Results for “PATHOGENESIS” — Page 5

DOE OSTI2022

Tailored approach to study Legionella infection using a lattice light sheet microscope (LLSM)

Legionella is a genus of ubiquitous environmental pathogens found in freshwater systems, moist soil, and composted materials. More than four decades of Legionella research has provided important insights into Legionella pathogenesis. Although standard commercial microscopes have led to significant advances in understanding Legionella pathogenesis, great potential exists in the deployment of more advanced imaging techniques to provide additional insights. The lattice light sheet microscope (LLSM) is a recently developed microscope for 4D live cell imaging with high resolution and minimum photo-damage. We built a LLSM with an improved version for the optical layout with two path-stretching mirror sets and a novel reconfigurable galvanometer scanner ( RGS ) module to improve the reproducibility and reliability of the alignment and maintenance of the LLSM. We commissioned this LLSM to study Legionella pneumophila infection with a tailored workflow designed over instrumentation, experiments, and data processing methods. Our results indicate that Legionella pneumophila infection is correlated with a series of morphological signatures such as smoothness, migration pattern and polarity both statistically and dynamically. Our work demonstrates the benefits of using LLSM for studying long-term questions in bacterial infection. Our free-for-use modifications and workflow designs on the use of LLSM system contributes to the adoption and promotion of the state-of-the-art LLSM technology for both academic and commercial applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

How robust are estimates of key parameters in standard viral dynamic models?

Mathematical models of viral infection have been developed, fitted to data, and provide insight into disease pathogenesis for multiple agents that cause chronic infection, including HIV, hepatitis C, and B virus. However, for agents that cause acute infections or during the acute stage of agents that cause chronic infections, viral load data are often collected after symptoms develop, usually around or after the peak viral load. Consequently, we frequently lack data in the initial phase of viral growth, i.e., when pre-symptomatic transmission events occur. Missing data may make estimating the time of infection, the infectious period, and parameters in viral dynamic models, such as the cell infection rate, difficult. However, having extra information, such as the average time to peak viral load, may improve the robustness of the estimation. Here, we evaluated the robustness of estimates of key model parameters when viral load data prior to the viral load peak is missing, when we know the values of some parameters and/or the time from infection to peak viral load. Although estimates of the time of infection are sensitive to the quality and amount of available data, particularly pre-peak, other parameters important in understanding disease pathogenesis, such as the loss rate of infected cells, are less sensitive. Viral infectivity and the viral production rate are key parameters affecting the robustness of data fits. Fixing their values to literature values can help estimate the remaining model parameters when pre-peak data is missing or limited. We find a lack of data in the pre-peak growth phase underestimates the time to peak viral load by several days, leading to a shorter predicted growth phase. On the other hand, knowing the time of infection (e.g., from epidemiological data) and fixing it results in good estimates of dynamical parameters even in the absence of early data. While we provide ways to approximate model parameters in the absence of early viral load data, our results also suggest that these data, when available, are needed to estimate model parameters more precisely.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Modeling dynamics of acute HIV infection incorporating density-dependent cell death and multiplicity of infection

Understanding the dynamics of acute HIV infection can offer valuable insights into the early stages of viral behavior, potentially helping uncover various aspects of HIV pathogenesis. The standard viral dynamics model explains HIV viral dynamics during acute infection reasonably well. However, the model makes simplifying assumptions, neglecting some aspects of HIV infection. For instance, in the standard model, target cells are infected by a single HIV virion. Yet, cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI) may have considerable effects in pathogenesis and viral evolution. Further, when using the standard model, we take constant infected cell death rates, simplifying the dynamic immune responses. Here, we use four models—1) the standard viral dynamics model, 2) an alternate model incorporating cellular MOI, 3) a model assuming density-dependent death rate of infected cells and 4) a model combining (2) and (3)—to investigate acute infection dynamics in 43 people living with HIV very early after HIV exposure. We find that all models qualitatively describe the data, but none of the tested models is by itself the best to capture different kinds of heterogeneity. Instead, different models describe differing features of the dynamics more accurately. For example, while the standard viral dynamics model may be the most parsimonious across study participants by the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), we find that viral peaks are better explained by a model allowing for cellular MOI, using a linear regression analysis as analyzed by R 2 . These results suggest that heterogeneity in within-host viral dynamics cannot be captured by a single model. Depending on the specific aspect of interest, a corresponding model should be employed.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Engineered human vascular models to study endothelial dysfunction in infectious disease

Vascular involvement plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous emerging viral threats, with climate changes amplifying the likelihood of these diseases evolving into pandemics. Establishing an infectable and physiologically relevant human in vitro model holds immense importance in comprehending the pathogenesis of these threats and devising effective countermeasures. Although in vivo models provide valuable insight into disease, their application is restricted by interspecies variations, particularly concerning pathogens exclusive to humans. Moreover, animal models often fail to replicate comorbidities prevalent in patient populations, thus limiting our understanding of disease behavior in humans. In this study, we have devised a testing platform aimed at exploring pathogen interactions with innate immunity within the vasculature, encompassing both healthy and dysfunctional endothelial conditions.

42 ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRS1989

Regulation of erythropoiesis in rats during space flight

Astronauts who have flown in microgravity have experienced a loss in red cell mass. The pathogenesis of the anemia of space flight has not been ascertained, but it is probably multifactorial. In 1978, the laboratory was selected to participate in life sciences studies to be carried out in the space shuttle in an attempt to study the pathogenesis of space anemia. In particular, the original studies were to be made in mice. This was later changed to study erythropoiesis in rats during space flight.

Lange, Robert D.↗

NASA NTRS2002

Detection of polyomavirus simian virus 40 tumor antigen DNA in AIDS-related systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (S-NHL) is a common malignancy during HIV infection, and it is hypothesized that infectious agents may be involved in the etiology. Epstein-Barr virus DNA is found in <40% of patients with AIDS-related S-NHL, suggesting that other oncogenic viruses, such as polyomaviruses, may play a role in pathogenesis. We analyzed AIDS-related S-NHL samples, NHL samples from HIV-negative patients, peripheral blood leukocytes from HIV-infected and -uninfected patients without NHL, and lymph nodes without tumors from HIV-infected patients. Specimens were examined by polymerase chain reaction analysis with use of primers specific for an N-terminal region of the oncoprotein large tumor antigen ( T-ag ) gene conserved among all three polyomaviruses (simian virus 40 [SV40], JC virus, and BK virus). Polyomavirus T-ag DNA sequences, proven to be SV40-specific, were detected more frequently in AIDS-related S-NHL samples (6 of 26) than in peripheral blood leukocytes from HIV-infected patients (6 of 26 vs. 0 of 69; p =.0001), NHL samples from HIV-negative patients (6 of 26 vs. 0 of 10; p =.09), or lymph nodes (6 of 26 vs. 0 of 7; p =.16). Sequences of C-terminal T-ag DNA from SV40 were amplified from two AIDS-related S-NHL samples. Epstein-Barr virus DNA sequences were detected in 38% (10 of 26) AIDS-related S-NHL samples, 50% (5 of 10) HIV-negative S-NHL samples, and 57% (4 of 7) lymph nodes. None of the S-NHL samples were positive for both Epstein-Barr virus DNA and SV40 DNA. Further studies of the possible role of SV40 in the pathogenesis of S-NHL are warranted.

NASA Discipline Regulatory Physiology↗

NASA NTRS2006

Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions In 3-D: Organotypic Models For Infectious Disease And Drug Development

Representative, reproducible and high-throughput models of human cells and tissues are critical for a meaningful evaluation of host-pathogen interactions and are an essential component of the research developmental pipeline. The most informative infection models - animals, organ explants and human trials - are not suited for extensive evaluation of pathogenesis mechanisms and screening of candidate drugs. At the other extreme, more cost effective and accessible infection models such as conventional cell culture and static co-culture may not capture physiological and three-dimensional aspects of tissue biology that are important in assessing pathogenesis, and effectiveness and cytotoxicity of therapeutics. Our lab has used innovative bioengineering technology to establish biologically meaningful 3-D models of human tissues that recapitulate many aspects of the differentiated structure and function of the parental tissue in vivo, and we have applied these models to study infectious disease. We have established a variety of different 3-D models that are currently being used in infection studies - including small intestine, colon, lung, placenta, bladder, periodontal ligament, and neuronal models. Published work from our lab has shown that our 3-D models respond to infection with bacterial and viral pathogens in ways that reflect the infection process in vivo. By virtue of their physiological relevance, 3-D cell cultures may also hold significant potential as models to provide insight into the neuropathogenesis of HIV infection. Furthermore, the experimental flexibility, reproducibility, cost-efficiency, and high throughput platform afforded by these 3-D models may have important implications for the design and development of drugs with which to effectively treat neurological complications of HIV infection.

Nickerson, Cheryl A.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Association between Randall's Plaque and Calcifying Nanoparticles

Randall's plaques, first described by Alexander Randall in the 1930s, are small subepithelial calcifications in the renal papillae (RP) that also extend deeply into the renal medulla. Despite the strong correlation between the presence of these plaques and the formation of renal stones, the precise origin and pathogenesis of Randall s plaque formation remain elusive. The discovery of calcifying nanoparticles (CNP) and their detection in many calcifying processes of human tissues has raised hypotheses about their possible involvement in renal stone formation. We collected RP and blood samples from 17 human patients who had undergone laparoscopic nephrectomy due to neoplasia. Homogenized RP tissues and serum samples were cultured for CNP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were performed on fixed RP samples. Immunohistochemical staining (IHS) was applied on the tissue samples using CNP-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). Randall s plaques were visible on gross inspection in 11 out of 17 collected samples. Cultures of all serum samples and 13 tissue homogenates had CNP growth within 4 weeks. SEM revealed spherical apatite formations in 14 samples, with calcium and phosphate peaks detected by EDS analysis. IHS was positive in 9 out of 17 samples. A strong link was found between the presence of Randall s plaques and the detection of CNP, also referred to as nanobacteria. These results suggest new insights into the etiology of Randall's plaque formation, and will help us understand the pathogenesis of stone formation. Further studies on this topic may lead us to new approaches on early diagnosis and novel medical therapies of kidney stone formation.

Ciftcioglu, Neva↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Spaceflight-Induced Changes in Microbial Virulence and the Impact to the Host Immune Response

Over the past 50 years, microorganisms have displayed unexpected responses relevant to infectious disease when grown in spaceflight and spaceflight analogues, including changes in final cell concentration, biofilm production, stress resistance, antibiotic sensitivity, gene expression, and virulence. •Seminal studies demonstrated that the foodborne pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, increased its virulence and pathogenesis-related characteristics in response to both spaceflight and spaceflight analogue culture. Since those experiments, alterations in the pathogenesis-related characteristics of other pathogens have been documented in response to growth in these environments4,5,6, and a recent study has demonstrated an increase in virulence of Serratia marcescens cultured during spaceflight7. However, our overall knowledge of which microorganisms will alter their virulence in response to spaceflight and spaceflight analogue culture remains very limited

C. M. Ott↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Conclusions of a Mini Technical Interchange Meeting on Mechanisms and Pathways Common Between Adverse Health Outcomes from Exposures to Space Radiation

To enable deep space exploration and sustained human presence in space, the NASA Human Research Program’s (HRP) Space Radiation Element (SRE) funds research to characterize and mitigate adverse health outcomes from exposure to space radiation that include risks of carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and central nervous system (CNS) decrements. Over the past decade, a growing body of compelling experimental evidence suggests shared mechanisms and pathophysiological processes for CVD, neurodegenerative effects, and cancer development and progression, which are traditionally managed as separate disease processes. Additionally, epidemiological studies have identified cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between some specific types of cancer and CVD, and accumulating evidence indicates that the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease may overlap with CVD and cancer pathogenesis. Identifying the mechanisms and pathways common to these important health decrements will not only accelerate development of effective countermeasures and improve management of spaceflight-induced risk, it will also help to develop new treatment strategies for patients on Earth. To identify common pathways and mechanisms of disease induction and progression from current SR-funded studies and to inform future work and solicitations, the SRE organizes themed sessions at annual HRP Investigators’ Workshops (IWS). These technical interchange meetings (TIMs) provide a venue for the scientific community to present ongoing work and engage in open discussion on results, limitations of current approaches, and incorporation of novel experimental strategies, model systems, and other innovative techniques. Here a summary and lessons learned from the SRE-sponsored mini-TIM titled “mechanisms and pathways common between adverse health outcomes” held at HRP IWS 2023 will be communicated. The 90-min TIM had 30-min dedicated to discussing and developing potential collaboration and tissue sharing opportunities among investigators. The SRE facilitated the discussion using a set of pressing questions and gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed by the scientific community. This poster presents the outcomes of the session along with proposed future workshops and other SRE initiatives.

Janapriya Saha↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Conclusions of a Mini Technical Interchange Meeting on Mechanisms and Pathways Common Between Adverse Health Outcomes from Exposures to Space Radiation

To enable deep space exploration and sustained human presence in space, the NASA Human Research Program’s (HRP) Space Radiation Element (SRE) funds research to characterize and mitigate adverse health outcomes from exposure to space radiation that include risks of carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and central nervous system (CNS) decrements. Over the past decade, a growing body of compelling experimental evidence suggests shared mechanisms and pathophysiological processes for CVD, neurodegenerative effects, and cancer development and progression, which are traditionally managed as separate disease processes. Additionally, epidemiological studies have identified cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between some specific types of cancer and CVD, and accumulating evidence indicates that the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease may overlap with CVD and cancer pathogenesis. Identifying the mechanisms and pathways common to these important health decrements will not only accelerate development of effective countermeasures and improve management of spaceflight-induced risk, it will also help to develop new treatment strategies for patients on Earth. To identify common pathways and mechanisms of disease induction and progression from current SR-funded studies and to inform future work and solicitations, the SRE organizes themed sessions at annual HRP Investigators’ Workshops (IWS). These technical interchange meetings (TIMs) provide a venue for the scientific community to present ongoing work and engage in open discussion on results, limitations of current approaches, and incorporation of novel experimental strategies, model systems, and other innovative techniques. Here a summary and lessons learned from the SRE-sponsored mini-TIM titled “mechanisms and pathways common between adverse health outcomes” held at HRP IWS 2023 will be communicated. The 90-min TIM had 30-min dedicated to discussing and developing potential collaboration and tissue sharing opportunities among investigators. The SRE facilitated the discussion using a set of pressing questions and gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed by the scientific community. This poster presents the outcomes of the session along with proposed future workshops and other SRE initiatives.

Janapriya Saha↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Spaceflight-Induced Changes in Microbial Virulence and the Impact to the Host Immune Response

Many microbial pathogen shave repeatedly exhibited unexpected responses relevant to infectious disease when grown in microgravity and microgravity analogue environments, including changes in final cell concentration, biofilm production, stress resistance, antibiotic sensitivity, gene expression, host-pathogen interactions, and virulence. Notably, the classic foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium displayed increased virulence in animals when cultured in either the spaceflight analogue or true spaceflight environment. Recently, Serratia marcescens also was shown to increase virulence when cultured in the spaceflight environment. In parallel, astronaut studies have characterized a persistent spaceflight-induced dysregulation of the human immune system at multiple levels, which suggests an increased risk of infectious diseases. Moreover, astronauts have some degree of clinical infectious disease incidence. However, the contribution of the microgravity environment on host-pathogen interactions and potential for clinical disease remains understudied and poorly characterized. The goal of this study is to gain insight into the breadth of other medically significant microbial pathogens that may exhibit altered virulence and pathogenesis-related responses when cultured in space flight analogue conditions. Specifically, we are characterizing the effect of spaceflight analogue culture (Low Shear Modeled Microgravity/LSMMG) on microbial pathogenesis-related stress responses, in vitro host-pathogen interactions, gene expression, and virulence potential in animals using five important model bacterial pathogens, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Herein, we present data from one of these pathogens, the foodborne bacterium, S. enterica Enteritidis, which is closely related to S. enterica Typhimurium. Phenotypes evaluated included growth profiles, environmental stress responses(acid, oxidative, bile, and thermal stresses),and in vitro colonization of3-D biomimetic cultures of human intestinal tissue containing immune cells. Transcriptomic profiling and virulence studies are ongoing. We show that S. Enteritidis exhibited key alterations in pathogenic responses to LSMMG culture that suggest increased infection risk, including several responses which were different from those observed in the closely related pathovar S. Typhimurium. This information will provide critical mechanistic insight into the potential impact of microgravity on alterations in microbial virulence and associated infectious disease risk to crew health during spaceflight missions.

C M Ott↗

NASA NTRS2024

Spaceflight-Induced Changes in Microbial Virulence and the Impact to the Host Immune Response

Many microbial pathogen shave repeatedly exhibited unexpected responses relevant to infectious disease when grown in microgravity and microgravity analogue environments, including changes in final cell concentration, biofilm production, stress resistance, antibiotic sensitivity, gene expression, host-pathogen interactions, and virulence. Notably, the classic foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium displayed increased virulence in animals when cultured in either the spaceflight analogue or true spaceflight environment. Recently, Serratia marcescens also was shown to increase virulence when cultured in the spaceflight environment. In parallel, astronaut studies have characterized a persistent spaceflight-induced dysregulation of the human immune system at multiple levels, which suggests an increased risk of infectious diseases. Moreover, astronauts have some degree of clinical infectious disease incidence. However, the contribution of the microgravity environment on host-pathogen interactions and potential for clinical disease remains understudied and poorly characterized. The goal of this study is to gain insight into the breadth of other medically significant microbial pathogens that may exhibit altered virulence and pathogenesis-related responses when cultured in space flight analogue conditions. Specifically, we are characterizing the effect of spaceflight analogue culture (Low Shear Modeled Microgravity/LSMMG) on microbial pathogenesis-related stress responses, in vitro host-pathogen interactions, gene expression, and virulence potential in animals using five important model bacterial pathogens, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Herein, we present data from one of these pathogens, the foodborne bacterium, S. enterica Enteritidis, which is closely related to S. enterica Typhimurium. Phenotypes evaluated included growth profiles, environmental stress responses(acid, oxidative, bile, and thermal stresses),and in vitro colonization of3-D biomimetic cultures of human intestinal tissue containing immune cells. Transcriptomic profiling and virulence studies are ongoing. We show that S. Enteritidis exhibited key alterations in pathogenic responses to LSMMG culture that suggest increased infection risk, including several responses which were different from those observed in the closely related pathovar S. Typhimurium. This information will provide critical mechanistic insight into the potential impact of microgravity on alterations in microbial virulence and associated infectious disease risk to crew health during spaceflight missions.

C.M. Ott↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Spaceflight-Induced Changes in Microbial Virulence and the Impact to the Host Immune Response

Many microbial pathogens have repeatedly exhibited unexpected responses relevant to infectious disease when grown in microgravity and microgravity analogue environments, including changes in final cell concentration, biofilm production, stress resistance, antibiotic sensitivity, gene expression, host-pathogen interactions, and virulence. Notably, the classic foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium displayed increased virulence in animals when cultured in either the spaceflight analogue or true spaceflight environment. Recently, Serratia marcescens also was shown to increase virulence when cultured in the spaceflight environment. In parallel, astronaut studies have characterized a persistent spaceflight-induced dysregulation of the human immune system at multiple levels, which suggests an increased risk of infectious diseases. Moreover, astronauts have some degree of clinical infectious disease incidence. However, the contribution of the microgravity environment on host-pathogen interactions and potential for clinical disease remains understudied and poorly characterized. The goal of this study is to gain insight into the breadth of other medically significant microbial pathogens that may exhibit altered virulence and pathogenesis-related responses when cultured in spaceflight analogue conditions. Specifically, we are characterizing the effect of spaceflight analogue culture (Low Shear Modeled Microgravity/LSMMG) on microbial pathogenesis-related stress responses, in vitro host-pathogen interactions, gene expression, and virulence potential in animals using five important model bacterial pathogens, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. The information to date is providing a better understanding into the potential impact of microgravity on alterations in microbial virulence and associated infectious disease risk to crew health during spaceflight missions.

C M Ott↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Zika virus mutation enhances transmission potential and confers escape from protective dengue virus immunity

Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are arthropod-borne pathogenic flaviviruses that co-circulate in many countries. To understand some of the pressures that influence ZIKV evolution, we mimic the natural transmission cycle by repeating serial passaging of ZIKV through cultured mosquito cells and either DENV-naive or DENV-immune mice. Compared with wild-type ZIKV, the strains passaged under both conditions exhibit increased pathogenesis in DENV-immune mice. Application of reverse genetics identifies an isoleucine-to-valine mutation (I39V) in the NS2B proteins of both passaged strains that confers enhanced fitness and escape from pre-existing DENV immunity. Introduction of I39V or I39T, a naturally occurring homologous mutation detected in recent ZIKV isolates, increases the replication of wild-type ZIKV in human neuronal precursor cells and laboratory-raised mosquitoes. Our data indicate that ZIKV strains with enhanced transmissibility and pathogenicity can emerge in DENV-naive or -immune settings, and that NS2B-I39 mutants may represent ZIKV variants of interest.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Clinicopathologic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Nonhuman Primates

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a progressive condition with an early phase (radiation pneumonitis) and a late phase (lung fibrosis). RILI may occur after partial-body ionizing radiation exposures or internal radioisotope exposure, with wide individual variability in timing and extent of lung injury. This study aimed to provide new insights into the pathogenesis and progression of RILI in the nonhuman primate (NHP) rhesus macaque model.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Low-Dose Radiation Therapy in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Recently, several studies have reported that low-dose radiation therapy (RT) suppresses the release of proinflammatory cytokines in inflammatory-degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer disease (AD). AD is the most common cause of dementia, and neuroinflammation is one of the major contributing factors in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, low-dose RT may be used clinically for treating AD. However, the appropriate doses, effects, and underlying mechanisms of RT in AD have not been determined. In this study, we aimed to determine the appropriate RT dose and schedule for AD treatment and to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of low-dose RT in AD.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2021

FAT10 promotes the progression of bladder cancer by upregulating HK2 through the EGFR/AKT pathway

Highlights: • FAT10 and HK2 expression are both up-regulated in BC tissues. • FAT10 promotes the Warburg effect and progression of BC cells by HK2. • FAT10 regulates cell progression in HK2-dependent manner through EGFR/AKT pathway in bladder cancer. • FAT10 directly interacts with EGFR and inhibits its ubiquitination and stabilizes EGFR. The ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 and the hexokinase protein HK2 play vital regulatory roles in several cellular processes. However, the relationship between these two proteins and their role in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer are not well understood. Here, we found that FAT10 and HK2 protein levels were markedly higher in bladder cancer tissues than in normal adjacent tissues. In addition, RNAi-mediated silencing of FAT10 led to reduced HK2 levels and suppressed bladder cancer progression in vivo and in vitro. The results of our in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that HK2 is critical for FAT10-mediated progression of bladder cancer. The current study demonstrated that FAT10 enhanced the progression of bladder cancer by positively regulating HK2 via the EGFR/AKT pathway. Based on our findings, FAT10 is believed to stabilize EGFR expression by modulating its degradation and ubiquitination. The results of the current study indicate that there is a correlation between FAT10 and HK2 in the progression of bladder cancer. In addition, we identified a new pathway that may be involved in the regulation of HK2. These findings implicate dysfunction of the FAT10, EGFR/AKT, and HK2 regulatory circuit in the progression of bladder cancer.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗