, incorporated directly into flight control system.

Aring, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Structural risk assessment and aircraft fleet maintenance

In the present analysis, deterministic flaw growth analysis is used to project the failure distributions from inspection data. Inspection data is reported for each critical point in the aircraft. The data will indicate either a crack of a specific size or no crack. The crack length may be either less than, equal to, or greater than critical size for that location. Non-critical length cracks are projected to failure using the crack growth characteristics for that location to find the life when it will be at critical length. Greater-than-critical length cracks are projected back to determine the life at failure, that is, when it was at critical length. The same process is used as in the case of a non-critical crack except that the projection goes the other direction. These points, along with the critical length cracks are used to determine the failure distribution. To be able to use data from different aircraft to build a common failure distribution, a consistent life variable must be used. Aircraft life varies with the severity of the usage; therefore the number of flight hours for a particular aircraft must be modified by its usage factor to obtain a normalized life which can be compared with that from other aircraft.

Smith, Herb, Jr.↗