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DOE OSTI2025

Implementation of ISO 15118-202 messages within Everest EV Charging Open Source Framework [SWR-25-56]

This software implements the messages defined in the ISO 15118-202 standard within the Everest EV Charging open source framework. The protocol and messages defined in the ISO 15118-202 standard enable the exchange of additional information which is not available for exchange within the currently deployed EV/EVSE communications protocols. This information includes co-identification parameters, error message exchange and more. This fork of the everest-core repository adds a prototype of the Extensible Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC) Discovery Protocol (ESDP) implemented based on a draft of the ISO 15118-202 standard. This is achieved through additions and modifications to the EvseV2G module. The implementation provides a demonstration of the ESDP messages, encoding and decoding but does not include a full integration within the Everest framework. Much of the information being sent over ESDP in this implementation is set statically for the sake of demonstrating the protocol itself. This fork of the ext-switchev-iso15118 repository adds a prototype of the Extensible Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC) Discovery Protocol (ESDP) implemented based on a draft of the ISO 15118-202 standard. The implementation provides a demonstration of the ESDP messages, encoding and decoding but does not include a full integration within the Everest framework. Much of the information being sent over ESDP in this implementation is set statically for the sake of demonstrating the protocol itself. This fork adds the ESDP features for only the EVCC controller because that is the only portion that is utilized in the everest Software-in-the-Loop.

Watt, Ed [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NR↗

DOE OSTI2023

COVID-19 prevention at institutions of higher education, United States, 2020–2021: implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions

Background, In early 2020, following the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, institutions of higher education (IHEs) across the United States rapidly pivoted to online learning to reduce the risk of on-campus virus transmission. We explored IHEs’ use of this and other nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the subsequent pandemic-affected academic year 2020–2021. Methods, From December 2020 to June 2021, we collected publicly available data from official webpages of 847 IHEs, including all public (n = 547) and a stratified random sample of private four-year institutions (n = 300). Abstracted data included NPIs deployed during the academic year such as changes to the calendar, learning environment, housing, common areas, and dining; COVID-19 testing; and facemask protocols. We performed weighted analysis to assess congruence with the October 29, 2020, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance for IHEs. For IHEs offering ≥50% of courses in person, we used weighted multivariable linear regression to explore the association between IHE characteristics and the summated number of implemented NPIs. Results, Overall, 20% of IHEs implemented all CDC-recommended NPIs. The most frequently utilized NPI was learning environment changes (91%), practiced as one or more of the following modalities: distance or hybrid learning opportunities (98%), 6-ft spacing (60%), and reduced class sizes (51%). Additionally, 88% of IHEs specified facemask protocols, 78% physically changed common areas, and 67% offered COVID-19 testing. Among the 33% of IHEs offering ≥50% of courses in person, having < 1000 students was associated with having implemented fewer NPIs than IHEs with ≥ 1000 students. Conclusions, Only 1 in 5 IHEs implemented all CDC recommendations, while a majority implemented a subset, most commonly changes to the classroom, facemask protocols, and COVID-19 testing. IHE enrollment size and location were associated with degree of NPI implementation. Additional research is needed to assess adherence to NPI implementation in IHE settings.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

OpenSHMEM Implementation of IOR Benchmark

The benchmarking effort within the Computational Research & Development Programs at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) seeks to design and enable High Performance Computing (HPC) benchmarks and test suites. The work described in this report is a part of the effort focusing on the comparison and analysis of OpenSHMEM implementations using the Interleave Or Random (IOR) software for benchmarking parallel file system using POSIX, MPIIO, or HDF5 interfaces. We describe the effort to emulate the MPIIO parallel collective capabilities in the IOR benchmark using OpenSHMEM communication. One development effort was in emulating the MPI derived datatype used in the read/write operations and in setting the file view. Another effort was in implementing an internal cache in OpenSHMEM distributed shared memory to facilitate global collective I/O operations. Experiments comparing collective I/O in MPIIO implementations with the OpenSHMEM implementations were performed on the SGI Turing Cluster and the Cray XK7 Titan supercomputer at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF). The preliminary results suggest that on the Cray XK7 Titan, the MPIIO implementations obtained higher write performance and the OpenSHMEM version obtained slightly higher read performance. On the SGI Turing Cluster, the MPIIO implementations obtained slightly higher performance over the OpenSHMEM implementations on large files.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2016

OpenSHMEM-UCX : Evaluation of UCX for implementing OpenSHMEM Programming Model

The OpenSHMEM reference implementation was developed towards the goal of developing an open source and high-performing Open- SHMEM implementation. To achieve portability and performance across various networks, the OpenSHMEM reference implementation uses GAS- Net and UCCS for network operations. Recently, new network layers have emerged with the promise of providing high-performance, scalabil- ity, and portability for HPC applications. In this paper, we implement the OpenSHMEM reference implementation to use the UCX framework for network operations. Then, we evaluate its performance and scalabil- ity on Cray XK systems to understand UCX s suitability for developing the OpenSHMEM programming model. Further, we develop a bench- mark called SHOMS for evaluating the OpenSHMEM implementation. Our experimental results show that OpenSHMEM-UCX outperforms the vendor supplied OpenSHMEM implementation in most cases on the Cray XK system by up to 40% with respect to message rate and up to 70% for the execution of application kernels.

Baker, Matthew B↗

DOE OSTI2018

Assessment and Use of State-Specific Factors in the Implementation of Safeguards

The use of safeguards-relevant features and characteristics of a State in the implementation of safeguards has been a long-standing practice of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). These ‘State-specific factors’ can affect the development of State-level safeguards approaches and the planning, conduct and evaluation of safeguards activities. The IAEA has identified six State-specific factors for systematic consideration and use in the application of the State-level concept. These factors are: (i) the type of safeguards agreement in force for the State and the nature of the safeguards conclusion drawn by the IAEA; (ii) the nuclear fuel cycle and related technical capabilities of the State; (iii) the technical capabilities of the State or regional system of accounting for and control of nuclear material; (iv) the ability of the IAEA to implement certain safeguards measures in the State; (v) the nature and scope of cooperation between the State and the IAEA in the implementation of safeguards; and (vi) the IAEA’s experience in implementing safeguards in the State. State-specific factors are not to be used for rating or grading a State’s safeguards credentials but to identify issues that could affect the effectiveness or efficiency of safeguards implementation for the State. IAEA reports and presentations on the State-level concept have described these factors and have given examples of information that could be considered in assessing each factor. This paper expands upon the IAEA examples and makes recommendations as to how State-specific factors could be assessed by the IAEA and how these factors might affect safeguards implementation. Although quantitative metrics were considered for assessing the State-specific factors, it was determined that the general State characteristics comprising the factors cannot be meaningfully quantified; however, performance indicators can be developed for some elements comprising some factors. The paper thus discusses ‘considerations’ that the IAEA should assess with respect to the State-specific factors (iii), (v), and (vi) and how those considerations could affect safeguards implementation.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2016

MELCOR/CONTAIN LMR Implementation Report - FY16 Progress.

This report describes the progress of the CONTAIN - LMR sodium physics and chemistry models to be implemented in MELCOR 2.1. In the past three years , the implementation included the addition of sodium equations of state and sodium properties from two different sources. The first source is based on the previous work done by Idaho National Laboratory by modifying MELCOR to include liquid lithium equation of state as a working fluid to model the nuclear fusion safety research. The second source uses properties generated for the SIMMER code. The implemented modeling has been tested and results are reported in this document. In addition, the CONTAIN - LMR code was derived from an early version of the CONTAIN code, and many physical models that were developed since this early version of CONTAIN are not available in this early code version. Therefore, CONTAIN 2 has been updated with the sodium models in CONTAIN - LMR as CONTAIN2 - LMR, which may be used to provide code-to-code comparison with CONTAIN - LMR and MELCOR when the sodium chemistry models from CONTAIN - LMR have been completed. Both the spray fire and pool fire chemistry routines from CONTAIN - LMR have been integrated into MELCOR 2.1, and debugging and testing are in progress. Because MELCOR only models the equation of state for liquid and gas phases of the coolant, a modeling gap still exists when dealing with experiments or accident conditions that take place when the ambient temperature is below the freezing point of sodium. An alternative method is under investigation to overcome this gap . We are no longer working on the separate branch from the main branch of MELCOR 2.1 since the major modeling of MELCOR 2.1 has been completed. At the current stage, the newly implemented sodium chemistry models will be a part of the main MELCOR release version (MELCOR 2.2). This report will discuss the accomplishments and issues relating to the implementation. Also, we will report on the planned completion of all remaining tasks in the upcoming FY2017, including the atmospheric chemistry model and sodium - concrete interaction model implementation .

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2016

OpenSHMEM Implementation of HPCG Benchmark, In: OpenSHMEM 2016: OpenSHMEM and Related Technologies. Enhancing OpenSHMEM for Hybrid Environments

We describe the effort to implement the HPCG benchmark using OpenSHMEM and MPI one-sided communication. Unlike the High Performance LINPACK (HPL) benchmark that places emphasis on large dense matrix computations, the HPCG benchmark is dominated by sparse operations such as sparse matrix-vector product, sparse matrix triangular solve, and long vector operations. The MPI one-sided implementation is developed using the one-sided OpenSHMEM implementation. Preliminary results comparing the original MPI, OpenSHMEM, and MPI one-sided implementations on an SGI cluster, Cray XK7 and Cray XC30 are presented. The results suggest the MPI, OpenSHMEM, and MPI one-sided implementations all obtain similar overall performance but the MPI one-sided implementation seems to slightly increase the run time for multigrid preconditioning in HPCG on the Cray XK7 and Cray XC30.

Computer Science↗

DOE OSTI2017

An innovative implementation of LCA within the EIA procedure: Lessons learned from two Wastewater Treatment Plant case studies

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been identified in the literature as a promising tool to increase the performance of environmental assessments at different steps in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure. However, few publications have proposed a methodology for an extensive integration, and none have compared the results with existing EIA conclusions without LCA. This paper proposes a comprehensive operational methodology for implementing an LCA within an EIA. Based on a literature review, we identified four EIA steps that could theoretically benefit from LCA implementation, i.e., (a) the environmental comparison of alternatives, (b) the identification of key impacts, (c) the impact assessment, and (d) the impact of mitigation measures. For each of these steps, an LCA was implemented with specific goal and scope definitions that resulted in a specific set of indicators. This approach has been implemented in two contrasting Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) projects and compared to existing EIA studies. The results showed that the two procedures, i.e., EIAs with or without inputs from LCA, led to different conclusions. The environmental assessments of alternatives and mitigation measures were not carried out in the original studies and showed that other less polluting technologies could have been chosen. Regarding the scoping step, the selected environmental concerns were essentially different. Global impacts such as climate change or natural resource depletion were not taken into account in the original EIA studies. Impacts other than those occurring on the project site (off-site impacts) were not assessed, either. All these impacts can be significant compared to those initially considered. On the other hand, unlike current LCA applications, EIAs usually address natural and technological risks and neighbourhood disturbances such as noises or odours, which are very important for the public acceptability of projects. Regarding the impact assessment, even if the conclusions of the EIAs with or without LCA were partially common for local on-site impacts, LCA gives crucial additional information on global and off-site impacts and highlights the processes responsible for them. Finally, for all EIA steps investigated, interest in LCA was demonstrated for both WWTP case studies. The feasibility in terms of skills, time and cost of such implementation has also been assessed. - Highlights: • An innovative methodology for a first-stage implementation of LCA in EIA is proposed. • Its applicability is demonstrated on two Wastewater Treatment Plant case studies. • The conclusions for the four EIA steps investigated differ with or without LCA. • LCA provides valuable additional information on 1) global and 2) off-site impacts. • LCA identifies pollution transfers towards a life cycle perspective.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

Edit distance for marked point processes revisited: An implementation by binary integer programming

We implement the edit distance for marked point processes [Suzuki et al., Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 20, 3699–3708 (2010)] as a binary integer program. Compared with the previous implementation using minimum cost perfect matching, the proposed implementation has two advantages: first, by using the proposed implementation, we can apply a wide variety of software and hardware, even spin glasses and coherent ising machines, to calculate the edit distance for marked point processes; second, the proposed implementation runs faster than the previous implementation when the difference between the numbers of events in two time windows for a marked point process is large.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2023

Efficient GPU Implementation of Automatic Differentiation for Computational Fluid Dynamics

Many scientific and engineering applications require repeated calculations of derivatives of output functions with respect to input parameters. Automatic Differentiation (AD) is a method that automates derivative calculations and can significantly speed up code development. In Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), derivatives of flux functions with respect to state variables (Jacobian) are needed for efficient solutions of the nonlinear governing equations. AD of flux functions on graphics processing units (GPUs) is challenging as flux computations involve many intermediate variables that create high register pressure and require significant memory traffic because of the need to store the derivatives. This paper presents a forward-mode AD method based on multivariate dual numbers that addresses these challenges and simultaneously reduces the floating-point operation count. The dimension of the multivariate dual numbers is optimized for performance. The flux computations are restructured to minimize the number of temporary variables and reduce register pressure. For effective utilization of memory bandwidth, shared memory is used to store the local flux Jacobian. This AD implementation is compared with several other Jacobian implementations on an NVIDIA V100 GPU (V100). For three-dimensional perfect-gas compressible-flow equations implemented in a practical CFD code, the AD implementation of a flux Jacobian based on multivariate dual numbers of dimension 5 outperforms all other GPU AD implementations on V100. Its performance is comparable with the optimized hand-differentiated version. Finally, the implementation achieves 75% of the peak floating-point throughput and 61 % of the peak global device memory bandwidth usage.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Implementation of early psychosis services in Latin America: A scoping review

Abstract Aim The evidence of the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of early intervention for psychosis (EIP) services has motivated their implementation worldwide. However, complex interventions of such EIP services require local adaptations to successfully match population needs and cultural differences. Latin America is a heterogenous region where EIP services are progressively being adopted. Our aim is to map such initiatives in the region with a focus on implementation outcomes. Methods A scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta‐Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines was conducted. International and regional databases were searched for publications describing EIP programmes in the region. Besides mapping the services, we described implementation outcomes based on the Standards for Reporting Implementation Studies Checklist. Results Ten articles describing seven EIP initiatives from the region were found. Four countries were represented: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. The implementation outcomes reporting was heterogenous, although it was possible to ascertain EIP services are feasible and adequate for the region's context. Also, there is some evidence of effectiveness in terms of reducing hospitalizations and improving symptoms. Information about fidelity measures was scarce and there was no information about costs or cost‐effectiveness. Conclusions Only a small proportion of Latin American countries have adopted EIP services. Although these programmes seem to be feasible and effective, data on other implementation outcomes, such as fidelity, cultural appropriateness, cost‐effectiveness and affordability are not available. This might in part explain why this effective approach has not been yet scaled‐up at nationwide levels.

Aceituno, David↗

DOE OSTI2019

ZFP Hardware Implementation

ZFP is a floating-point compression format gaining traction in high-performance computing applications. A software implementation has demonstrated the ability to reduce data movement across communication channels and to reduce the footprint of floating-point arrays in memory. Nevertheless, any benefit in performance is limited to the spare compute cycles available before reaching bandwidth limitations. A hardware implementation of ZFP has the potential to substantially improve HPC application performance. Hardware compression speedup over software alone on a single CPU core ranges from 15x for 1-D arrays to over 200x for 3-D arrays. The implementation of ZFP is sourced in SystemC to facilitate its evaluation in various architectures. The encode pipeline consists of several modules. Uncompressed blocks of floating-point numbers in IEEE format flow into the pipeline in a stream and a compressed bitstream flows out from the pipeline. The decode pipeline is the inverse of the encode pipeline. A modular design enables formats other than IEEE (such as posits) to be considered with minor adaptations. Best performance will be realized from the hardware ZFP unit when batches of blocks are processed at a time. The implementation supports 1-D, 2- D and 3-D blocks of floating-point numbers. The hardware implementation of ZFP has been validated with the software implementation of ZFP. C++ template parameters are used to specify the bit width of floating-point numbers and the array dimension of the encoder. A test bench program has been created with several test cases, some with continuous data that is ideal for ZFP, and others with extreme cases containing numbers near or at the maximum or minimum values supported by the number format.

Lloyd, GS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Formulation and Experimental Validation of an Agricultural Implement-Only MPR System for Maximum Compatibility with Existing Agricultural Tractors

Tightening emissions regulations and rising fuel costs have driven a desire across many industries for more efficient actuation systems. This is particularly true of the agricultural sector. An extremely common arrangement in this sector is the tractor and implement pairing, in which actuators on an implement are powered by a hydraulic supply system on the towing tractor. This arrangement complicates the development of energy efficient hydraulic systems, as many new system designs require modification of both machines to reap efficiency benefits. Past work by the authors’ team has demonstrated great potentials for Multi-Pressure-Rail (MPR) technology involving both the tractor and implement subsystems. However, applicability of this MPR technology in a more realistic scenario where only one vehicle is equipped with such technology was not addressed. This work proposes an implementation of the MPR technology to an agricultural planter that allows significant savings, while only modifying the implement machine. This is done by manipulating the load sense network of a stock tractor to set system pressures to those required by the MPR system. This greatly reduces the barrier to implementation of MPR technology in agriculture. The work begins by outlining the reference machine for the system, then reviews the MPR system working principle. After this, the proposed expansion to the MPR concept is laid out and applied to the reference system. Finally, experimental validation is carried out, demonstrating up to a 35% reduction in system power consumption when paired with a state of the art, double-LS System tractor, and 15% with a single-LS System tractor.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Using Generative AI to implement the discrepancy checker for a Nearly Autonomous Management and Control System for Advanced Reactors

Developments related to generative artificial intelligence (AI) have brought a major breakthrough in AI. These developments are rapidly accelerating developments in different science and engineering applications. Nearly Autonomous Management and Control (NAMAC) system provides recommendations to the operator for maintaining the safety and performance of the reactor. The discrepancy checker (DC) is an important component of the NAMAC) system, whose goal is to determine if the plant is moving towards the expected system state after the control actions are injected. In this work, we explore generative AI methods, particularly, a generative pretrained transformer (GPT) for implementing the DC function in NAMAC. The GPT-based DC aims to alert the operator in situations outside NAMAC’s scope and act as a chatbot the operator can use to retrieve relevant information. This study involves two versions of GPT developed by OpenAI: GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. These GPTs are trained on huge amounts of undisclosed general domain datasets. We explored two methods to adapt GPTs for DC implementation in NAMAC: fine-tuning and retrieval augmented generation. A small knowledge base (information file) that encompasses rules for DC implementation and some general information related to NAMAC has been created to support DC implementation using GPT. In this work, the GPT-based DC implementations have been tested for their reasoning abilities, comprehension, information retrieval, and extraction abilities. It should be noted that this paper only presents a preliminary study to test the feasibility of DC implementation using generative AI technology. Given the potential risks and severe consequences associated with nuclear reactor applications, combined with the black-box nature of AI, extensive offline and online testing and reliability analyses of GPT-based DCs are needed for further developing such capabilities.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Foundational Report Series: Advanced Distribution Management Systems for Grid Modernization, Implementation Strategy for a Distribution Management System

Electric distribution utilities encounter many challenges to successful deployment of Distribution Management Systems (DMSs). The key challenges are documented in this report, along with suggestions for overcoming them. This report offers a recommended list of activities for implementing a DMS. It takes a strategic approach to implementing DMS from a project management perspective. The project management strategy covers DMS planning, procurement, design, building, testing, Installation, commissioning, and system integration issues and solutions. It identifies the risks that are associated with implementation and suggests strategies for utilities to use to mitigate them or avoid them altogether. Attention is given to common barriers to successful DMS implementation. This report begins with an overview of the implementation strategy for a DMS and proceeds to put forward a basic approach for procuring hardware and software for a DMS; designing the interfaces with external corporate computing systems such as EMS, GIS, OMS, and AMI; and implementing a complete solution.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2018

An Initial Implementation of Libfabric Conduit for OpenSHMEM-X

As a representative of Partitioned Global Address Space models, OpenSHMEM provides a variety of functionalities including one-sided communication, atomic operations, and collective routines. The communication layer of OpenSHMEM-X plays a crucial role for its functionalities. OFI Libfabric is an open-source network library that supports portable low-latency interfaces from different fabric providers while minimizing the semantic gap across API endpoints. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of OpenSHMEM-X communication conduit using Libfabric. This Libfabric conduit is designed to support a broad range of network providers while achieving excellent network performance and scalability. We have performed an extensive set of experiments to validate the performance of our implementation, and compared with the Sandia OpenSHMEM implementation. Our results show that the Libfabric conduit improves the communication bandwidth on the socket provider by up to 42% and 11%, compared to an alternative OpenSHMEM implementation for put and get operations, respectively. In addition, our implementation of atomic operations has achieved similar latency to that of the Sandia implementation.

Gorentla Venkata, Manjunath↗

DOE OSTI2017

Lessons learned from implementation of International Structure for Decommissioning Costing (ISDC) of Nuclear Installations - 17198

The paper presents the experience accumulated at the company DECOM in Slovakia in implementation of the 'International Structure for Decommissioning Costing (ISDC) of Nuclear Installations' in cost estimation for decommissioning projects. The ISDC was issues in 2012 by main international organisation involved in decommissioning - OECD/NEA, IAEA and European Commission. The primary purpose of the ISDC, as highlighted by the issuing organisation, is to promote the transparency and understanding of cost for decommissioning projects by presenting the cost using the standardised ISDC cost format. General experience shows that the ISDC seems to be the only cost structure which is able to present cost for any decommissioning project after converting the cost into the ISDC cost format. The company DECOM started to implement the ISDC already in 1999 by implementing the predecessor of the ISDC known as 'Yellow Book' which was issues in 1999 by the same international organisations; later by implementing the ISDC. Experience of DECOM by implementing the Yellow Book was used also in developing the ISDC. Experience of DECOM relates to the use of the ISDC as the base for cost estimation structures, developing the ISDC-based cost estimations codes and to transformation of cost for decommissioning projects for benchmarking purposes. The ISDC approach to decommissioning cost estimation for research reactors was implemented also by the IAEA; the experience accumulated at DECOM was used to a great extent. The paper presents the DECOM experience mainly in developing the ISDC-based cost estimation structures used in ISDC costing codes and in ISDC benchmarking of cost for decommissioning projects. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2016

An implementation and evaluation of the MPI 3.0 one-sided communication interface

The Q1 Message Passing Interface (MPI) 3.0 standard includes a significant revision to MPI’s remote memory access (RMA) interface, which provides support for one-sided communication. MPI-3 RMA is expected to greatly enhance the usability and performance ofMPI RMA.We present the first complete implementation of MPI-3 RMA and document implementation techniques and performance optimization opportunities enabled by the new interface. Our implementation targets messaging-based networks and is publicly available in the latest release of the MPICH MPI implementation. Here using this implementation, we explore the performance impact of new MPI-3 functionality and semantics. Results indicate that the MPI-3 RMA interface provides significant advantages over the MPI-2 interface by enabling increased communication concurrency through relaxed semantics in the interface and additional routines that provide new window types, synchronization modes, and atomic operations.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗