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Closed Loop Software Control of the MIDEX Power System

The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) is a follow-on to the Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) spacecraft. The design and analysis of the MAP attitude control system (ACS) have been refined since work previously reported. The full spacecraft and instrument flexible model was developed in NASTRAN, and the resulting flexible modes were plotted and reduced with the Modal Significance Analysis Package (MSAP). The reduced-order model was used to perform the linear stability analysis for each control mode, the results of which are presented in this paper. Although MAP is going to a relatively disturbance-free Lissajous orbit around the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, a detailed disturbance-torque analysis is required because there are only a small number of opportunities for momentum unloading each year. Environmental torques, including solar pressure at L2, and aerodynamic and gravity gradient during phasing-loop orbits, were calculated and simulated. A simple model of fuel slosh was derived to model its effect on the motion of the spacecraft. In addition, a thruster mode linear impulse controller was developed to meet the accuracy requirements of the phasing loop burns. A dynamic attitude error limiter was added to improve the performance of the ACS during large attitude slews. The result of this analysis is a stable ACS subsystem that meets all of the mission's requirements.

Castell, Karen↗

The Advantages of Synergy-Quantitative Earth Science Data Visualization and Analysis with Giovanni, Panoply, and Excel

The NASA Giovanni data analysis system provides a multitude of basic analysis capabilities for numerous Earth science data products which are available in the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) archive, as well as for additional selected data products provided by other NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) archives. In Giovanni, users can easily generate time-averaged data maps, area-averaged time-series, Latitude-Time and Longitude-Time Hovmoeller diagrams, correlation maps, accumulation maps, and map animations (22 analysis options are available in total). While ASCII text output is available for time-series plots, it is not included as an option for data maps. In order to provide a quantitative, easy-to-use numerical output in ASCII text form, the NetCDF file output from a Giovanni visualization is downloaded and then opened with the free NASA visualization software package Panoply. Panoply provides the capability of translating the Giovanni file into comma-separated-variable (CSV) output. Panoply also provides additional visualization options, including the facile calculation of difference maps and quasi-anomaly maps using Giovanni output files. The CSV files from Panoply can then be imported into an Excel spreadsheet, where an Excel macro converts the CSV files. The output consists of latitude-longitude-data value triads in text form for maps, and either longitude-time-data value or latitude-time-data value triads in text form for Hovmoeller diagrams. This presentation will explicate the basic procedure for the conversion, and then provide several examples where the procedure is applied to Giovanni output from different analysis options.

Earth science↗

Postprocessing for the UCLA climate model

Postprocessing programs written to analyze the results of a general circulation model are described. The model history data is interpolated to pressure surfaces, converted from 64-bit Cyber words to 32 bit IBM words, and transferred to tape for further analysis. The time average program reads the interpolation output tape and produces 15-day time averages. The model outputs a very detailed record for selected grid points. This data is sent to a tape in Cyber full words. The conversion program changes the format of the tape from 64 bit Cyber words to 32 bit IBM words, processing a month of data at a time. The grid-point history sorting program inputs the converted grid point history tape and sorts it by time. The end product is a tape with a time history of each field for every point. After the PBP data has been stored, it can be plotted. The plotting package is flexible, and allows the choice of fields and grid points. The one-dimensional fields are plotted as functions of time, and a daily summary is also produced. For the two-dimensional fields, time-height cross sections and daily summaries are produced. The model plotting package produces plots for all fields on the time average and pressure tapes. These plots include world maps, polar projections, zonal means, vectors, streamlines, and latitude-height plots.

Abeles, J.↗

A Summer Research Program of NASA/Faculty Fellowships at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The NASA Faculty Fellowship Program (NFFP) is designed to give college and university faculty members a rewarding personal as well as enriching professional experience. Fellowships are awarded to engineering and science faculty for work on collaborative research projects of mutual interest to the fellow and his or her JPL host colleague. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have participated in the NASA Faculty Fellowship Program for more than 25 years. Administrative offices are maintained both at the Caltech Campus and at JPL; however, most of the activity takes place at JPL. The Campus handles all fiscal matters. The duration of the program is ten continuous weeks. Fellows are required to conduct their research on-site. To be eligible to participate in the program, fellows must be a U.S. citizen and hold a teaching or research appointment at a U.S. university or college. The American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) contracts with NASA and manages program recruitment. Over the past several years, we have made attempts to increase the diversity of the participants in the NFFP Program. A great deal of attention has been given to candidates from minority-serving institutions. There were approximately 100 applicants for the 34 positions in 2002. JPL was the first-choice location for more than half of them. Faculty from 16 minority-serving institutions participated as well as four women. The summer began with an orientation meeting that included introduction of key program personnel, and introduction of the fellows to each other. During this welcome, the fellows were briefed on their obligations to the program and to their JPL colleagues. They were also given a short historical perspective on JPL and its relationship to Caltech and NASA. All fellows received a package, which included information on administrative procedures, roster of fellows, seminar program, housing questionnaire, directions to JPL, maps of the local area, and a copy of the JPL Universe (a JPL newsletter). A calendar of events for the 2002 NFFP Program was designed to expose the fellows to the full range of JPL activities, seminars, tours, and trips to NASA Dryden, Goldstone, and Palomar Observatory. Weekly brown-bag lunches were also scheduled. The lunches provided a time for airing problems that may have arisen during the previous week, soliciting suggestions for program enhancement, announcements, and general socializing. Professor and Mrs. Albee also hosted the annual Summer Faculty Welcome Party at their home. During their ten-week tenure at JPL, the visiting faculty carried out projects in a wide variety of JPL's science, engineering, and technology disciplines, including communication, planetary science, materials research, reliability and quality assurance, astronomy, guidance and control, and micro-sensors. At the end of the NFFP Program, all fellows were required to complete a one-page summary of their summer s work. This was in addition to any documentation required by their host organization. Distribution of the final paycheck was dependent upon submission of this one-page summary and completion of NASA's NFFP evaluation in the EdCATS system. Fellows were also asked to complete a questionnaire for JPL, which enables the program administrators to make any appropriate changes to make the program more beneficial and effective for all involved. The 2002 NFFP Program at JPUCaltech was considered unanimously highly successful by both fellows and JPL colleagues. It provided a significant experience to most faculty members and fresh ideas to JPL researchers. Each year, suggestions for improvement include expansion of the program, longer terms, larger stipends, funds to support graduate students, and funds to continue collaborative research. The NASA Faculty Fellowship Program continues to occupy a significant place in JPL programs and serves to strengthen the ties between NASA, JPL, Caltech, and t academic community. This program is an important part of NASA's commitment to education. No inventions or patents were created during this program.

Albee, Arden↗

NASA Tech Briefs, January 2013

Topics include: Single-Photon-Sensitive HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiode Detector; Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Silica Whispering-Gallery Mode Resonators; 3D Hail Size Distribution Interpolation/Extrapolation Algorithm; Color-Changing Sensors for Detecting the Presence of Hypergolic Fuels; Artificial Intelligence Software for Assessing Postural Stability; Transformers: Shape-Changing Space Systems Built with Robotic Textiles; Fibrillar Adhesive for Climbing Robots; Using Pre-Melted Phase Change Material to Keep Payloads in Space Warm for Hours without Power; Development of a Centrifugal Technique for the Microbial Bioburden Analysis of Freon (CFC-11); Microwave Sinterator Freeform Additive Construction System (MS-FACS); DSP/FPGA Design for a High-Speed Programmable S-Band Space Transceiver; On-Chip Power-Combining for High-Power Schottky Diode-Based Frequency Multipliers; FPGA Vision Data Architecture; Memory Circuit Fault Simulator; Ultra-Compact Transputer-Based Controller for High-Level, Multi-Axis Coordination; Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot Excavator; Magnetically Actuated Seal; Hybrid Electrostatic/Flextensional Mirror for Lightweight, Large-Aperture, and Cryogenic Space Telescopes; System for Contributing and Discovering Derived Mission and Science Data; Remote Viewer for Maritime Robotics Software; Stackfile Database; Reachability Maps for In Situ Operations; JPL Space Telecommunications Radio System Operating Environment; RFI-SIM: RFI Simulation Package; ION Configuration Editor; Dtest Testing Software; IMPaCT - Integration of Missions, Programs, and Core Technologies; Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) Toolkit; Wind-Driven Wireless Networked System of Mobile Sensors for Mars Exploration; In Situ Solid Particle Generator; Analysis of the Effects of Streamwise Lift Distribution on Sonic Boom Signature; Rad-Tolerant, Thermally Stable, High-Speed Fiber-Optic Network for Harsh Environments; Towed Subsurface Optical Communications Buoy; High-Collection-Efficiency Fluorescence Detection Cell; Ultra-Compact, Superconducting Spectrometer-on-a-Chip at Submillimeter Wavelengths; UV Resonant Raman Spectrometer with Multi-Line Laser Excitation; Medicine Delivery Device with Integrated Sterilization and Detection; Ionospheric Simulation System for Satellite Observations and Global Assimilative Model Experiments - ISOGAME; Airborne Tomographic Swath Ice Sounding Processing System; flexplan: Mission Planning System for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter; Estimating Torque Imparted on Spacecraft Using Telemetry; PowderSim: Lagrangian Discrete and Mesh-Free Continuum Simulation Code for Cohesive Soils; Multiple-Frame Detection of Subpixel Targets in Thermal Image Sequences; Metric Learning to Enhance Hyperspectral Image Segmentation; Basic Operational Robotics Instructional System; Sheet Membrane Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator; Advanced Materials and Manufacturing for Low-Cost, High-Performance Liquid Rocket Combustion Chambers; Motor Qualification for Long-Duration Mars Missions.

Source record↗

Aerial Data Acquisition Platform for Firefront Monitoring

Over the past century, wildfires have grown in their destructive tendencies, and have become a threat to civilian lives, infrastructure, and emergency officials. The 2021 NASA Academy at Langley Research Center was tasked with utilizing NASA technology to increase situational awareness and communication amongst both incident officials and the public. With this mission in mind, the Data Acquisition sub-team chose to develop an outline for a small unmanned aircraft system (UAS) package including required specifications, a payload layout, and mission planning. The proposed system would be capable of mapping firelines at a speed of about 9.8 m/s for periods of up to 3.6 hours. The system would also be able to gather near real time data at a lower cost than currently utilized systems.

Firefront monitoring↗

Skylab 3 preliminary reference Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP) pass planning document. Volume 2: EREP sites and S190 swath study of selected revs

The ground tracks and S190 swaths are presented of selected revolutions over areas containing earth resources experiment package (EREP) sites. The following eight EREP disciplines are shown: sensor performance evaluation, forestry, geology, hydrology, land use mapping, oceanography, pollution, and weather. Most of the data reported consists of passes over the continental United States.

Lunde, A. N.↗

Computer simulation of a space SAR using a range-sequential processor for soil moisture mapping

The ability of a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to detect soil moisture was evaluated by means of a computer simulation technique. The computer simulation package includes coherent processing of the SAR data using a range-sequential processor, which can be set up through hardware implementations, thereby reducing the amount of telemetry involved. With such a processing approach, it is possible to monitor the earth's surface on a continuous basis, since data storage requirements can be easily met through the use of currently available technology. The Development of the simulation package is described, followed by an examination of the application of the technique to actual environments. The results indicate that in estimating soil moisture content with a four-look processor, the difference between the assumed and estimated values of soil moisture is within + or - 20% of field capacity for 62% of the pixels for agricultural terrain and for 53% of the pixels for hilly terrain. The estimation accuracy for soil moisture may be improved by reducing the effect of fading through non-coherent averaging.

Fujita, M.↗

Dam Failure Inundation Map Project

At the end of the first year, we remain on schedule. Property owners were identified and contacted for land access purposes. A prototype software package has been completed and was demonstrated to the Division of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), National Weather Service (NWS) and Pacific Disaster Center (PDC). A field crew gathered data and surveyed the areas surrounding two dams in Waimea. (A field report is included in the annual report.) Data sensitivity analysis was initiated and completed. A user's manual has been completed. Beta testing of the software was initiated, but not completed. The initial TNK and property owner data collection for the additional test sites on Oahu and Kauai have been initiated.

Johnson, Carl↗

Imaging spectrophotometry of the nuclear outflow of NGC 1068

This observational program (in conjunction with R. B. Tully (IfA, Honolulu), and J. Bland (Rice U., Houston)) aims to constrain the kinematic organization and dominant excitation mechanisms of ionized gas in active galaxies. More generally, researchers are interested in the dynamics of radiative, supersonic flows in the Interstellar Medium (ISM). Imaging Fabry-Perot interferometers and low-noise Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) are used for complete spatial coverage of the complex gas distribution in circumnuclear narrow-line regions (NLRs). Extranuclear emission line widths in NLRs can exceed 3000 km s(-1), so to avoid inter-order confusion researchers use an etalon of 4000 km s(-1) free spectral range to map (N II) lambda lambda 6548, 6583 and H alpha. To maximize spatial resolution, researchers select nearby active systems independent of luminosity but known to possess interesting morphologies and/or high-velocity extranuclear ionized gas. Monochromatic images Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) approx. 65 km s(-1) have thus far been obtained in 1 second or better seeing at the U. Hawaii 2.2m, CFH 3.6m, and CTIO 4.0m telescopes. These are stacked into grids of line profiles, of spectrophotometric quality, at sub-arcsecond increments across a 3 second field. To handle the approx. 20,000 to 300,000 useful spectra that arise from a typical night's work, researchers have developed a complete analysis and reduction package for VAX and Sun image workstations. Reduction involves parametrization of approx. 10 to the 8th raw data points to a few maps (e.g., velocities of each kinematic subsystem, continuum-free line fluxes) containing approx. 10 to the 5th pixels. Researchers identify kinematic and structural symmetries by examining these maps and the point to point variations of the synthesized line profiles. The combination of monochromatic images and full spatial sampling of line profiles has allowed them to isolate such symmetries and has led to reliable kinematic deprojections.

Cecil, Gerald↗

Maine Ecological Forecasting: Using NASA Earth Observations to Assess Federally Endangered Atlantic Salmon Habitat in Maine

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a species of anadromous fish that was historically prevalent throughout the New England region. Overfishing and habitat loss caused a severe decline in the salmon population, restricting North America’s remaining wild Atlantic salmon to rivers in Maine. Land use and land cover (LULC) change and factors associated with temperature and precipitation are important for understanding the suitability of freshwater habitat for juvenile salmon. In collaboration with the Maine Department of Marine Resources and the Downeast Salmon Federation, the team utilized NASA Earth observations to aid partners in understanding how these factors change in relation to critical salmon habitat. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery was analyzed to assess changes in LULC between 1985 and 2021. Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM IMERG) data were used to determine land surface temperature and precipitation, respectively; between 2000 and 2020. Lastly, temperature and precipitation anomaly maps visualized deviation from the 20-year climatic average for each pixel. LULC analysis for 1985 to 2020 showed a loss of forest cover throughout critical salmon habitat although gains in forested area were also observed. Assessment of mean summer land surface temperature revealed an increase in temperature from 2000 to 2020 and anomaly maps highlighted areas experiencing abnormally high or low summer precipitation and temperature. These results and the underlying data were packaged for the partner organizations to inform future conservation efforts.

Michael Corley↗

An improved version of NCOREL: A computer program for 3-D nonlinear supersonic potential flow computations

A computer code called NCOREL (for Nonconical Relaxation) has been developed to solve for supersonic full potential flows over complex geometries. The method first solves for the conical at the apex and then marches downstream in a spherical coordinate system. Implicit relaxation techniques are used to numerically solve the full potential equation at each subsequent crossflow plane. Many improvements have been made to the original code including more reliable numerics for computing wing-body flows with multiple embedded shocks, inlet flow through simulation, wake model and entropy corrections. Line relaxation or approximate factorization schemes are optionally available. Improved internal grid generation using analytic conformal mappings, supported by a simple geometric Harris wave drag input that was originally developed for panel methods and internal geometry package are some of the new features.

Siclari, Michael J.↗

A Preliminary ZEUS Lightning Location Error Analysis Using a Modified Retrieval Theory

The ZEUS long-range VLF arrival time difference lightning detection network now covers both Europe and Africa, and there are plans for further expansion into the western hemisphere. In order to fully optimize and assess ZEUS lightning location retrieval errors and to determine the best placement of future receivers expected to be added to the network, a software package is being developed jointly between the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV). The software package, called the ZEUS Error Analysis for Lightning (ZEAL), will be used to obtain global scale lightning location retrieval error maps using both a Monte Carlo approach and chi-squared curvature matrix theory. At the core of ZEAL will be an implementation of an Iterative Oblate (IO) lightning location retrieval method recently developed at MSFC. The IO method will be appropriately modified to account for variable wave propagation speed, and the new retrieval results will be compared with the current ZEUS retrieval algorithm to assess potential improvements. In this preliminary ZEAL work effort, we defined 5000 source locations evenly distributed across the Earth. We then used the existing (as well as potential future ZEUS sites) to simulate arrival time data between source and ZEUS site. A total of 100 sources were considered at each of the 5000 locations, and timing errors were selected from a normal distribution having a mean of 0 seconds and a standard deviation of 20 microseconds. This simulated "noisy" dataset was analyzed using the IO algorithm to estimate source locations. The exact locations were compared with the retrieved locations, and the results are summarized via several color-coded "error maps."

Elander, Valjean↗

Citizen Science Twitter Data Management for Earth Science Applications

Social media data can provide useful real-time and historical information relating to the natural world, but managing this data poses challenges. Scientists at GES DISC are exploring the potential of Twitter data to augment precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. However, the format of Twitter data is unconventional in the context of NASA data centers, resulting in frustration for scientists who need to work with the data. This study investigated procedures and standards needed to properly manage Twitter data to make them compatible with these data centers. After comparing databases, the study found that the MongoDB database was best suited for the storage of raw Twitter data due to its flexibility, ability to be accessed by multiple users, and querying functionality. The study used the Python package Zarr to transform processed Twitter data into a gridded format similar to that of satellite data. Each Tweet was mapped onto a time-space grid; each grid location contained information about Tweet attributes and precipitation. The study developed a pipeline for downloading, storing, and gridding Twitter data and transformed Twitter data into an understandable format for users of NASA satellite data.

Li, Rachel↗

WIS and WIGOS Metadata as the Foundation for a Sustainable Framework for Global Greenhouse Gas Watch Data Exchange

Metadata (data about data) is a critical component of data discovery, description, evaluation, documentation, and preservation. Developing and propagating metadata standards has been a longstanding area of activity in WMO and beyond. The WIS2 and WIGOS metadata models are being actively developed and maintained by dedicated task teams, established under the WMO Expert Team on Metadata. The metadata representations and vocabularies are governed by well-established processes within WMO. These standards are being used in a number of metadata/data exchange activities (e.g., WMO Information System 2.0 (WIS2), WIGOS (WMDR), Climate Data Management Systems (CMDS), etc.). It should also be noted that the application of the WIS2 and WIGOS standards fully support the WMO Unified Data Policy and open data policy as well as greatly enhance the value of observations by fostering data F.A.I.R.ness. Furthermore, the WMO metadata standards can serve as the foundation for a framework that will facilitate metadata mapping between the existing schemas used in well-established data centres, e.g., WMO WDCGG (World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases) and NOAA ObsPack (Observation Package Data Products) and to automate metadata exchange between data centres as well as with WMO. These activities will play a central role in integrating measurements sponsored by various member countries and organizations to provide a more comprehensive characterization of the temporal and spatial distribution of the greenhouse gases. At the same time, this metadata exchange can lead to member countries and partner organizations improving their current metadata collection process for data discoverability, interoperability, and (re)usability. This presentation will describe metadata activities in the context of WIS2 and WIGOS and how they apply to GGGW data integration via metadata mapping and exchange.

Gao Chen↗

The Space Cube Architecture -- A Road Map for the Future

Concepts of using modular computer system processing units using today's technology are described. Topics covered are: reasons for modularizing, reasons for stacking modules, module packaging & inter- module packaging, interconnection between modules, space-bus require- ments, gateway features, general architecture, single string and dual string architecture (and examples), and triple module redundancy.

space cube architecture modular computer system pr↗

Mapping forest types in Worcester County, Maryland, using LANDSAT data

The feasibility of mapping Level 2 forest cover types for a county-sized area on Maryland's Eastern Shore was demonstrated. A Level 1 land use/land cover classification was carried out for all of Worcester County as well. A June 1978 LANDSAT scene was utilized in a classification which employed two software packages on different computers (IDIMS on an HP 3000 and ASTEP-II on a Univac 1108). A twelve category classification scheme was devised for the study area. Resulting products include black and white line printer maps, final color coded classification maps, digitally enhanced color imagery and tabulated acreage statistics for all land use and land cover types.

Burtis, J., Jr.↗