Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Pinning”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5

1.2-kV Vertical GaN PIN Rectifier With Ion-Implanted Floating Guard Rings

Here, this work reports on the fabrication and properties of a homojunction gallium nitride (GaN) p-i-n (PIN) rectifier fabricated on a free-standing GaN substrate. Uniform device performance is achieved with breakdown voltage (BV) >1.2 kV and low ON-resistance × area ( R ON A ). The statistics of the BV measurements show 58.5% of devices achieve BV >1.3 kV, and 71.1% of devices achieve BV >1.2 kV, as attributed to high quality and control in both epitaxial growth and device process. At room temperature, R ON A is 0.23 mΩ∙ cm 2 at a current density ( J ) of 6.9 kA/cm2. The corresponding Baliga’s figure of merit is >5.97 GW/cm 2 . Temperature-dependent reverse I – V measurements were performed and show a positive temperature coefficient of 0.42 V/K, indicating the avalanche capability of reverse breakdown. Further analysis with the Poole-Frenkel model on the temperature-dependent measurement suggested that a trap-assisted tunneling process contributed to the reverse leakage current. Floating guard rings (FGRs) formed by nitrogen implantation serve as an effective edge termination technique in these GaN PIN rectifiers, resulting in uniform performance in both forward and reverse bias.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Response of Integrated Silicon Microwave pin Diodes to X-ray and Fast-Neutron Irradiation

Here, integrated silicon microwave pin diodes are exposed to 10-keV X-rays up to a dose of 2 Mrad(SiO 2 ) and 14-MeV fast neutrons up to a fluence of 2.2×10 13 cm -2 . Changes in both DC leakage current and small-signal circuit components are examined. Degradation in performance due to total-ionizing dose is shown to be suppressed by non-quasi-static effects during RF operation. Tolerance to displacement damage from fast neutrons is also observed, which is explained using TCAD simulations. Overall, the characterized pin diodes are tolerant to cumulative radiation at levels consistent with space applications such as geosynchronous weather satellites.

42 ENGINEERING↗

TEV-3349 "ATF-2 2A Loop Pin Cladding Requirements"

Industry partners, including Westinghouse, Framatome, General Electric, General Atomics, Toshiba, etc. require requirements for fuel pins they insert in the reactor for testing. This document contains those requirements. These requirements represent an agreement between ATR and NS&T, and include the requirements for pins fabricated at the INL. These include inspections such as radiography, helium leak check, etc.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

High performance high-power textured Mn/Cu-doped PIN-PMN-PT ceramics

Piezoelectric ceramics with combinatory soft and hard characteristics are highly desired for high-power applications. However, it remains grand challenge to achieve simultaneous presence of hard (e.g. high coercive field, E c ; high mechanical quality factor, Q m ) and soft (e.g. high piezoelectric constant, d; high electromechanical coupling factor, k) piezoelectric properties in piezoelectric ceramics since the mechanism controlling the hard behavior (pinned domain walls) will significantly reduce the soft behavior. Here, we address this grand challenge and demonstrate <001> textured MnO 2 and CuO co-doped Pb(In 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3- Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3- PbTiO 3 (PIN-PMN-PT) ceramics exhibiting ultrahigh combined soft and hard piezoelectric properties (d 33 = 713 pC N –1 , k 31 = 0.52, Q m ≈950, E c = 9.6 kV cm –1 , tan δ = 0.45%). The outstanding electromechanical properties are explained by considering composition/phase selection, crystallographic anisotropy and defect engineering. Phase-field model in conjunction with high resolution electron microscopy and diffraction techniques is utilized to delineate the contributions arising from intrinsic piezoelectric response, domain dynamics, and local structural heterogeneity. Furthermore, these results will have significant impact in the development of high-power transducers and actuators.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Code Verification and Solution Verification framework in pin-resolved neutron transport code MPACT

Program verification in scientific computing encompasses the application of formal and mathematical techniques to a scientific computing code for its credibility, accuracy, and validity. Code Verification identifies bugs and performance issues in the software development stage. Solution Verification assesses the applicability of the code and the accuracy of the solution to problems of interest. Both activities utilize application cases and quantify the error against prescribed acceptance criteria. However, simply executing more application cases does not guarantee stronger or more comprehensive credibility. Here, we establish a verification framework that involves Code Verification and Solution Verification, both of which work together such that the overarching goal of “converge to the correct answer for the intended application” can be reasonably inferred. The application of such a verification framework is demonstrated using the pin-resolved neutron transport code MPACT, where standard unit tests and regression tests are covered, and where the Method of Exact Solutions and the Method of Manufactured Solutions are successfully used. Additionally, the applicability of Method of Manufactured Solutions is extended to the OECD/NEA C5G7 benchmark problems of practical material and geometric configurations. Solution Verification activities are demonstrated on a practical hierarchy of application models of increasing complexity ranging from 2D pin cell problems to 3D assembly problems. The convergence behavior and rate of convergence with respect to each individual variable are studied and provided. This framework can be adapted broadly to other fields involving scientific computing codes.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Pinned Electrode/Electrolyte Interphase and Its Formation Origin for Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode in Stable Lithium Batteries

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) represents one of the most promising directions for high-energy-density lithium (Li)-sulfur batteries. However, the practical application of Li||SPAN is currently limited by the insufficient chemical/electrochemical stability of electrode/electrolyte interphase (EEI). Here, a pinned EEI layer is designed for stabilizing a SPAN cathode by regulating the EEI formation mechanism in an advanced LiFSI/ether/fluorinated-ether electrolyte. Computational simulations and experimental investigations reveal that, benefiting from the nonsolvating nature, the fluorinated-ether can not only act as a protective shield to prevent the Li polysulfides dissolution but also, more importantly, endow a diffusion-controlled EEI formation process. It promotes the formation of a uniform, protective, and conductive EEI layer pinning into SPAN surface region, enabling the high loading Li||SPAN batteries with superior cycling stability, wide temperature performance, and high-rate capability. Finally, this design strategy opens an avenue for exploring advanced electrolytes for Li||SPAN batteries and guides the interface design for broad types of battery systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Buried Interfaces in Organic Photocathodes for H 2 Evolution: Fermi-Level Pinning and Recombination

Herein, we demonstrate how Fermi-level pinning at buried contacts impacts solar fuel generation in all-polymer photocathodes by systematically comparing the effects of work function, hydroxyl coverage, and hydrogen evolution using chemically modified indium tin oxide (ITO) supports. Photovoltages and net photocathode performance are improved when the ITO is passivated using phosphonic acids, independent of work function, suggesting that the passivation reduces Fermi-level pinning at the buried interface arising from blended heterojunction interactions with surface metal hydroxyls. Transient photovoltage decay reveals differences in recombination mechanisms, supported by light intensity-dependent measurements. Briefly, nonpassivated, hydrophilic contacts exhibit trap-assisted recombination, while passivated, hydrophobic contacts follow bimolecular recombination. We then investigate changes in electroactivity of hole-transfer processes as a function of scan rate and repetitive cycling using a diffusion-controlled molecular redox probe, analogous to a hole-only device achieved via the electrolyte. The nonpassivated buried contacts exhibit higher overpotentials for oxidation, indicative of hole injection/extraction barriers. We observe irreversible electron transfer via the hole-transport level of the blended heterojunction and a strong cycle dependence, consistent with changes in the hole trap state density. Passivation results in more reversible redox behaviors, consistent with more Ohmic-like contacts. Collectively, these results provide context toward the realization of durable organic photoelectrodes with optimized photovoltages and net solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies via fundamental understanding of the rates of carrier generation, recombination, and transport in high-dielectric aqueous environments and opportunities to characterize buried interfaces under device-relevant electric fields.

buried interfaces↗

Magnetic domains and domain wall pinning in atomically thin CrBr 3 revealed by nanoscale imaging

The emergence of atomically thin van der Waals magnets provides a new platform for the studies of two-dimensional magnetism and its applications. However, the widely used measurement methods in recent studies cannot provide quantitative information of the magnetization nor achieve nanoscale spatial resolution. These capabilities are essential to explore the rich properties of magnetic domains and spin textures. Here, we employ cryogenic scanning magnetometry using a single-electron spin of a nitrogen-vacancy center in a diamond probe to unambiguously prove the existence of magnetic domains and study their dynamics in atomically thin CrBr 3 . By controlling the magnetic domain evolution as a function of magnetic field, we find that the pinning effect is a dominant coercivity mechanism and determine the magnetization of a CrBr 3 bilayer to be about 26 Bohr magnetons per square nanometer. The high spatial resolution of this technique enables imaging of magnetic domains and allows to locate the sites of defects that pin the domain walls and nucleate the reverse domains. Our work highlights scanning nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry as a quantitative probe to explore nanoscale features in two-dimensional magnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Quantitative imaging and automated fuel pin identification for passive gamma emission tomography

Compliance of member States to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is monitored through nuclear safeguards. The Passive Gamma Emission Tomography (PGET) system is a novel instrument developed within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) project JNT 1510, which included the European Commission, Finland, Hungary and Sweden. The PGET is used for the verification of spent nuclear fuel stored in water pools. Advanced image reconstruction techniques are crucial for obtaining high-quality cross-sectional images of the spent-fuel bundle to allow inspectors of the IAEA to monitor nuclear material and promptly identify its diversion. In this work, we have developed a software suite to accurately reconstruct the spent-fuel cross sectional image, automatically identify present fuel rods, and estimate their activity. Unique image reconstruction challenges are posed by the measurement of spent fuel, due to its high activity and the self-attenuation. While the former is mitigated by detector physical collimation, we implemented a linear forward model to model the detector responses to the fuel rods inside the PGET, to account for the latter. The image reconstruction is performed by solving a regularized linear inverse problem using the fast-iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm. We have also implemented the traditional filtered back projection (FBP) method based on the inverse Radon transform for comparison and applied both methods to reconstruct images of simulated mockup fuel assemblies. Higher image resolution and fewer reconstruction artifacts were obtained with the inverse-problem approach, with the mean-square-error reduced by 50%, and the structural-similarity improved by 200%. We then used a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically identify the bundle type and extract the pin locations from the images; the estimated activity levels finally being compared with the ground truth. The proposed computational methods accurately estimated the activity levels of the present pins, with an associated uncertainty of approximately 5%.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Non-symmetric pinning of topological defects in living liquid crystals

Topological defects, such as vortices and disclinations, play a crucial role in spatiotemporal organization of equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems. The defect immobilization or pinning is a formidable challenge in the context of the out-of-equilibrium system, like a living liquid crystal, a suspension of swimming bacteria in lyotropic liquid crystal. Here we control the emerged topological defects in a living liquid crystal by arrays of 3D-printed microscopic obstacles (pillars). Our studies show that while –1/2 defects may be easily immobilized by the pillars, +1/2 defects remain motile. Due to attraction between oppositely charged defects, positive defects remain in the vicinity of pinned negative defects, and the diffusivity of positive defects is significantly reduced. Experimental findings are rationalized by computational modeling of living liquid crystals. Our results provide insight into the engineering of active systems via targeted immobilization of topological defects.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Strong Fermi-level pinning at metal contacts to halide perovskites

The performance of halide perovskite-based electronic and optoelectronic devices is often related to interfacial charge transport. To shed light on the underlying physical and chemical properties of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPbI 3 ) in direct contact with common electrodes Al, Ti, Cr, Ag, and Au, the evolution of interfacial properties and Fermi level pinning is systematically studied. Given a unique experimental facility, pristine interfaces without any exposure to ambient air were prepared. We observe aggregation of substantial amounts of metallic lead (Pb 0 ) at the metal/MAPbI 3 interface, resulting from the interfacial reaction between the deposited metal and iodine ions from MAPbI 3 . It is found that the Schottky barrier height at the metal/MAPbI 3 interface is independent of the metal work function due to strong Fermi level pinning, possibly due to the metallic Pb 0 aggregates, which act as interfacial trap sites. The charge neutrality level of MAPbI 3 is consistent with the energy level of Pb 0 -related defects, indicating that Pb 0 interfacial trap states can be nonradiative recombination sites. Here this work underlines that control of chemical bonding at interfaces is a key factor for designing future halide perovskite-based devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Using irradiation-induced defects as pinning sites to minimize self-alignment in twisted bilayer graphene

Preparing bi-layer graphene under a magic twisting angle of ~1.1° has been challenging due to its strong tendency for self-alignment. We propose a method to pin graphene layers and minimize their self-rotation when positioned close to each other. The feasibility is demonstrated by the present study using molecular dynamics simulations. C 60 clusters are used to bombard two individual graphene layers, creating damage on both layers. When two irradiated layers are moving closer to each other, defects from irradiation damaged zones can interact with each other, hence acting as pinning sites to immobilize graphene and minimize rotation or gliding. Dangling bonds from defective regions of each plane induce the formation of sp bonds. Upon sliding, the bond is strong enough to induce the formation of one-dimensional carbon single chain, acting as a thread to constrain the relative movements.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Electromagnetic pinned solitons for space debris detection

Electromagnetic “pinned” solitons in the form of stationary nonlinear waves are studied within the framework of an inertial magneto-hydrodynamic model. These structures, that can arise when a charged source moves in a magnetized plasma, have a velocity that is equal to the source velocity and, hence, appear as “pinned” structures that envelope the source. We investigate the excitation of such solitons in the Low Earth Orbit region due to the passage of charged orbital debris objects. The spatial size of these electromagnetic solitons, typically of the order of a few ion skin depths, can be very large in this region. Such solitons can be detected using a variety of ground- or orbit-based radio sounding techniques and may provide a convenient additional means of tracking small sized orbital debris objects that are difficult to spot optically.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

High-Fidelity CFD Assessments of Flow Resistance in a 61-Pin Wire-Wrapped Assembly with Partially Blocked Channels

The examination of thermal-hydraulic behaviors in wire-wrapped rod bundles continues to be an active area of research. The sodium fast reactor, a prominent candidate in next-generation nuclear designs, utilizes a hexagonal configuration of wire-wrapped fuel pins. Here, the potential for channel blockage within this compact arrangement poses a significant safety challenge, spurring a number of recent experimental and computational investigations to evaluate its impact on flow and heat transfer. The present work aims to benchmark the high-fidelity NekRS computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver in predicting the pressure drops associated with substantial blockages, using available experimental data as a reference. A 61-pin wire-wrapped fuel assembly with two flow blockage configurations has been simulated and investigated at a range of low to moderate Reynolds numbers (487 ≤ Re ≤ 14 600). The NekRS solver demonstrates an exponential reduction of spatial discretization error with increasing polynomial order. The high level of agreement between the numerical results and measured data confirms the accuracy and consistency of the present numerical approach. This benchmark study establishes the capability of NekRS to perform reliable hydrodynamic simulations for sodium fast reactor applications and supports its use in design, licensing, and safety analyses.

CFD Benchmarking↗

Plasma breakdown in bubbles passing between two pin electrodes

The ignition of plasmas in liquids has applications from medical instrumentation to manipulation of liquid chemistry. Formation of plasmas directly in a liquid often requires prohibitively large voltages to initiate breakdown. Producing plasma streamers in bubbles submerged in a liquid with higher permittivity can significantly lower the voltage needed to initiate a discharge by reducing the electric field required to produce breakdown. The proximity of the bubble to the electrodes and the shape of the bubbles play critical roles in the manner in which the plasma is produced in, and propagates through, the bubble. In this paper, we discuss results from a three-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) used to investigate the shapes of bubbles formed by injection of air into water. Comparisons are made to results from a companion experiment. A two-dimensional plasma hydrodynamics model was then used to capture the plasma streamer propagation in the bubble using a static bubble geometry generated by the DNS The simulations showed two different modes for streamer formation depending on the bubble shape. In an elliptical bubble, a short electron avalanche triggered a surface ionization wave (SIWs) resulting in plasma propagating along the surface of the bubble. In a circular bubble, an electron avalanche first traveled through the middle of the bubble before two SIWs began to propagate from the point closest to the grounded electrode where a volumetric streamer intersected the surface. In an elliptical bubble approaching a powered electrode in a pin-to-pin configuration, we experimentally observed streamer behavior that qualitatively corresponds with computational results. Optical emission captured over the lifetime of the streamer curve along the path of deformed bubbles, suggesting propagation of the streamer along the liquid/gas boundary interface. Plasma generation supported by the local field enhancement of the deformed bubble surface boundaries is a mechanism that is likely responsible for initiating streamer formation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Driven superconducting vortex dynamics in systems with twofold anisotropy in the presence of pinning

Abstract We examine the dynamics of superconducting vortices with twofold anisotropic interaction potentials driven over random pinning, and compare the behavior under drives applied along the hard and the soft anisotropy directions. As the driving force increases, the number of topological defects reaches a maximum near the depinning threshold, and then decreases as the vortices form one-dimensional (1D) chains. This coincides with a transition from a pinned nematic to a moving smectic aligned with the soft anisotropy direction. The system is generally more ordered when the drive is applied along the soft direction of the anisotropy. For driving along the hard direction, there is a critical value of the twofold anisotropy above which the system remains aligned with the soft direction. Hysteretic behavior appears upon cycling the driving force, with 1D vortex chains persisting during the decreasing leg below the threshold for chain formation for increasing drive. More anisotropic systems have a greater amount of structural disorder in the moving state. For lower anisotropy, the system forms a moving smectic-A state, while at higher anisotropy, a moving nematic state appears instead.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Interface pinning causes the hysteresis of the hydride transformation in binary metal hydrides

Hydriding and dehydriding transitions in bulk and nanocrystalline binary metal hydrides were studied using the Pd-H model system by measuring pressure-composition isotherms with in situ x-ray diffractometry. Nanocrystalline Pd showed a smaller pressure hysteresis, solvus hysteresis, and hysteresis in lattice parameter, compared to bulk Pd. The time-dependence of pressure equilibration was measured after dosing with aliquots of hydrogen, giving equilibration times that were much faster in the single-phase regions than in the two-phase plateaus. In the broad two-phase plateaus, the pressure relaxations were exponential functions of time. An explanation of hysteresis is developed that is based on a dissipative potential barrier that impedes the motion of the interface due to interactions between lattice defects and the two-phase interface. The exponential pressure relaxations and hysteresis are consistent for this mechanism. For a simple model of the pinning potential, the potential barrier maximum is an order of magnitude less than typical grain boundary energies. These pinning effects are substantially different in the nanocrystalline Pd, suggesting differences in the hydriding mechanism.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Reactor physics benchmark of Westinghouse PWR core design suite for high burnup/high enrichment fuel - Part 1: Pin and lattice

Westinghouse has performed a comprehensive set of code-to-code benchmark comparisons to corroborate application of its state-of-the-art NEXUS-based code suite to high burnup and high enrichment (HB/HE) fueled PWR core design and reload analysis. This paper focuses on analysis of the predictions for pin and lattice designs representative of HB/HE core reloads from the Westinghouse advanced lattice code PARAGON2, the Monte-Carlo code SERPENT2 and MPACT, the deterministic neutronic component of VERA. A companion paper presented at this conference analyzes results obtained with the Westinghouse ANC9 core simulator, using lattice data provided by PARAGON2 with the NEXUS cross-section methodology, and MPACT for 2D and 3D core configurations incorporating HB/HE fuel reloads to achieve cycle length extension to 24-month in high-power density PWRs. The results of the pin and lattice benchmark presented in this paper show that the neutronic predictions from PARAGON2 for HB/HE fueled PWRs are in remarkable agreement with predictions from both SERPENT2 and MPACT including for depletion to high fuel burnup values, and employing a set of challenging lattices which feature combined use of burnable absorbers to obtain the required reactivity hold-down to support PWR transition to HB/HE fuel and 24-month operational cycles. As corroborated by this analysis and the analysis contained in the companion paper, the Westinghouse NEXUS-based PWR core analysis package can be confidently applied by industry for design analysis of PWR core reloads adopting HB/HE fuel and properly support the industry commercialization plans for in-reactor deployment. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗