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NH4NO3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four ammonia molecules; four hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules; and four water molecules.
Cd2Se3O14N2O crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of two hydroxylamine, o-amino- molecules and one Cd2Se3O14 framework. In the Cd2Se3O14 framework, Cd2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CdO6 octahedra that share corners with five SeO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Cd–O bond distances ranging from 2.26–2.39 Å. There are two inequivalent Se+5.33+ sites. In the first Se+5.33+ site, Se+5.33+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent CdO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 54°. There are a spread of Se–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.74 Å. In the second Se+5.33+ site, Se+5.33+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent CdO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–55°. There is one shorter (1.67 Å) and three longer (1.68 Å) Se–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cd2+ and one Se+5.33+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cd2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se+5.33+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se+5.33+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cd2+ and one Se+5.33+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cd2+ and one Se+5.33+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cd2+ and one Se+5.33+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cd2+ and one Se+5.33+ atom.
ZnO8N2(NO2)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four ammonia molecules; eight hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules; and two ZnO8 clusters. In each ZnO8 cluster, Zn2+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both Zn–O bond lengths are 1.87 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Zn2+ and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.32 Å. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.21 Å) and one longer (1.72 Å) O–O bond length. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two O2- atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom.
(NH3)2(N2H)2H2(HNO2)2(H2O)4(H3SeO3)4(H2SeO2)2 is Magnesium tetraboride-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two ammonia molecules; two diazene molecules; two hydrogen molecules; two hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules; four water molecules; two H2SeO2 clusters; and two H3SeO3 clusters. In each H2SeO2 cluster, there are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se2- atom. The H–Se bond length is 1.53 Å. Se2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one H1+ and two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.66 Å) and one longer (1.85 Å) Se–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Se2- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H1+ and one Se2- atom. In each H3SeO3 cluster, there are six inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.05 Å) and one longer (1.48 Å) H–O bond length. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.62 Å) H–O bond length. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se2- atom. The H–Se bond length is 1.52 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. There are two inequivalent Se2- sites. In the first Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one H1+ and two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.69 Å) and one longer (1.80 Å) Se–O bond length. In the second Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Se–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.83 Å. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to three H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one H1+ and one Se2- atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se2- atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one H1+ and one Se2- atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one H1+ and one Se2- atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one H1+ and one Se2- atom.
MnO8N2(NO2)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four ammonia molecules; eight hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules; and two MnO8 clusters. In each MnO8 cluster, Mn2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mn–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.39 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Mn2+ and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.33 Å. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mn2+ and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.23 Å. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Mn2+ and one O2- atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom.
CoNCl2(N2)2NO2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules; eight nitrogen molecules; and four CoNCl2 clusters. In each CoNCl2 cluster, Co2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one N+0.67+ and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. The Co–N bond length is 1.77 Å. Both Co–Cl bond lengths are 2.10 Å. N+0.67+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Co2+ atom. Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Co2+ atom.
Sn3P2O9N2O crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmc2_1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of four hydroxylamine, o-amino- molecules and two Sn3P2O9 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. In each Sn3P2O9 sheet, there are two inequivalent Sn4+ sites. In the first Sn4+ site, Sn4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted SnO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with three PO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent SnO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.38 Å. In the second Sn4+ site, Sn4+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted SnO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent SnO5 trigonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one SnO5 trigonal bipyramid, and an edgeedge with one SnO4 trigonal pyramid. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.36 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent SnO5 trigonal bipyramids and a cornercorner with one SnO4 trigonal pyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.63 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent SnO5 trigonal bipyramids and corners with two equivalent SnO4 trigonal pyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.48–1.61 Å. There are seven inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Sn4+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Sn4+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Sn4+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Sn4+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Sn4+ and one P5+ atom.
PrSe2O9NO2O2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pccn space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of four hydrogen peroxide molecules; four hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules; and two PrSe2O9 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In each PrSe2O9 sheet, Pr is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O atoms. There are a spread of Pr–O bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.49 Å. Se is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Se–O bond distances ranging from 1.65–1.69 Å. There are five inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Pr and one Se atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Pr atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Pr and one Se atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Pr and one Se atom.
(CO2)2N2O is Cyanogen Chloride-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic P2_12_12 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four carbon dioxide molecules and two hydroxylamine, o-amino- molecules.
NO2AsF6 is Tetraauricupride structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecule and one AsF6 cluster. In the AsF6 cluster, As5+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F1- atoms. There is four shorter (1.77 Å) and two longer (1.78 Å) As–F bond length. There are two inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom.
(CO2)2N2O is Cyanogen Chloride-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four carbon dioxide molecules and two hydroxylamine, o-amino- molecules.
(CoCl2)2(N2)5(NO2)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of twenty ammonia molecules; four cobaltchloride molecules; and four hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules.
ReF8(NO2)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules and eight ReF8 clusters. In each ReF8 cluster, Re6+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight F1- atoms. There are a spread of Re–F bond distances ranging from 1.95–1.99 Å. There are eight inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom.
(Cd)2N2(NO2)6 is Cyanogen Chloride-like structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one ammonia molecule; one cadmium molecule; and three hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules.
CoNCl2(N2)2NO2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four hydroxylamine, n-hydroxy- molecules; eight nitrogen molecules; and four CoNCl2 clusters. In each CoNCl2 cluster, Co2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one N+0.67+ and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. The Co–N bond length is 1.77 Å. Both Co–Cl bond lengths are 2.10 Å. N+0.67+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Co2+ atom. Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Co2+ atom.
The overarching goal of this project was to elucidate biochemical mechanisms that ubiquitous microorganisms use to enable primary metabolism based on nitrification, the multi-electron oxidation of ammonia (NH 3 ) to nitrite (NO 2 – ). This chemistry enables life to substitute carbon based fuel with nitrogen. Understanding the underlying chemistry was pursued to help inform the use of ammonia as an alternative fuel source compared to petroleum, capitalizing on the widespread infrastructure for production and distribution of this substance in the US. This project specifically focused on characterizing ammonia monooxygenase, an integral membrane copper protein that initiates nitrification via the aerobic oxidation of NH 3 to hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH).
Snowmelt dynamics are a significant determinant of microbial metabolism in soil and regulate global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients by creating seasonal variations in soil redox and nutrient pools. With an increasing concern that climate change accelerates both snowmelt timing and rate, obtaining an accurate characterization of microbial response to snowmelt is important for understanding biogeochemical cycles intertwined with soil. However, observing microbial metabolism and its dynamics non-destructively remains a major challenge for systems such as soil. Microbial volatile compounds (mVCs) emitted from soil represent information-dense signatures and when assayed non-destructively using state-of-the-art instrumentation such as Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) provide time resolved insights into the metabolism of active microbiomes. In this study, we used PTR-TOF-MS to investigate the metabolic trajectory of microbiomes from a subalpine forest soil, and their response to a simulated wet-up event akin to snowmelt. Using an information theory approach based on the partitioning of mutual information, we identified mVC metabolite pairs with robust interactions, including those that were non-linear and with time lags. The biological context for these mVC interactions was evaluated by projecting the connections onto the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) network of known metabolic pathways. Simulated snowmelt resulted in a rapid increase in the production of trimethylamine (TMA) suggesting that anaerobic degradation of quaternary amine osmo/cryoprotectants, such as glycine betaine, may be important contributors to this resource pulse. Unique and synergistic connections between intermediates of methylotrophic pathways such as dimethylamine, formaldehyde and methanol were observed upon wet-up and indicate that the initial pulse of TMA was likely transformed into these intermediates by methylotrophs. Increases in ammonia oxidation signatures (transformation of hydroxylamine to nitrite) were observed in parallel, and while the relative role of nitrifiers or methylotrophs cannot be confirmed, the inferred connection to TMA oxidation suggests either a direct or indirect coupling between these processes. Overall, it appears that such mVC time-series from PTR-TOF-MS combined with causal inference represents an attractive approach to non-destructively observe soil microbial metabolism and its response to environmental perturbation.