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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
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DOE OSTI2024

Exponential Improvements in the Simulation of Lattice Gauge Theories Using Near-Optimal Techniques

We report a first-of-its-kind analysis on post-Trotter simulation of U(1), SU(2), and SU(3) lattice gauge theories including fermions in arbitrary spatial dimension. We provide explicit circuit constructions as well as T-gate counts and logical qubit counts for Hamiltonian simulation. We find a reduction of up to 25 orders of magnitude in space-time volume over Trotter methods for simulations of non-Abelian lattice gauge theories relevant to the standard model. This improvement results from our algorithm having polynomial scaling with the number of colors in the gauge theory, achieved by utilizing oracle constructions relying on the sparsity of physical operators, in contrast to the exponential scaling seen in state-of-the-art Trotter methods, which employ explicit mappings onto Pauli operators. Our work demonstrates that the use of advanced algorithmic techniques leads to dramatic reductions in the cost of simulating fundamental interactions, bringing it in step with resources required for first-principles quantum simulation of chemistry.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Topological monopole's gauge field‐induced anomalous Hall effect in artificial honeycomb lattice

Abstract Vortex magnetic structure in artificial honeycomb lattice provides a unique platform to explore emergent properties due to the additional Berry phase curvature imparted by chiral magnetization to circulating electrons via direct interaction. We argue that while the perpendicularly aligned magnetic component leads to the quantized flux of monopole at the center of the Berry sphere, the in‐plane vortex circulation of magnetization gives rise to unexpected nontrivial topological Berry phase due to the gauge field transformation. The unprecedented effect signifies the importance of vector potential in multiply connected geometrical systems. Experimental confirmations to proposed hypotheses are obtained from Hall resistance measurements on permalloy honeycomb lattice. Investigation of the topological gauge transformation due to the in‐plane chirality reveals anomalous quasi‐oscillatory behavior in Hall resistance as a function of perpendicular field. The oscillatory nature of is owed to the fluctuation in equilibrium current as a function of Fermi wave‐vector , envisaged under the proposed new formulation in this article. Our synergistic approach suggests that artificially tunable nanostructured material provides new vista to the exploration of topological phenomena of strong fundamental importance. Key Points Demonstration of gauge field flux due to vortex magnetism. Anomalous Hall effect in magnetic honeycomb lattice. Topological monopole‐induced magnetic flux.

Guo, Jiasen↗
DOE OSTI2020

Preload Characterization of Short Models of MQXF the Nb 3 Sn Low-β Quadrupole for the Hi-Lumi LHC

MQXF is the Nb3Sn Low-β Quadrupole magnet that the HL-LHC project is planning to install in the LHC interaction regions in 2026 as part of an upgrade to increase the LHC inte-grated luminosity by about a factor of ten. The magnet will be fab-ricated in two different lengths: 4.2 m for MQXFA, built in the US by the Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP), and 7.15 m for MQXFB, fabricated by CERN. In order to qualify the magnet de-sign and characterize its performance with different conductors, cable geometries and pre-load configuration, five short model magnets, called MQXFS, were fabricated, assembled and tested. The latest model, MQXFS6, uses a new powder-in-tube (PIT) su-perconducting wire, featuring a bundle barrier surrounding the filaments. The coil and the support structure were equipped with strain gauges and optical fibres to monitor strain during assembly, cool-down and excitation. In this paper we further develop the conventional azimuthal preload analysis and introduce a new set of tools for MQXF coil pack characterization which we use to an-alyse the behaviour of MQXFS6 room temperature preload and to reanalyse all the short models tested at CERN. A comparison is made between all the studied magnets revealing new characteriz-ing preload parameters.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Standard Model from String Theory: What Have We Learned?

Amid all candidates of physics beyond the Standard Model, string theory provides a unique proposal for incorporating gauge and gravitational interactions. In string theory, a four-dimensional theory that unifies quantum mechanics and gravity is obtained automatically if one posits that the additional dimensions predicted by the theory are small and curled up—a concept known as compactification. The gauge sector of the theory is specified by the topology and geometry of the extra dimensions, and the challenge is to reproduce all of the features of the Standard Model of particle physics from them. We review the state of the art in reproducing the Standard Model from string compactifications and summarize the lessons drawn from this fascinating quest. We describe novel scenarios and mechanisms that string theory provides to address some of the Standard Model puzzles as well as the most frequent signatures of new physics that could be detected in future experiments. We then comment on recent developments that connect, in a rather unexpected way, the Standard Model with quantum gravity and that may change our field theory notion of naturalness.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fermionic Finite-Group Gauge Theories and Interacting Symmetric/Crystalline Orders via Cobordisms

We formulate a family of spin Topological Quantum Field Theories (spin-TQFTs) as fermionic generalization of bosonic Dijkgraaf–Witten TQFTs. They are obtained by gauging G-equivariant invertible spin-TQFTs, or, in physics language, gauging the interacting fermionic Symmetry Protected Topological states (SPTs) with a finite group G symmetry. We use the fact that the torsion part of the classification is given by Pontryagin duals to spin-bordism groups of the classifying space BG. We also consider unoriented analogues, that is G-equivariant invertible pin ± -TQFTs (fermionic time-reversal-SPTs) and their gauging. We compute these groups for various examples of abelian G using Adams spectral sequence and describe all corresponding TQFTs via certain bordism invariants in 3, 4 and other dimensions. This gives explicit formulas for the partition functions of spin-TQFTs on closed manifolds with possible extended operators inserted. The results also provide explicit classification of ’t Hooft anomalies of fermionic QFTs with finite abelian group symmetries in one dimension lower. We construct new anomalous boundary spin-TQFTs (surface fermionic topological orders). Finally, we explore SPT and symmetry enriched topologically (SET) ordered states, and crystalline SPTs protected by space-group (e.g. translation Z) or point-group (e.g. reflection, inversion or rotation C m ) symmetries, via the layer-stacking construction.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

From oversimplified to overlooked: The case for exploring rich dark sectors

The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics provides a very successful description of fundamental particles and their interactions but it is incomplete, as neutrino masses, dark matter and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe indicate. In addition, the origin of masses and of the approximate fundamental symmetries call out for deeper explanations. The quest for a New SM Theory, that extends the SM to a more general theory, is ongoing. For decades the main focus has been on the TeV scale, but despite an impressive theoretical and experimental effort, no hints of new physics at such scale has been found in experiments. Dark sectors provide an interesting alternative to TeV scale extensions of the SM to explain the open questions in particle and astroparticle physics. Going beyond minimal models, rich dark sectors extend the SM to a complex theory with multiple particles and interactions, in analogy to the SM itself. They have a wealth of theoretical and astrophysical/cosmological consequences and can lead to phenomenological signatures that can be markedly different to that of minimal ones. These include short-lived particles and semi-visible decay signatures, as opposed to minimal models where new states are typically long-lived and purely visible or invisible resonances. Given the experimental configurations and analysis strategies, current dark sector searches might miss such signatures. We advocate a dedicated programme of searches for rich dark sectors that overcomes the assumptions on minimality and on the long lifetime of particles and encompasses a broader range of possibilities. Here, we discuss a prototype model that includes a complex structure akin to the SM: multiple generations of fermions charged under a new spontaneously-broken gauge symmetry.

Dark matter↗
DOE OSTI2024

Distributed Wind and Impacts of FERC Order No. 2222 Implementation

In September of 2020, FERC issued Order No. 2222, directing ISOs to adjust their long-standing tariffs and participation models to enable the operation of distributed energy resource (DER) aggregators in wholesale energy markets. The rule sought to bring wholesale markets under its jurisdiction up to speed with existing expansion of DERs across the United States and to capture the potential benefits that these technologies can provide. This report describes the implementation of FERC Order No. 2222 and the compliance plans that have been submitted so far, attempt to understand the potential impact the rule may have on distributed wind, and provide opportunities for future work to analyze and encourage deployment under these policy conditions. There is an information gap for the type of market interactions distributed wind may have or how it could be best deployed in DER aggregations under future market conditions. There is significant potential for profitable deployment of distributed wind in states that are served by ISOs and covered under Order No. 2222. Distributed wind and other DERs provide local energy that does not need to travel those distances and avoids the losses typically associated with long-distance energy transmission. Deployment of distributed wind can benefit communities that exist away from large load centers by providing local, clean, and affordable energy. Aggregating DERs that include distributed wind could provide these benefits across multiple far-ranging communities if they have access to participate in wholesale markets. A new baseline valuation of distributed wind in areas covered by Order No. 2222 is required to accurately gauge where it is profitable and how it can compete or complement existing or future DER deployment, including as part of an aggregate.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

SU(3) Gauge Symmetry: An Experimental Review of Diffractive Physics in e+p, p+p, p+ A, and A+A Collision Systems

This review focuses on diffractive physics, which involves the long-range interactions of strong nuclear force at high energies described by SU(3) gauge symmetry. It is expected that diffractive processes account for nearly 40% of the total cross-section at LHC energies. These processes consist of soft-scale physics where perturbation theory cannot be applied. Although highly successful and often described as a perfect theory, quantum chromodynamics relies heavily on perturbation theory, a model best suited for hard-scale physics. The study of pomerons could help bridge the soft and hard processes and provide a complete description of the theory of the strong interaction across the full momentum spectrum. Here, we will discuss some of the features of diffractive physics, experimental results from SPS, HERA, and the LHC, and where the field could potentially lead. With the recent publication of the odderon discovery in 2021 by the D0 and TOTEM collaborations and the new horizon of physics that lies ahead with the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, interest is seemingly piquing in high energy diffractive physics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Probing New Hadronic Forces with Heavy Exotic Atoms

We explore the potential of precision spectroscopy of heavy exotic atoms where electrons are substituted by negative hadrons to detect new force carriers with hadronic couplings. The selected transitions are unaffected by nuclear contact terms, thus enabling highly accurate calculations using bound-state QED, provided that the nuclear polarization is under control. Alternatively, we demonstrate that the dipole polarizability, a fundamental property of nuclei, can be extracted from the spectroscopy of exotic atoms in a novel way by combining two transitions while maintaining high sensitivity to new physics. Based on existing data, we extracted world-leading bounds on mediator masses ranging from 0.1 to 10 MeV for two benchmark models and show that forthcoming experiments could enhance the sensitivity to new physics by 2 orders of magnitude.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Toward UV models of kinetic mixing and portal matter. VII. A light dark photon in the 3 𝑐 ⁢3 𝐿 ⁢1 𝐴 ⁢1 𝐵 model

The kinetic mixing (KM) portal, by which the Standard Model (SM) photon mixes with a light dark photon arising from a new 𝑈⁢(1) 𝐷 gauge group, allows for the possibility of viable scenarios of sub-GeV thermal dark matter with appropriately suppressed couplings to the SM. This KM can only occur if particles having both SM and dark quantum numbers, here termed portal matter, also exist. The presence of such types of states and the strong suggestion of a need to embed 𝑈⁢(1) 𝐷 into a non-Abelian gauge structure not too far above the TeV scale based on the renormalization-group equation running of the 𝑈⁢(1)𝐷 gauge coupling is potentially indicative of an enlarged group linking together the visible and dark sectors. The gauge group 𝐺 = 𝑆⁢𝑈⁢(3) 𝑐 × 𝑆⁢𝑈⁢(3) 𝐿 × 𝑈⁢(1) 𝐴 × 𝑈⁢(1) 𝐵 = 3 𝑐 ⁢3 𝐿 ⁢1 𝐴 ⁢1 𝐵 is perhaps the simplest setup wherein the SM and dark interactions are partially unified in a non-Abelian fashion that is not a simple product group of the form 𝐺 = 𝐺 SM × 𝐺 𝐷 encountered frequently in earlier work. The present paper describes the implications and phenomenology of this type of setup.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Towards UV-Models of Kinetic Mixing and Portal Matter VII: A Light Dark Photon in the 3c3L1A1B Model

The kinetic mixing (KM) portal, by which the Standard Model (SM) photon mixes with a light dark photon arising from a new U(1)DU(1)D​ gauge group, allows for the possibility of viable scenarios of sub-GeV thermal dark matter (DM) with appropriately suppressed couplings to the SM. This KM can only occur if particles having both SM and dark quantum numbers, here termed portal matter (PM), also exist. The presence of such types of states and the strong suggestion of a need to embed U(1)DU(1)D​ into a non-abelian gauge structure not too far above the TeV scale based on the RGE running of the U(1)DU(1)D​ gauge coupling is potentially indicative of an enlarged group linking together the visible and dark sectors. The gauge group G=SU(3)c×SU(3)L×U(1)A×U(1)B=3c3L1A1BG=SU(3)c​×SU(3)L​×U(1)A​×U(1)B​=3c​3L​1A​1B​ is perhaps the simplest setup wherein the SM and dark interactions are partially unified in a non-abelian fashion that is not a simple product group of the form G=GSM×GDG=GSM​×GD​ encountered frequently in earlier work. The present paper describes the implications and phenomenology of this type of setup.

Rizzo, Thomas G. [SLAC National Accelerator Labora↗
DOE OSTI2025

Near-SUSY to non-SUSY crossover

Gauge theories can be solved exactly slightly away from the supersymmetric (SUSY) limit softly broken by anomaly mediation when the size of SUSY breaking is much smaller than the dynamical scale (𝑚 ≪ Λ). We show empirical evidence that the near-SUSY limit is continuously connected to the non-SUSY limit (𝑚 ≫ Λ) in SU⁡(𝑁 𝑐 ) gauge theories with 𝑁 𝑓 quarks in the fundamental representation. The evidence includes the behavior of quark bilinear condensate and gluon condensates, light hadron spectra, and consistency with the large 𝑁 𝑐 limit including the Witten-Veneziano relations between the topological susceptibility and 𝑚 𝜂′ and 𝑚 𝜋 . In addition, we present new predictions when 𝑁 𝑓 /𝑁 𝑐 ≳ 𝑂⁡(1).

Effective field theory↗
DOE OSTI2020

The electroweak phase transition: a collider target

Determining the thermal history of electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) is an important challenge for particle physics and cosmology. Lattice simulations indicate that EWSB in the Standard Model (SM) occurs through a crossover transition, while the presence of new physics beyond the SM could alter this thermal history. The occurrence of a first order EWSB transition would be particularly interesting, providing the needed pre-conditions for generation of the cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry and sources for potentially observable gravitational radiation. I provide simple, generic arguments that if such an alternate thermal history exists, the new particles involved cannot be too heavy with respect to the SM electroweak temperature, nor can they interact too feebly with the SM Higgs boson. These arguments do not rely on the decoupling limit. I derive corresponding quantitative expectations for masses and interaction strengths which imply that their effects could in principle be observed (or ruled out) by prospective next generation high energy colliders. The simple, generic arguments provide a quantitative, parametric understanding of results obtained in a wide range of explicit model studies; relate them explicitly to the electroweak temperature; and delineate broad contours of collider phenomenology pertaining to a non-standard history of EWSB.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Noble dark matter: Surprising elusiveness of dark baryons

Dark matter could be a baryonic composite of stronglyc upled constituents transforming under SU⁡(2) 𝐿 . We classify the SU⁡(2) 𝐿 representations of baryons in a class of simple confining dark sectors and find that the lightest state can be a pure singlet or a singlet that mixes with other neutral components of SU⁡(2) 𝐿 representations, which strongly suppresses the dark matter candidate’s interactions with the Standard Model. We focus on models with a confining SU⁡(𝑁 𝑐 ) and heavy dark quarks constituting vectorlike 𝑁 𝑓 -plet of SU⁢(2) 𝐿 . For benchmark 𝑁 𝑐 and 𝑁 𝑓 , we calculate baryon mass spectra, incorporating electroweak gauge boson exchange in the nonrelativistic quark model, and demonstrate that above TeV mass scales, dark matter is dominantly a singlet state. The combination of this singlet nature with the recently discovered ℋ-parity results in an inert state analogous to noble gases, hence we coin the term noble dark matter. Our results can be understood in the nonrelativistic effective theory that treats the dark baryons as elementary states, where we find singlets accompanying triplets, 5-plets, or more exotic representations. This generalization of WIMP-like theories is more difficult to find or rule out than dark matter models that include only a single SU⁡(2) 𝐿 multiplet (such as a wino), motivating new searches in colliders and a reanalysis of direct and indirect detection prospects in astrophysical observations.

dark matter direct detection↗
DOE OSTI2026

Measuring spin correlation between quarks during QCD confinement

The vacuum is now understood to have a rich and complex structure, characterized by fluctuating energy fields and a condensate of virtual quark–antiquark pairs. The spontaneous breaking of the approximate chiral symmetry, signalled by the nonvanishing quark condensate $\langle$$q\bar{q}$$\rangle$, is dynamically generated through topologically nontrivial gauge configurations such as instantons. The precise mechanism linking the chiral symmetry breaking to the mass generation associated with quark confinement remains a profound open question in quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—the fundamental theory of strong interaction. High-energy proton–proton collisions could liberate virtual quark–antiquark pairs from the vacuum that subsequently undergo confinement to form hadrons, whose properties could serve as probes into QCD confinement and the quark condensate. Here we report evidence of spin correlations in $Λ\bar{Λ}$ hyperon pairs inherited from spin-correlated strange quark–antiquark virtual pairs. Measurements by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory reveal a relative polarization signal of (18 ± 4)% that links the virtual spin-correlated quark pairs from the QCD vacuum to their final-state hadron counterparts. Crucially, this correlation vanishes when the hyperon pairs are widely separated in angle, consistent with the decoherence of the quantum system. Our findings provide a new experimental model for exploring the dynamics and interplay of quark confinement and entanglement.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dark Higgs dark matter

A new U(1) dark gauge group coupled to the Standard Model (SM) via the kinetic mixing portal provides a natural dark matter candidate in the form of the Higgs field, hd, responsible for generating the mass of the dark photon, γ d . We show that the condition m h d ≤m γ d , together with smallness of the kinetic mixing parameter, ϵ, and/or dark gauge coupling, g d , leads the dark Higgs to be sufficiently metastable to constitute dark matter. We analyze the Universe's thermal history and show that both freeze-in, SM→{γ d ,h d }, and freeze-out, {γ d ,h d }→SM, processes can lead to viable dark Higgs dark matter with a sub-GeV mass and a kinetic mixing parameter in the range 10 –13 ≲ϵ≲10 –6 . Observable signals in astrophysics and cosmology include modifications to primordial elemental abundances, altered energetics of supernovae explosions, dark Higgs decays in the late Universe, and dark matter self-interactions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Robust and ultrafast state preparation by ramping artificial gauge potentials

Abstract The implementation of static artificial magnetic fields in ultracold atomic systems has become a powerful tool, e.g. for simulating quantum-Hall physics with charge-neutral atoms. Taking an interacting bosonic flux ladder as a minimal model, we investigate protocols for adiabatic state preparation via magnetic flux ramps. Considering the fact that it is actually the artificial vector potential (in the form of Peierls phases) that can be experimentally engineered in optical lattices, rather than the magnetic field, we find that the time required for adiabatic state preparation dramatically depends on which pattern of Peierls phases is used. This can be understood intuitively by noting that different patterns of time-dependent Peierls phases that all give rise to the same magnetic field ramp, generally lead to different artificial electric fields during the ramp. As an intriguing result, we find that an optimal choice allows for preparing the ground state almost instantaneously in the non-interacting system, which can be related to the concept of counterdiabatic driving. Remarkably, we find extremely short preparation times also in the strongly-interacting regime. Our findings open new possibilities for robust state preparation in atomic quantum simulators.

Wang, Botao (ORCID:0000000282202452)↗