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Selected aspects of lunar mare geology from Apollo orbital photography

Crater size-frequency distributions were studied (100-500 m) and are shown to provide significant integrated information concerning mare surface ages, subsurface stratigraphy, and surficial geology. Equilibrium cratering is discussed gradually reducing the relative numbers of craters smaller than 300-400 m in diameter as surfaces age and regolith thickens. Results for surface ages are in good agreement with other published crater ages. The existing correlations of large ring structures among various circular mare basins are shown to be based on criteria that are inconsistent and nonstandardized. A means of comparing equivalent ring structures in the different maria is proposed which takes into account the important characteristics of young unflooded basins (Orientale) as well as the progressive development of tectonic and volcanic features within the older flooded maria. Specific geologic aspects of several of the lunar maria are discussed and especially Mare Smythii, because of its great age and significantly different surface morphology. Lunar photographs and maps are shown.

Young, R. A.↗

Relative ages of flow units in Mare Imbrium and Sinus Iridum

A method for determining relative ages from low-resolution Lunar Orbiter photographs of lunar plains has been developed and applied to Mare Imbrium and Sinus Iridum. The method is an extension of previous ones and uses the shapes of craters and a small-impact erosion model to estimate the net accumulated impact flux. The net impact flux that has accumulated on a surface of uniform age is a measure of relative age of that surface and can be estimated by the largest diameters of craters that have been degraded by the net impact flux. Frequency distributions or relative ages indicate that there are four major units present in Mare Imbrium and Sinus Iridum. The older mare units are generally found along the edge of the basin and the younger units in the center. A similar distribution of ages of units in Mare Serenitatis shows the two basins have had similar filling histories. Filling histories for other circular basins may be similar to these two.

Boyce, J. M.↗

Documentation of Apollo 15 samples

A catalog is presented of the documentation of Apollo 15 samples using photographs and verbal descriptions returned from the lunar surface. Almost all of the Apollo 15 samples were correlated with lunar surface photographs, descriptions, and traverse locations. Where possible, the lunar orientations of rock samples were reconstructed in the lunar receiving laboratory, using a collimated light source to reproduce illumination and shadow characteristics of the same samples shown in lunar photographs. In several cases, samples were not recognized in lunar surface photographs, and their approximate locations are known only by association with numbered sample bags used during their collection. Tables, photographs, and maps included in this report are designed to aid in the understanding of the lunar setting of the Apollo 15 samples.

Sutton, R. L.↗

Photographic summary

The photographic objectives of the Apollo 17 mission are discussed. The photographic requirements are divided into lunar surface photographs and orbital photographic tasks. The cameras used during the mission are listed and a general description of the tasks for which each was used is provided. Examples of photographs taken during lunar orbit and on the lunar surface are included. The cameras used and the photographic coverage obtained during specific phases of the mission are reported.

Mcewen, M. C.↗

Apollo 15 Index of 70 mm Photographs

All Apollo 15 70 mm photographs to which NASA photo numbers have been assigned are described in this index. In the first section all photographs are listed in sequence by NASA photo numbers. In subsequent sections, lunar surface and lunar orbital photographs are cross-indexed. Lunar surface photographs are listed in chronological order within the following categories: SEVA and LM window photos (LM window photos were taken before, between, and after EVA's), EVA 1, EVA 2, and EVA 3. Photographs of the lunar surface taken while in lunar orbit are cross-indexed by longitude in 10 deg increments, starting with the easternmost (farside) photos, and progressing to the westernmost (nearside) photos. Within each 10 deg interval of longitude, photographs are listed sequentially by NASA photo number, not by specific longitude of the principal point of each photograph.

Source record↗

Significant results from Apollo 14 lunar orbital photography.

Apollo 14 obtained 950 photographs from lunar orbit using the Hasselblad and Hycon cameras. The photographs reveal a number of new geologic features as well as previously unrecognized details of the morphology, structure, and stratigraphy of lunar surface units. The primary result is the verification of the extensive role of volcanism in the formation and modification of the lunar highlands, especially on the far side. Terra volcanism appears to be manifest in the formation of (1) constructional units of hilly and furrowed materials of regional extent as in the Kant Plateau in the central near-side highlands and northwest of the crater Pasteur near the eastern limb of the moon; (2) somewhat viscous lava flows and pools associated with fracture systems and/or what appear to be volcanic craters; (3) craters, crater chains, and irregular depressions, particularly on the lunar far side. The first photographs of a flow channel, a leveed sinuous rille that apparently originated by lava flowage on the surface, were obtained by Apollo 14. Another first is a high-resolution photograph of the interior of what appears to be the youngest lunar crater yet photographed in the 20- 40-km size range.

El-Baz, F.↗

Planimetric shapes of lunar rilles, part Q

Selected Apollo 16 photographs of lunar rilles have been analyzed with a new technique that includes a finite Fourier analysis. Preliminary results suggest that it will be possible to classify rilles quantitatively by their planimetric shape. Shapes of possible terrestrial analogs for lunar rilles also can be compared to the shapes of lunar rilles by using this new technique. Preliminary results also suggest that the new technique may be useful for demonstrating structural control of shape of lunar rilles.

Oberbeck, V. R.↗