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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Fabrication of a multilevel THz Fresnel lens by femtosecond laser ablation

The possibility of fabricating a silicon diffractive fourlevel THz Fresnel lens by laser ablation is studied. For a microrelief to be formed on the sample surface, use is made of a femtosecond Yb : YAG laser with a high pulse repetition rate (f = 200 kHz). Characteristics of the diffractive optical element are investigated in the beam of a 141-mm free-electron laser. The measured diffraction efficiency of the lens is in good agreement with the theoretical estimate. (laser technologies)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1974

The dyadic diffraction coefficient for a curved edge

A compact dyadic diffraction coefficient for electromagnetic waves obliquely incident on a curved edge formed by perfectly conducting curved or plane surfaces is obtained. This diffraction coefficent remains valid in the transition regions adjacent to shadow and reflection boundaries, where the diffraction coefficients of Keller's original theory fail. The method is on Keller's method of the canonical problem, which in this case is the perfectly conducting wedge illuminated by plane, cylindrical, conical, and spherical waves. When the proper ray fixed coordinate system is introduced, the dyadic diffraction coefficient for the wedge is found to be the sum of only two dyads, and it is shown that this is also true for the dyadic diffraction coefficients of higher order edges. One dyad contains the acoustic soft diffraction coefficient; the other dyad contains the acoustic hard diffraction coefficient. The expressions for the acoustic wedge diffraction coefficients contain Fresnel integrals, which ensure that the total field is continuous at shadow and reflection boundaries. The diffraction coefficients have the same form for the different types of edge illumination; only the arguments of the Fresnel integrals are different. Since diffraction is a local phenomenon, and locally the curved edge structure is wedge shaped, this result is readily extended to the curved edge.

Kouyoumjian, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Profiling Saturn's rings by radio occultation

The development of reconstruction algorithms that correct for diffraction effects in radio occultation measurements is described. The reciprocal Fresnel transform relationship between the complex amplitude of the observed coherent signal and the complex microwave transmittance of the rings is derived using the Huygens-Fresnel formulation of the diffraction problem. The effects of the finite data segment width, the uncertainties in the Fresnel scale, systematic phase errors in the kernel of the inverse transform, reference oscillator instabilities, and random noise measurements on the resolution of the reconstructed transmittance are analyzed. Examples of reconstructed opacity profiles for some regions of Saturn's rings derived by applying the reconstruction theory to Voyager 1 at Saturn data are presented.

Marouf, Essam A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Planar techniques for fabricating X-ray diffraction gratings and zone plates

The state of current planar techniques in the fabrication of Fresnel zone plates and diffraction gratings is reviewed. Among the fabrication techniques described are multilayer resist techniques; scanning electron beam lithography; and holographic lithography. Consideration is also given to: X-ray lithography; ion beam lithography; and electroplating. SEM photographs of the undercut profiles obtained in a type AZ 135OB photoresistor by holographic lithography are provided.

Smith, H. I.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface

A compact dyadic diffraction coefficient for electromagnetic waves obliquely incident on a curved edge formed by perfectly conducting curved or plane surfaces is obtained. This diffraction coefficient remains valid in the transition regions adjacent to shadow and reflection boundaries, where the diffraction coefficients of Keller's original theory fail. Our method is based on Keller's method of the canonical problem, which in this case is the perfectly conducting wedge illuminated by plane, cylindrical, conical, and spherical waves. When the proper ray-fixed coordinate system is introduced, the dyadic diffraction coefficient for the wedge is found to be the sum of only two dyads, and it is shown that this is also true for the dyadic diffraction coefficients of higher order edges. One dyad contains the acoustic soft diffraction coefficient; the other dyad contains the acoustic hard diffraction coefficient. The expressions for the acoustic wedge diffraction coefficients contain Fresnel integrals, which ensure that the total field is continuous at shadow and reflection boundaries.

Kouyoumjian, R. G.↗
DOE OSTI2011

Nanometer-scale ablation using focused, coherent extreme ultraviolet/soft x-ray light

Ablation of holes having diameters as small as 82 nm and having clean walls was obtained in a poly(methyl methacrylate) on a silicon substrate by focusing pulses from a Ne-like Ar, 46.9 nm wavelength, capillary-discharge laser using a freestanding Fresnel zone plate diffracting into third order is described. Spectroscopic analysis of light from the ablation has also been performed. These results demonstrate the use of focused coherent EUV/SXR light for the direct nanoscale patterning of materials.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1995

Optimization of Coherent Lidar Performance Using Graded- Reflectance Transmitter Resonator Optics in the Low Equivalent Fresnel Number Region

Using a diffractive eigenmode treatment to model the laser output, we show that graded-reflectance resonator optics offer significant efficiency benefits over conventional hard-edge coupled unstable resonators in the context of coherent detection lidar applications. Extending previous work pertinent to the high equivalent Fresnel number regime, we have modelled the optimum performance of a notional super-Gaussian coupled cavity as a function of the key resonator parameters in the low equivalent Fresnel number regime.

lidar graded-reflectance transmitter resonator↗
DOE OSTI2013

Fast computation algorithms for speckle pattern simulation

We present our development of a series of efficient computation algorithms, generally usable to calculate light diffraction and particularly for speckle pattern simulation. We use mainly the scalar diffraction theory in the form of Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formula and its Fresnel approximation. Our algorithms are based on a special form of the convolution theorem and the Fast Fourier Transform. They are able to evaluate the diffraction formula much faster than by direct computation and we have circumvented the restrictions regarding the relative sizes of the input and output domains, met on commonly used procedures. Moreover, the input and output planes can be tilted each to other and the output domain can be off-axis shifted.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1988

Interior impedance wedge diffraction with surface waves

The exact impedance wedge solution is evaluated asymptotically using the method of steepest descents for plane wave illumination at normal incidence. Uniform but different impedances on each face are considered for both soft and hard polarizations. The asymptotic solution isolates the incident, singly reflected, multiply reflected, diffracted, and surface wave fields. Multiply reflected fields of any order are permitted. The multiply reflected fields from the exact solution are written as ratios of auxiliary Maliuzhinets functions, whereas a geometrical analysis gives the reflected fields as products of reflection coefficients. These two representations are shown to be identical in magnitude, phase and the angular range over which they exist. The diffracted field includes four Fresnel transition functions as in the perfect conductor case, and the expressions for the appropriate discontinuities at the shadow boundaries are presented. The surface wave exists over a finite angular range and only for certain surface impedances. A surface wave transition field is included to retain continuity. Computations are presented for interior wedge diffractions although the formulation is valid for both exterior and interior wedges.

Balanis, Constantine A.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Efficient Fresnel zoneplate pattern data preparation for high-resolution nanofabrication

A Fresnel zoneplate is a diffractive optical element consisting of concentric rings (zones) for which the transmitted light produces a focal spot that is used in all wavelength regimes, including X-rays. The pattern of transmission openings determines the location of the spot and the sub-half wavelength size of the openings can adjust the intensity. Today, very general transmission zoneplate patterns are used for many special imaging and image compensation purposes. Manufacturing zoneplates require a zoneplate pattern file, which precisely describes the size, shape, and contour of the rings based on the desired optical properties of the lens. Generating such a pattern requires the delicate balance of achieving the required optical performance while maintaining manageable file sizes and computation times. Here we describe a new algorithm meeting these needs. In conclusion, by precisely controlling the number of shapes in each zone, the algorithm simultaneously optimizes the desired optical tolerances with the pattern file size.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

High-resolution x-ray radiography with Fresnel zone plates on the University of Rochester’s OMEGA Laser Systems

Experiments performed at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics with a continuous-wave (cw) x-ray source and on the OMEGA and OMEGA EP Laser Systems have utilized a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) to obtain x-ray images with a spatial resolution as small as ~1.5 μm. Such FZP images were obtained with a charge-coupled device or a framing camera at energies ranging from 4.5 keV to 6.7 keV using x-ray line emission from both the cw source and high-intensity, laser-beam–illuminated metal foils. In all cases, the resolution test results are determined from patterns and grids backlit by these sources. Here, the resolutions obtained are shown to be due to a combination of the spectral content of the x-ray sources and detector resolution limited by the magnification of the images (14× to 22×). High-speed framing cameras were used to obtain FZP images with frame times as short as ~30 ps. Double-shell implosions on OMEGA were backlit by laser-irradiated Fe foils, thus obtaining a framing-camera–limited, FZP-image resolution of ~3 μm–4 μm.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS2014

Shielding Characteristics Using an Ultrasonic Configurable Fan Artificial Noise Source to Generate Modes - Experimental Measurements and Analytical Predictions

An Ultrasonic Configurable Fan Artificial Noise Source (UCFANS) was designed, built, and tested in support of the NASA Langley Research Center's 14x22 wind tunnel test of the Hybrid Wing Body (HWB) full 3-D 5.8% scale model. The UCFANS is a 5.8% rapid prototype scale model of a high-bypass turbofan engine that can generate the tonal signature of proposed engines using artificial sources (no flow). The purpose of the program was to provide an estimate of the acoustic shielding benefits possible from mounting an engine on the upper surface of a wing; a flat plate model was used as the shielding surface. Simple analytical simulations were used to preview the radiation patterns - Fresnel knife-edge diffraction was coupled with a dense phased array of point sources to compute shielded and unshielded sound pressure distributions for potential test geometries and excitation modes. Contour plots of sound pressure levels, and integrated power levels, from nacelle alone and shielded configurations for both the experimental measurements and the analytical predictions are presented in this paper.

Artifical Noise↗
NASA NTRS1972

Near field antenna patterns of obstructed Cassegrainian telescopes

The near field antenna pattern of an obstructed optical transmitter, such as a Cassegrainian telescope, has been computed using the Fresnel approximation to the scalar diffraction integral. A number of cases have been considered. These include uniformly illuminated, obstructed circular apertures, and apertures coherently illuminated with a divergent gaussian beam wave. Other beam profiles that may be derived by energy redistribution of the laser beam have also been considered. The techniques used for the numerical evaluation of the Fresnel integral are discussed and results for the optical systems to be used on the High Altitude Aircraft Optical Communications Experiment are presented.

Webb, W. E.↗
DOE OSTI2011

New Nanoscale Imaging with a Simple Hard X-Ray Nanoslit

A simple and new procedure to measure the optimal intensity distribution of an x-ray wavefield in nanoscale resolution is proposed. A heavy-metal wire can work as a ''nanoslit'' with a nanoscale aperture size. Its basic function can be described simply with geometrical optics using total reflection. The further function is investigated with numerical calculation of a diffraction edge. In the experiment, Fresnel fringes generated by a rectangular aperture were measured by using a 300-{mu}m platinum wire as the nanoslit. Its high potential use in imaging applications is discussed.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
NASA NTRS2002

Diffraction hardware testbed and model validation

Optical systems, which operate over a wide range of Fresnel numbers, are often times performance-limited by diffraction effects. In order to characterize such effects at the 40-100 picometer level, a diffraction testbed has been built which has the capability of measuring diffraction effects at this level. Concurrently, mathematical diffraction modeling tools have been developed that propagate an input wavefront through an optical train, while retaining amplitude and phase information at a grid resolution sufficient for yielding picometer-resolution diffraction test data. This paper contains a description of this diffraction hardware testbed, the diffraction modeling approach, and a comparison of the modeled and hardware test results, which then serves as validation of the diffraction modeling methodology.

optical↗
DOE OSTI2016

Fabrication of soft x-ray Fresnel zone plate on ultrathin membrane

Fabrication of diffractive x-ray optics for the x-ray region requires a high lateral resolution (~100 nm) and a large thickness of the phase-shifting material (0.5-3 µm). The thickness of the phase shifting material depends upon the energy of the photons. We have optimized the exposure and developing processes for 996 K poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) of different thicknesses and have worked on adhesion issues to develop a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) structure on polyimide membrane. We discuss the effects of these fabrication steps on the FZP’s fabrication and aspect ratio. Preliminary evaluation of the FZPs was done by scanning electron microscopy. The FZP focusing performance will be characterized at Indus synchrotrons.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of contrast enhancement prior to iteration procedure on image correction for soft x-ray projection microscopy

Soft X-ray microscopy is well recognized as a powerful tool of high-resolution imaging for hydrated biological specimens. Projection type of it has characteristics of easy zooming function, simple optical layout and so on. However the image is blurred by the diffraction of X-rays, leading the spatial resolution to be worse. In this study, the blurred images have been corrected by an iteration procedure, i.e., Fresnel and inverse Fresnel transformations repeated. This method was confirmed by earlier studies to be effective. Nevertheless it was not enough to some images showing too low contrast, especially at high magnification. In the present study, we tried a contrast enhancement method to make the diffraction fringes clearer prior to the iteration procedure. The method was effective to improve the images which were not successful by iteration procedure only.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗