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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1976

Aeroacoustics

A review of the acoustics of moving media is provided, taking into account a derivation of basic equations, wave-like solutions of acoustic equations, the solutions of acoustic equations by superposition of elementary sources, the source distribution in unbounded regions, the radiation field, energy relations, and moving sound sources. The characteristics of aerodynamic sound are considered along with the effect of solid boundaries, the effect of uniform flow, acoustic field equations, and the effects of nonuniform mean flow on the generation of sound. Attention is given to Lighthill's acoustic analogy, the solution of Lighthill's equation when no solid boundaries are present, the application of Lighthill's theory to turbulent flows, and the physics of jet noise.

Goldstein, M. E.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Thermo Physics Facilities Branch Brochure ARC Jet Complex Fact Sheets, Hypervelocity Free-Flight Aerodynamic Facility Fact Sheets, Ames Vertical Gun Range Fact Sheets

The Ames Arc Jet Complex has a rich heritage of over 40 years in Thermal Protection System (TPS) development for every NASA Space Transportation and Planetary program, including Apollo, Space Shuttle, Viking, Pioneer-Venus, Galileo, Mars Pathfinder,Stardust, NASP,X-33,X-34,SHARP-B1 and B2,X-37 and Mars Exploration Rovers. With this early TPS history came a long heritage in the development of the arc jet facilities. These are used to simulate the aerodynamic heating that occurs on the nose cap, wing leading edges and on other areas of the spacecraft requiring thermal protection. TPS samples have been run in the arc jets from a few minutes to over an hour,from one exposure to multiple exposures of the same sample, in order t o understand the TPS materials response to a hot gas flow environment (representative of real hyperthermal environments experienced in flight). The Ames Arc l e t Complex is a key enabler for customers involved in the three major areas of TPS development: selection, validation, and qualification. The arc jet data are critical for validating TPS thermal models, heat shield designs and repairs, and ultimately for flight qualification.

Fretter, E. F.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for new physics in final states with semivisible jets or anomalous signatures using the ATLAS detector

A search is presented for hadronic signatures of beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics, with an emphasis on signatures of a strongly coupled hidden dark sector accessed via resonant production of a 𝑍′ mediator. The ATLAS experiment dataset collected at the Large Hadron Collider from 2015 to 2018 is used, consisting of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{𝑠}$ = 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb −1 . The 𝑍′ mediator is considered to decay to two dark quarks, which each hadronize and decay to showers containing both dark and Standard Model particles, producing a topology of interacting and noninteracting particles within a jet known as “semivisible.” Machine learning methods are used to select these dark showers and reject the dominant background of mismeasured multijet events, including an anomaly detection approach to preserve broad sensitivity to a variety of BSM topologies. A resonance search is performed by fitting the transverse mass spectrum based on a functional form background estimation. No significant excess over the expected background is observed. Results are presented as limits on the production cross section of semivisible jet signals, parametrized by the fraction of invisible particles in the decay and the 𝑍′ mass, and by quantifying the significance of any generic Gaussian-shaped mass peak in the anomaly region.

particle dark matter↗

NASA NTRS2012

Plasma Jet Simulations Using a Generalized Ohm's Law

Plasma jets are important physical phenomena in astrophysics and plasma propulsion devices. A currently proposed dual jet plasma propulsion device to be used for ISS experiments strongly resembles a coronal loop and further draws a parallel between these physical systems [1]. To study plasma jets we use numerical methods that solve the compressible MHD equations using the generalized Ohm s law [2]. Here, we will discuss the crucial underlying physics of these systems along with the numerical procedures we utilize to study them. Recent results from our numerical experiments will be presented and discussed.

Ebersohn, Frans↗

DOE OSTI2024

Using pile-up collisions as an abundant source of low-energy hadronic physics processes in ATLAS and an extraction of the jet energy resolution

During the 2015–2018 data-taking period, the Large Hadron Collider delivered proton-proton bunch crossings at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV to the ATLAS experiment at a rate of roughly 30 MHz, where each bunch crossing contained an average of 34 independent inelastic proton-proton collisions. The ATLAS trigger system selected roughly 1 kHz of these bunch crossings to be recorded to disk. Offline algorithms then identify one of the recorded collisions as the collision of interest for subsequent data analysis, and the remaining collisions are referred to as pile-up. Pile-up collisions represent a trigger-unbiased dataset, which is evaluated to have an integrated luminosity of 1.33 pb -1 in 2015–2018. This is small compared with the normal trigger-based ATLAS dataset, but when combined with vertex-by-vertex jet reconstruction it provides up to 50 times more dijet events than the conventional single-jet-trigger-based approach, and does so without adding any additional cost or requirements on the trigger system, readout, or storage. The pile-up dataset is validated through comparisons with a special trigger-unbiased dataset recorded by ATLAS, and its utility is demonstrated by means of a measurement of the jet energy resolution in dijet events, where the statistical uncertainty is significantly reduced for jet transverse momenta below 65 GeV.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of inclusive jet cross section and substructure in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV

The jet cross section and jet-substructure observables in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =200 GeV were measured by the PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks and electromagnetic-calorimeter clusters using the anti-𝑘 𝑡 algorithm with a jet radius of 𝑅 = 0.3 for jets with transverse momentum within 8.0 < 𝑝 𝑇 < 40.0 GeV/𝑐 and pseudorapidity |𝜂| < 0.15. Measurements include the jet cross section, as well as distributions of SoftDrop-groomed momentum fraction (𝑧 𝑔 ), charged-particle transverse momentum with respect to jet axis (𝑗 𝑇 ), and radial distributions of charged particles within jets (𝑟). Also measured was the distribution of 𝜉 = −ln⁡(𝑧), where 𝑧 is the fraction of the jet momentum carried by the charged particle. The measurements are compared to theoretical next-to and next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations, the PYTHIA and H erwig event generators, and to other existing experimental results. Indicated from these measurements is a lower particle multiplicity in jets at RHIC energies when compared to models. Also noted are implications for future jet measurements with sPHENIX at RHIC as well as at the future Electron-Ion Collider.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

PAIReD jet: A multi-pronged resonance tagging strategy across all Lorentz boosts

We propose a new approach of jet-based event reconstruction that aims to optimally exploit correlations between the products of a hadronic multi-pronged decay across all Lorentz boost regimes. The new approach utilizes clustered small-radius jets as seeds to define unconventional jets, referred to as PAIReD jets. The constituents of these jets are subsequently used as inputs to machine learning-based algorithms to identify the flavor content of the jet. We demonstrate that this approach achieves higher efficiencies in the reconstruction of signal events containing heavy-flavor jets compared to other event reconstruction strategies at all Lorentz boost regimes. Classifiers trained on PAIReD jets also have significantly better background rejections compared to those based on traditional event reconstruction approaches using small-radius jets at low Lorentz boost regimes. The combined effect of a higher signal reconstruction efficiency and better classification performance results in a two to four times stronger rejection of light-flavor jets compared to conventional strategies at low Lorentz-boosts, and rejection rates similar to classifiers based on large-radius multi-pronged jets at high Lorentz-boost regimes.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of In-Medium Jet Modification Using Direct Photon + Jet and 𝜋 0 + Jet Correlations in 𝑝 + 𝑝 and Central Au + Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV

The STAR Collaboration presents measurements of the semi-inclusive distribution of charged-particle jets recoiling from energetic direct-photon (𝛾 dir ) and neutral-pion (𝜋 0 ) triggers in 𝑝 + 𝑝 and central Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =2 00 GeV over a broad kinematic range, for jet resolution parameters 𝑅 = 0.2 and 0.5. Medium-induced jet yield suppression is observed to be larger for 𝑅 = 0.2 than for 0.5, reflecting the angular range of jet energy redistribution due to quenching. The predictions of model calculations incorporating jet quenching are not fully consistent with the observations. Furthermore, these results provide new insight into the physical origins of jet quenching.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS2004

Physical Analysis and Scaling of a Jet and Vortex Actuator

Our previous studies have shown that the Jet and Vortex Actuator generates free-jet, wall-jet, and near- wall vortex flow fields. That is, the actuator can be operated in different modes by simply varying the driving frequency and/or amplitude. For this study, variations are made in the actuator plate and wide-slot widths and sine/asymmetrical actuator plate input forcing (drivers) to further study the actuator induced flow fields. Laser sheet flow visualization, particle- image velocimetry, and laser velocimetry are used to measure and characterize the actuator induced flow fields. Laser velocimetry measurements indicate that the vortex strength increases with the driver repetition rate for a fixed actuator geometry (wide slot and plate width). For a given driver repetition rate, the vortex strength increases as the plate width decreases provided the wide-slot to plate-width ratio is fixed. Using an asymmetric plate driver, a stronger vortex is generated for the same actuator geometry and a given driver repetition rate. The nondimensional scaling provides the approximate ranges for operating the actuator in the free jet, wall jet, or vortex flow regimes. Finally, phase-locked velocity measurements from particle image velocimetry indicate that the vortex structure is stationary, confirming previous computations. Both the computations and the particle image velocimetry measurements (expectantly) show unsteadiness near the wide-slot opening, which is indicative of mass ejection from the actuator.

Lachowicz, Jason T.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Probing jet base emission of M87* with the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations

We investigate the presence and spatial characteristics of the jet base emission in M87* at 230 GHz, enabled by the significantly enhanced (u,v) coverage in the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The integration of the 12−m Kitt Peak Telescope (USA) and NOEMA (France) stations into the array introduces two critical intermediate-length baselines to SMT (USA) and IRAM 30−m (Spain), providing sensitivity to emission structures at spatial scales of ∼250 μas and ∼2500 μas (∼ 0.02 pc and ∼ 0.02 pc). Without these new baselines, previous EHT observations of the source in 2017 and 2018 lacked the capability to constrain emission on large scales, where a “missing flux” of order ∼1 Jy is expected to reside. To probe these scales, we analyzed closure phases–robust against station-based gain calibration errors–and model the jet base emission using a simple Gaussian component offset from the compact ring emission at spatial separations > 100 μas. Our analysis revealed a Gaussian feature centered at (ΔRA ≈ 320 μ as, ΔDec. ≈ 60 μ as), projected separation of ≈ 5500 AU, with an estimated flux density of only ∼60 mJy, implying that most of the missing flux identified in previous EHT studies had to originate from different, larger scales. Brighter emission at the relevant spatial scales is firmly ruled out, and the data do not favor more complex models. This component aligns with the inferred position of the large-scale jet and is therefore physically consistent with the emission of the jet base. While our findings point to detectable jet base emission at 230 GHz, the limited coverage provided by only two intermediate baselines limits our ability to robustly reconstruct its morphology. Consequently, we treated the recovered Gaussian as an upper limit on the jet base flux density. Future EHT observations with expanded intermediate baseline coverage will be essential to constrain the structure and nature of this component with higher precision.

accretion, accretion disks↗

NASA NTRS1966

Fifth NASA Intercenter and Contractors Conference on Plasma Physics. Part 4 - Plasma physics research at NASA Ames Research Center and at Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Annotated bibliography of research papers presented at plasma physics conference

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1996

Probes of the Inner Jets of Blazars

I review models for the 'inner jet" in blazars, the section that connects the central engine with the radio jet. I discuss how the structure and physics of the inner jet can he explored using millimeter-wave VLBI as well as multiwaveband observations of blazars. Flares at radio to gamma-ray frequencies should exhibit time delays at different wavebands that can test models for both the high-energy emission mechanisms and the nature of the inner jet in blazars.

Marscher, Alan P.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Probes of the Inner Jets of Blazers

I review models for the 'inner jet' in blazars, the section that connects the central engine with the radio jet. I discuss how the structure and physics of the inner jet can be explored using millimeter-wave Very-Long-Baseline Radio Interferometry (VLBI) as well as multiwaveband observations of blazars. Flares at radio to gamma-ray frequencies should exhibit time delays at different wavebands that can test models for both the high-energy, emission mechanisms and the nature of the inner,jet in blazars.

Marscher, Alan P.↗

NASA NTRS1998

Multiwavelength Properties of Blazars

The multiwavelength spectra of blazars appear to be dominated by nonthermal emission from a relativistic jet oriented close to the line of sight. The recent detection of many blazars at gamma-ray energies strongly supports this scenario. High quality multiwavelength monitoring data for the brightest one or two blazars suggest the optical through X-ray continuum is synchrotron emission from an inhomogeneous jet. The gamma-rays are likely due to Compton scattering of lower energy photons, either from within the jet or from the surrounding gas. The physical properties of the jet and the way in which it is produced are still largely a mystery but are probably related in some way to accretion onto a central supermassive black hole. There is little direct observational evidence for accretion disks in blazars, although there is evidence for winds which might emanate from disks.

Urry, C. Megan↗

NASA NTRS1998

Multiwavelength Properties of Blazars

Urry, C. Megan↗

DOE OSTI2025

Experimental impact of jet fragmentation reference frames at particle colliders

In collider physics, the properties of hadronic jets are often measured as a function of their lab-frame momenta. However, jet fragmentation must occur in a particular rest frame defined by all color-connected particles. Since this frame may not be the lab frame, the fragmentation of a jet depends on the properties of its sibling objects. This non-factorizability of jets has consequences for experimental jet techniques such as jet tagging, boosted boson measurements, and searches for physics Beyond the Standard Model. In this paper, we will describe the effect and show its impact as predicted by simulation.

Fragmentation into hadrons↗

DOE OSTI2025

Aspen Open Jets: unlocking LHC data for foundation models in particle physics

Foundation models are deep learning models pre-trained on large amounts of data which are capable of generalizing to multiple datasets and/or downstream tasks. This work demonstrates how data collected by the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider can be useful in pre-training foundation models for HEP. Specifically, we introduce the AspenOpenJets (AOJs) dataset, consisting of approximately 178 M high p T jets derived from CMS 2016 Open Data. We show how pre-training the OmniJet-α foundation model on AOJs improves performance on generative tasks with significant domain shift: generating boosted top and QCD jets from the simulated JetClass dataset. In addition to demonstrating the power of pre-training of a jet-based foundation model on actual proton–proton collision data, we provide the ML-ready derived AOJs dataset for further public use.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS1994

Physics and evolution of constant opening angle jets using a quasi-one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model

We discuss the significance of the assumptions of infinite conductivity and time independence in the context of an ideal MHD model for constant opening angle jets. The model is developed by projecting the MHD equations onto the jet axis. We find that for initially sub-Alfvenic flows (i.e., flows emanating from active galactic nuclei and neutron stars) wind-type solutions exist only when the field lines at the origin are wound up in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the compact source. We discuss the possibility that the time evolution of these outflows may be a cycle between breeze- and wind-type solutions as a result of continuous changes in the boundary conditions at the origin due to accretion. We propose that such cycles may explain the apparent one-sideness of some jets, especially the ones for which we cannot use arguments of relativistic beaming. We examine the dependence of the wind-type solutions on the following parameters describing the outflow at the origin: the degree of winding of the field lines, the value of the gas pressure, the polytropic index, the strength of the magnetic field, the value of the rotational velocity, the gravitational potential of the compact object, and the injection velocity. We compare results with results obtained previously, and discuss briefly the qualitative features and physical interpretation of the solutions for outflows emanating from neutron stars and protostars.

Koupelis, Theodoros↗