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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
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DOE OSTI2026

Accelerating LHC event generation with simplified pilot runs and fast PDFs

High-precision calculations are an indispensable ingredient for the success of the LHC physics programme, yet their poor computing efficiency has been a growing cause for concern, threatening to become a paralysing bottleneck in the coming years. We present solutions to eliminate the apprehension by focussing on two major components of generalpurpose Monte Carlo event generators: the evaluation of parton distribution functions, and the generation of perturbative matrix elements. We show that for the cost-driving event samples employed by the ATLAS experiment to model omnipresent, irreducible Standard Model backgrounds, such as weak boson or top-quark pair production in association with jets, these computational components dominate the overall run time by up to 80 %. We demonstrate that a reduction of the computing footprint of LHAPDF and SHERPA by factors of around 40 can be achieved for multi-leg NLO event generation.

Bothmann, Enrico [Gottingen U.]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Configuration, Performance, and Commissioning of the ATLAS b-jet Triggers for the 2022 and 2023 LHC data-taking periods

In 2022 and 2023, the Large Hadron Collider produced approximately two billion hadronic interactions each second from bunches of protons that collide at a rate of 40 MHz. The ATLAS trigger system is used to reduce this rate to a few kHz for recording. Selections based on hadronic jets, their energy, and event topology reduce the rate to 𝒪(10) kHz while maintaining high efficiencies for important signatures resulting in b-quarks, but to reach the desired recording rate of hundreds of Hz, additional real-time selections based on the identification of jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) are employed to achieve low thresholds on the jet transverse momentum at the High-Level Trigger. The configuration, commissioning, and performance of the real-time ATLAS b-jet identification algorithms for the early LHC Run 3 collision data are presented. These recent developments provide substantial gains in signal efficiency for critical signatures; for the Standard Model production of Higgs boson pairs, a 50% improvement in selection efficiency is observed in final states with four b-quarks or two b-quarks and two hadronically decaying τ-leptons.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

RD53 pixel readout integrated circuits for ATLAS and CMS HL-LHC upgrades

The RD53 collaboration has since 2013 developed new hybrid pixel detector chips with 50 × 50 μm2 pixels for the HL-LHC upgrades of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN. A common architecture, design and verification framework has been developed to enable final pixel chips of different sizes to be designed, verified and tested to handle extreme hit rates of 3 GHz/cm2 (up to 12 GHz per chip) together with an increased trigger rate of 1 MHz and efficient readout of up to 5.12 Gbits/s per pixel chip. Tolerance to an extremely hostile radiation environment with 1 Grad over 10 years and induced SEU (Single Event Upset) rates of up to 100 upsets per second per chip have been major challenges to make reliable pixel chips. Three generations of pixel chips, and many specific mixed signal building blocks and radiation test chips, have been submitted and extensively tested to get to final production chips. The large, complex and high rate pixel chips have been developed with a strong emphasis on low power consumption together with a concurrent development and qualification of novel serial powering at chip, module and system level, to minimize detector material budget.

Alimonti, G↗
DOE OSTI2025

Proton reconstruction with the TOTEM Roman pot detectors for high- β * LHC data

The TOTEM Roman pot detectors are used to reconstruct the transverse momentum of scattered protons and to estimate the transverse location of the primary interaction. This paper presents new methods of track reconstruction, measurements of strip-level detection efficiencies, cross-checks of the LHC beam optics, and detector alignment techniques, along with their application in the selection of signal collision events. The track reconstruction is performed by exploiting hit cluster information through a novel method using a common polygonal area in the intercept-slope plane. The technique is applied in the relative alignment of detector layers with μm precision. A tag-and-probe method is used to extract strip-level detection efficiencies. The alignment of the Roman pot system is performed through time-dependent adjustments, resulting in a position accuracy of 3 μm in the horizontal and 60 μm in the vertical directions. The goal is to provide an optimal reconstruction tool for central exclusive physics analyses based on the high-β* data-taking period at $\sqrt({s})$ = 13 TeV in 2018.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Operation and performance of the CMS silicon strip tracker with proton-proton collisions at the CERN LHC

Salient aspects of the commissioning, calibration, and performance of the CMS silicon strip tracker are discussed, drawing on experience during operation with proton-proton collisions delivered by the CERN LHC. The data were obtained with a variety of luminosities. The operating temperature of the strip tracker was changed several times during this period and results are shown as a function of temperature in several cases. Details of the system performance are presented, including occupancy, signal-to-noise ratio, Lorentz angle, and single-hit spatial resolution. Saturation effects in the APV25 readout chip preamplifier observed during early Run 2 are presented, showing the effect on various observables and the subsequent remedy. Studies of radiation effects on the strip tracker are presented both for the optical readout links and the silicon sensors. The observed effects are compared to simulation, where available, and they generally agree well with expectations.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ultraheavy diquark decaying into vectorlike quarks at the LHC

We explore the discovery potential of ultraheavy (7–8.5 TeV) diquark scalars (𝑆 𝑢⁢𝑢 ) produced in the collision of two up quarks at the LHC. Assuming that the diquark scalar decays into two vectorlike quarks of mass around 2 TeV, each of them decaying into a 𝑊 + boson and a 𝑏 quark, we focus on the fully hadronic final state. We present a signal-from-background separation study based on a discriminator built with machine learning techniques. For this six-jet final state and a luminosity of 3000 fb −1 , we estimate that a diquark scalar of mass near 8 TeV may be discovered or ruled out even when its coupling to up quarks is as low as 0.2.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Jet suppression and azimuthal anisotropy from RHIC to LHC

Azimuthal anisotropies of high- p T particles produced in heavy-ion collisions are understood as an effect of a geometrical selection bias. Particles oriented in the direction in which the QCD medium formed in these collisions is shorter suffer less energy loss, and thus, are over-represented in the final ensemble compared to those oriented in the direction in which the medium is longer. In this work we present the first semianalytical predictions, including propagation through a realistic, hydrodynamical background, of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy for jets, obtaining a quantitative agreement with available experimental data as a function of the jet p T , its cone size R , and the collisions centrality. Jets are multipartonic, extended objects and their energy loss is sensitive to substructure fluctuations. This sensitivity is determined by the physics of color coherence that relates to the ability of the medium to resolve those partonic fluctuations. Specifically, color dipoles with an angular separation smaller than a critical angle, θ c , are not resolved by the medium and they effectively act as a coherent source of energy loss. We find that elliptic jet azimuthal anisotropy has a specially strong dependence on coherence physics due to the marked length dependence of θ c . By combining our predictions for the collision systems and center-of-mass energies studied at RHIC and the LHC, covering a wide range of typical values of θ c , we show that the relative size of elliptic jet azimuthal anisotropies for jets with different cone sizes R follows a universal trend that indicates a transition from a coherent regime of jet quenching to a decoherent regime. These results suggest a way forward to reveal the role played by the physics of jet color decoherence in probing deconfined QCD matter. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Improving resbos for the precision needs of the LHC

The resummation calculation (esos) is a widely used tool for the simulation of single vector boson production at colliders. In this work, we develop a significant improvement over the esos code by increasing the accuracy from NNLL + NLO to N 3 LL + NNLO and release the esos v2.0 code. Furthermore, we propose a new nonperturbative function that includes information about the rapidity of the system (IFY). The IFY functional form was fitted to data from fixed target experiments, the Tevatron, and the LHC. We find that the nonperturbative function has mild rapidity dependence based on the results of the fit. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

First measurement of 𝐷 𝑠⁢1 ⁡(1 + )⁢(2536) + and 𝐷$^{*}_{𝑠⁢2}$⁡(2 + )⁢(2573) + production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV at the LHC

The production yields of the orbitally excited charm-strange mesons D s⁢1 ⁡(1 + )⁢(2536)+ and 𝐷$^{*}_{𝑠⁢2}$⁡(2 + )⁢(2573) + were measured for the first time in proton-proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ =13 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The D$^{+}_{s⁢1}$ and D$^{*+}_{s⁢2}$ mesons were measured at midrapidity (|𝑦| < 0.5) in minimum-bias and high-multiplicity pp collisions in the transverse-momentum interval 2< 𝑝 T < 24 GeV/𝑐. Their production yields relative to the D$^{+}_{s}$ ground-state yield were found to be compatible between minimum-bias and high-multiplicity collisions, as well as with previous measurements in e ± ⁢p and e + ⁢e − collisions. The measured D$^{+}_{s⁢1}$/D$^{+}_{s}$ and D$^{*+}_{s⁢2}$/D$^{+}_{s}$ yield ratios are described by statistical hadronization models and can be used to tune the parameters governing the production of excited charm-strange hadrons in Monte Carlo generators, such as pythia 8.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Search for Magnetic Monopole Pair Production in Ultraperipheral Pb + Pb Collisions at s NN = 5.36 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC

This Letter presents a search for highly ionizing magnetic monopoles in 262 μ b − 1 of ultraperipheral Pb + Pb collision data at s NN = 5.36 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. A new methodology that exploits the properties of clusters of hits reconstructed in the innermost silicon detector layers is introduced to study highly ionizing particles in heavy-ion data. No significant excess above the background, which is estimated using a data-driven technique, is observed. Using a nonperturbative semiclassical model, upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the cross section for pair production of monopoles with a single Dirac magnetic charge in the mass range of 20–150 GeV. Depending on the model, monopoles with a single Dirac magnetic charge and mass below 80–120 GeV are excluded. © 2025 CERN, for the ATLAS Collaboration 2025 CERN

Aad, G. (ORCID:0000000266654934)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Observation of the Ω⁡(2012) baryon at the LHC

A signal consistent with the Ω⁡(2012) baryon has been observed with a significance of 15⁢𝜎 in pp collisions at $\sqrt{𝑠}$ = 13 TeV at the LHC. In this paper, the analysis technique is described and measurements of the mass and width of the Ω⁡(2012) are reported, along with the first measurement of its transverse-momentum spectrum and yield. This paper corroborates the observation by the Belle Collaboration of this excited Ω state and the observation that the Ω⁡(2012) has a rather narrow width for a strongly decaying resonance. The yield measurement is combined with a statistical thermal model calculation of strange baryon yield ratios to obtain estimates of the Ω⁢(2012) − → $Ξ⁢\bar{\textrm{K}}$ branching ratios. These results will improve our understanding of the internal structure and mass spectrum of excited baryon states and serve as a baseline for searches regarding modifications of these properties in high-temperature media.

Acharya, S. [INFN] (ORCID:0000000292135329)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Software and computing for Run 3 of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC

The ATLAS experiment has developed extensive software and distributed computing systems for Run 3 of the LHC. These systems are described in detail, including software infrastructure and workflows, distributed data and workload management, database infrastructure, and validation. The use of these systems to prepare the data for physics analysis and assess its quality are described, along with the software tools used for data analysis itself. An outlook for the development of these projects towards Run 4 is also provided.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

System size and energy dependence of the mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC

Event-by-event fluctuations of the event-wise mean transverse momentum, $\langle$p T $\rangle$, of charged particles produced in proton–proton (pp) collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV, Xe–Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.44 TeV, and Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV are studied using the ALICE detector based on the integral correlator $\langle$$\langle$Δp T Δp T $\rangle$$\rangle$. The correlator strength is found to decrease monotonically with increasing produced charged-particle multiplicity measured at midrapidity in all three systems. In Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions, the multiplicity dependence of the correlator deviates significantly from a simple power-law scaling as well as from the predictions of the HIJING and AMPT models. The observed deviation from power-law scaling is expected from transverse radial flow in semicentral to central Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions. In pp collisions, the correlation strength is also studied by classifying the events based on the transverse spherocity, S 0 , of the particle production at midrapidity, used as a proxy for the presence of a pronounced back-to-back jet topology. Low-spherocity (jetty) events feature a larger correlation strength than those with high spherocity (isotropic). The strength and multiplicity dependence of jetty and isotropic events are well reproduced by calculations with the PYTHIA 8 and EPOS LHC models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of isolated prompt photon production in pp and p–Pb collisions at the LHC

This paper presents the measurement of the isolated prompt photon inclusive production cross section in pp and p–Pb collisions by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The measurement is performed in p–Pb collisions at centre-of-mass energies per nucleon pair of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 Te and 8.16 TeV, as well as in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV and 8 TeV. The cross section is obtained at midrapidity (|γ| < 0.7) using a charged-track based isolation momentum p$^{iso,~ch}_{T}$ < 1.5 GeV/c in a cone with radius R = 0.4. The data for both collision systems are well reproduced by perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculations at next-to-leading order (NLO) using recent parton distribution functions for free (PDF) and bound (nPDF) nucleons. Furthermore, the nuclear modification factor R pA for both collision energies is consistent with unity for p T > 20 GeV/c. However, deviations from unity (R pA < 1) of up to 20% are observed for p T < 20 GeV/c with limited significance, indicating the possible presence of nuclear effects in the initial state of the collision.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Accessing CKM suppressed top decays at the LHC

We propose an extension of the existing experimental strategy for measuring branching fractions of top quark decays, targeting specifically t\to j_q W t → j q W , where j_q j q is a light quark jet. The improved strategy uses orthogonal b b - and q q -taggers, and adds a new observable, the number of light-quark-tagged jets, to the already commonly used observable, the fraction of b b -tagged jets in an event. Careful inclusion of the additional complementary observable significantly increases the expected statistical power of the analysis, with the possibility of excluding |V_{tb}|=1 | V t b | = 1 at 95\% 95 % C.L. at the HL-LHC, and accessing directly the standard model value of |V_{td}|^2+|V_{ts}|^2 | V t d | 2 + | V t s | 2 .

Faroughy, Darius A. (ORCID:0000000240275477)↗
DOE OSTI2024

A portable parton-level event generator for the high-luminosity LHC

The rapid deployment of computing hardware different from the traditional CPU+RAM model in data centers around the world mandates a change in the design of event generators for the Large Hadron Collider, in order to provide economically and ecologically sustainable simulations for the high-luminosity era of the LHC. Parton-level event generation is one of the most computationally demanding parts of the simulation and is therefore a prime target for improvements. We present a production-ready leading-order parton-level event generation framework capable of utilizing most modern hardware and discuss its performance in the standard candle processes of vector boson and top-quark pair production with up to five additional jets.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Higgs production via vector-boson fusion at the LHC

In this article, we summarise the recent experimental measurements and theoretical work on Higgs boson production via vector-boson fusion at the LHC. Along with this, we provide state-of-the-art predictions at fixed order as well as with parton-shower corrections within the Standard Model at 13.6 TeV. The results are presented in the form of multi-differential distributions as well as in the Simplified Template Cross Section bins. All materials and outputs of this study are available on public repositories. Finally, following findings in the literature, recommendations are made to estimate theoretical uncertainties related to parton-shower corrections.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

LHC EFT WG note: SMEFT predictions, event reweighting, and simulation

This note provides a comprehensive overview of tools for predicting observables in the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) at both tree level and one loop using event generators. We evaluate three primary methodologies–event reweighting, separate simulation of squared matrix elements, and full SMEFT process simulation–focusing on their statistical performance, computational efficiency, and potential biases. Each approach is assessed in terms of its accuracy, highlighting trade-offs between precision and resource demands. Practical insights into their applicability for high-energy physics analyses are offered, with particular attention to processes where SMEFT effects are significant. Additionally, we discuss the role of helicity in reweighting strategies and its impact on the quality of predictions. By comparing the methods across various LHC processes, this note provides guidance for selecting the most effective strategy for various SMEFT studies, ensuring robust predictions while optimizing computational resources.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗