Results for “SLIDING CONTACT” — Page 5

NASA NTRS1991

An analysis of the wear behavior of SiC whisker reinforced alumina from 25 to 1200 C

A model is described for predicting the wear behavior of whisker reinforced ceramics. The model was successfully applied to a silicon carbide whisker reinforced alumina ceramic composite subjected to sliding contact. The model compares the friction forces on the whiskers due to sliding, which act to pull or push them out of the matrix, to the clamping or compressive forces on the whiskers due to the matrix, which act to hold the whiskers in the composite. At low temperatures, the whiskers are held strongly in the matrix and are fractured into pieces during the wear process along with the matrix. At elevated temperatures differential thermal expansion between the whiskers and matrix can cause loosening of the whiskers and lead to pullout during the wear process and to higher wear. The model, which represents the combination of elastic stress analysis and a friction heating analysis, predicts a transition temperature at which the strength of the whiskers equals the clamping force holding them in the matrix. Above the transition the whiskers are pulled out of the matrix during sliding, and below the transition the whiskers are simply fractured. The existence of the transition gives rise to a dual wear mode or mechanism behavior for this material which was observed in laboratory experiments. The results from this model correlate well with experimentally observed behavior indicating that the model may be useful in obtaining a better understanding of material behavior and in making material improvements.

Dellacorte, Christopher↗

NASA NTRS1993

An analysis of the wear behavior of SiC whisker-reinforced alumina from 25 to 1200 C

A model is described for predicting the wear behavior of whisker reinforced ceramics. The model was successfully applied to a silicon carbide whisker reinforced alumina ceramic composite subjected to sliding contact. The model compares the friction forces on the whiskers due to sliding, which act to pull or push them out of the matrix, to the clamping or compressive forces on the whiskers due to the matrix, which act to hold the whiskers in the composite. At low temperatures, the whiskers are held strongly in the matrix and are fractured into pieces during the wear process along with the matrix. At elevated temperatures differential thermal expansion between the whiskers and matrix can cause loosening of the whiskers and lead to pullout during the wear process and to higher wear. The model, which represents the combination of elastic stress analysis and a friction heating analysis, predicts a transition temperature at which the strength of the whiskers equals the clamping force holding them in the matrix. Above the transition the whiskers are pulled out of the matrix during sliding, and below the transition the whiskers are simply fractured. The existence of the transition gives rise to a dual wear mode or mechanism behavior for this material which was observed in laboratory experiments. The results from this model correlate well with experimentally observed behavior indicating that the model may be useful in obtaining a better understanding of material behavior and in making material improvements.

Dellacorte, Christopher↗

NASA NTRS1989

Reaction of perfluoroalkylpolyethers (PFPE) with 440C steel in vacuum under sliding conditions at room temperature

Reactions of perfluoroalkylpolyethers (PFPE: Fomblin, Demnum and Krytox) were studied during the sliding contact of stainless steel specimens under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. All three fluids reacted with the steel specimens during sliding. Fomblin, which has acetal linkages, decomposed under the sliding conditions generating gaseous products, (COF2 and fluorinated carbons) which were detected by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Gaseous products were not detected for the Demnum and Krytox fluids. The amount of gaseous products from Fomblin increased with increasing sliding speed. At the end of the sliding experiments, the wear scar and deposits on the specimens were examined by small spot size XPS. The oxide layer on the specimen surface was removed during sliding, and metal fluorides were formed on the worn surface. The surface of the wear scar and deposits were covered with adsorbed PFPE. Based on these results, it was concluded that the decomposition reaction on Fomblin was initiated by contacting the fluid with a fresh metal surface which was formed during sliding.

Mori, Shigeyuki↗

NASA NTRS1990

Decomposition of perfluoroalkylpolyethers (PFPE) in ultra-high vacuum under sliding conditions

Reactions of perfluoroalkylpolyethers (PFPE: Fomblin, Demnum and Krytox) were studied during the sliding contact of stainless steel specimens under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. All three fluids reacted with the steel specimens during sliding. Fomblin, which has acetal linkages, decomposed under the sliding conditions generating gaseous products, (COF2 and fluorinated carbons) which were detected by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Gaseous products were not detected for the Demnum and Krytox fluids. The amount of gaseous products from Fomblin increased with increasing sliding speed. At the end of the sliding experiments, the wear scar and deposits on the specimens were examined by small spot size XPS. The oxide layer on the specimen surface was removed during sliding, and metal fluorides were formed on the worn surface. The surface of the wear scar and deposits were covered with adsorbed PFPE. Based on these results, it was concluded that the decomposition reaction on Fomblin was initiated by contacting the fluid with a fresh metal surface which was formed during sliding.

Mori, Shigeyuki↗

NASA NTRS1996

Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Between Wearing Surfaces at High Temperatures

Many components of future aircraft will be constructed from novel high-temperature materials, such as superalloys and ceramic composites, to meet expected operating temperatures in excess of 300 C. There are no known liquid lubricants that can lubricate above 300 C without significant decomposition. Solid lubricants could be considered, but problems caused by the higher friction coefficients and wear rates of the solid lubricant film make this an undesirable approach. An alternative method of lubrication is currently being investigated: vapor phase lubrication. In vapor phase lubrication, an organic liquid (in our studies a thioether was used) is vaporized into a flowing air stream that is directed to sliding surfaces where lubrication is needed. The organic vapor reacts at the concentrated contact sliding area generating a lubricous deposit. This deposit has been characterized as a thin polymeric film that can provide effective lubrication at temperatures greater than 400 C. Initial tribological studies were conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center and Cleveland State University with a high-temperature friction and wear tribometer. A cast iron rod was loaded (a 4-kg mass was used to generate a contact pressure of 1.2 MPa) against a reciprocating, cast iron plate at 500 C. This system was then lubricated with the vapor phase of thioether.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1979

Study of polyphenyl ether fluid /5P4E/ in operating elastohydrodynamic contacts by infrared emission spectroscopy

Infrared emission spectra of 5P4E polyphenyl ether were obtained from an operating elastohydrodynamic sliding contact at different speeds and loads by Fourier emission microspectrophotometry. The spectra were found to be polarized with respect to the direction of the conjunction line, especially at high shear rates. Film and metal surface temperatures were calculated from the spectra, and film thicknesses were determined under various operating conditions. Changes of polarized band structure above a critical shear rate, at which the slope of the film temperature versus shear curve changes abruptly and at which the film thickness assumes a minimum value, are consistent with a transition of the lubricant from a viscous liquid to a viscoelastic liquid or to an elastic solid.

Lauer, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Temperature measurements in sliding elastohydrodynamic point contacts

Techniques using the infrared radiation emitted by a sliding elastohydrodynamic (EHD) point contact to measure oil film and surface temperature are discussed. Temperature distributions in the EHD contact are presented for a naphthenic mineral oil at 1.04 GN/sq m (150,000 psi) Hertz pressure and several sliding velocities. Film temperatures as high as 360 C are reported at locations near the points of minimum film thickness in the contact side lobes.

Turchina, V.↗

NASA NTRS1996

Surface Chemistry, Friction, and Wear Properties of Untreated and Laser-Annealed Surfaces of Pulsed-Laser-Deposited WS(sub 2) Coatings

An investigation was conducted to examine the surface chemistry, friction, and wear behavior of untreated and annealed tungsten disulfide (WS2) coatings in sliding contact with a 6-mm-diameter 440C stainless-steel ball. The WS2 coatings and annealing were performed using the pulsed-laser-deposition technique. All sliding friction experiments were conducted with a load of 0.98 N (100 g), an average Hertzian contact pressure of 0.44 GPa, and a constant rotating speed of 120 rpm. The sliding velocity ranged from 31 to 107 mm/s because of the range of wear track radii involved in the experiments. The experiment was performed at room temperature in three environments: ultrahigh vacuum (vacuum pressure, 7X(exp -10) Pa), dry nitrogen (relative humidity, less than 1 percent), and humid air (relative humidity, 15 to 40 percent). Analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), x-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), surface profilometry, and Vickers hardness testing, were used to characterize the tribological surfaces of WS2 coatings. The results of the investigation indicate that the laser annealing decreased the wear of a WS2 coating in an ultrahigh vacuum. The wear rate was reduced by a factor of 30. Thus, the laser annealing increased the wear life and resistance of the WS2 coating. The annealed WS 2 coating had a low coefficient of friction (less than O.1) and a low wear rate ((10(exp -7) mm(exp 3)/N-m)) both of which are favorable in an ultrahigh vacuum.

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa↗

NASA NTRS1994

XPS analysis of 440C steel surfaces lubricated with perfluoropolyethers under sliding conditions in high vacuum

This work presents the results of the X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of AISI 440C ball surfaces lubricated with perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oils after friction experiments under sliding conditions at high load in air and vacuum environments. The PFPE lubricants tested were Demnum S100, Fomblin Z-25, and Krytox 143AB. It was found that all the PFPE lubricants were degraded by sliding contact causing the formation of inorganic fluorides on the metallic surfaces and a layer of organic decomposition products. KRYTOX 143AB was the least reactive of the three lubricants tested. It was also found that metal fluoride formed at off-scar areas. This suggests the formation of reactive species, such as COF2 or R(sub f)COF, during sliding experiments, which can diffuse through the lubricant film and react with the metallic surfaces away from the contact region. Comparison of reference specimens before sliding with those that had undergone the sliding tests showed that the amount of non-degraded PFPE remaining on the surface of the balls after the sliding experiments was greater than that of the balls without sliding.

Herrera-Fierro, Pilar↗

NASA NTRS2001

Evaluation of Selected Solid Lubricating Films

An investigation was conducted to examine the friction and wear properties of bonded molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), magnetron-sputtered MoS2, ion-plated silver, ion-plated lead, magnetron-sputtered diamondlike carbon (MS DLC), and plasma-assisted, chemical-vapor-deposited DLC (PACVD DLC) films in sliding contact with 6-mm-diameter AISI 440C stainless steel balls. Unidirectional ball-on-disk sliding friction experiments were conducted with a load of 5.9 N and a sliding velocity of 0.2 m/s at room temperature in three environments: ultrahigh vacuum (vacuum pressure, 7 x 10(exp -7) Pa), humid air (relative humidity, approx. 20 percent), and dry nitrogen (relative humidity, less than 1 percent). The main criteria for judging the performance of the solid lubricating films were coefficient of friction and wear rate, which had to be less than 0.3 and on the order of 10(exp -6) cubic mm/N(dot)m or less, respectively. The bonded MoS2 and magnetron-sputtered MoS2 films met the criteria in all three environments. The ion-plated lead and silver films met the criteria only in ultrahigh vacuum but failed in humid air and in dry nitrogen. The MS DLC and PACVD DLC films met the requirements in humid air and dry nitrogen but failed in ultrahigh vacuum.

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa↗

NASA NTRS2001

Durability Evaluation of Selected Solid Lubricating Films

An investigation was conducted to examine the coefficients of friction, wear rates, and durability of bonded molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), magnetron-sputtered MoS2, ion-plated silver, ion-plated lead, magnetron-sputtered diamondlike carbon (MS DLC), and plasma-assisted, chemical-vapor-deposited DLC (PACVD DLC) films in sliding contact with 6-mm-diameter AISI 440C stainless steel balls. Unidirectional ball-on-disk sliding friction experiments were conducted with a load of 5.9 N and a sliding velocity of 0.2 m/s at room temperature in three environments: ultrahigh vacuum (vacuum pressure, 7 x 10(exp -7) Pa), humid air (relative humidity, approx. 20 percent), and dry nitrogen (relative humidity, less than 1 percent). The main criteria for judging the performance of the solid lubricating films were coefficient of friction and wear rate, which had to be less than 0.3 and on the order of 10(exp -6) cu mm/N.m or less, respectively. The bonded MoS2 and magnetron-sputtered MoS2 films met the criteria in all three environments. The ion-plated lead and silver films met the criteria only in ultrahigh vacuum but failed in humid air and in dry nitrogen. The MS DLC and PACVD DLC films met the requirements in humid air and dry nitrogen but failed in ultrahigh vacuum.

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa↗

NASA NTRS1982

Non-contacting power transfer device

A transformer for coupling AC electrical energy from a stationary element to a rotating element without the use of sliding contacts is described. The transformer is of the rotary type and includes a ferrite core and two primary windings which are stationary with respect to a seconary winding which rotates within an annular cavity adjacent an axial bore in the core. The core is comprised of two cup type core halves. Electrical connection to the secondary winding is made through a split bobbin assembly which couples to a coaxial shaft assembly located in the axial bore. The electrical coupling to the coaxial shaft assembly is made through a continuous transverse channel connecting the axial bore with the annular cavity. The transverse channel forms a single air gap; however, it is not open directly to free space but is shielded by the magnetic permeable material of the core halves.

Studer, P. A.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Anisotropic friction, deformation, and fracture of single-crystal silicon carbide at room temperature

Anisotropic friction, deformation, and fracture studies were conducted with /0001/, /10(-1)0/, and /11(-2)0/ silicon carbide surfaces in sliding contact with diamond. The experiments were conducted with loads of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 N at a sliding velocity of 3 mm/min in mineral oil or in dry argon at room temperature. The 1010 direction on the basal /0001/ plane exhibits the lowest coefficient of friction and the greatest resistance to abrasion for silicon carbide. Anisotropic friction and deformation of the /0001/, /10(-1)0/, and /11(-2)0/ silicon carbide surfaces are primarily controlled by the slip system /10(-1)0/ 11(-2)0. The anisotropic fracture during sliding on the basal plane is due to surface cracking along /10(-1)0/ and subsurface cracking along /0001/. The fracture during sliding on the /11(-2)0/ or /10(-1)0/ surfaces is due to surface cracking along /0001/ and /11(-2)0/ or /10(-1)-1 and to subsurface cracking along /10(-1)0/.

Miyoshi, K.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Constitutive modelling of lubricants in concentrated contacts at high slide to roll ratios

A constitutive lubricant friction model for rolling/sliding concentrated contacts such as gears and cams was developed, based upon the Johnson and Tevaarwerk fluid rheology model developed earlier. The friction model reported herein differs from the earlier rheological models in that very large slide to roll ratios can now be accommodated by modifying the thermal response of the model. Also the elastic response of the fluid has been omitted from the model, thereby making it much simpler for use in the high slide to roll contacts. The effects of this simplification are very minimal on the outcome of the predicted friction losses (less than 1%). In essence then the lubricant friction model developed for the high slide to roll ratios treats the fluid in the concentrated contact as consisting of a nonlinear viscous element that is pressure, temperature, and strain rate dependent in its shear response. The fluid rheological constants required for the prediction of the friction losses at different contact conditions are obtained by traction measurements on several of the currently used gear lubricants. An example calculation, using this model and the fluid parameters obtained from the experiments, shows that it correctly predicts trends and magnitude of gear mesh losses measured elsewhere for the same fluids tested here.

Tevaarwerk, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Rolling-Contact Rheostat

Contact noise in rheostats and potentiometers reduced by rolling contact design. Smooth rolling action eliminates sporadic variations in resistance caused by bouncing and stick/slip motion of conventional sliding contacts.

Ruoff, C. F.↗

NASA NTRS1981

The effects of artificially-produced defects on the film thickness distribution in sliding EHD point contacts

Effects of artificially produced dents and grooves on the elastohydrodynamic film thickness profile in a sliding point contact are investigated using optical interferometry. Defects on the surface of a highly polished ball are held stationary at various locations within the vicinity of the contact region while the disk is rotating. It is shown that defects can dramatically change the film thickness which exists when no defects are present in or near the contact, and it is shown that the change in thickness is mainly a function of the position of the defects in the inlet region, the geometry of the defects, the orientation of the defects in the case of grooves, and the depth of the defect relative to the central film thickness.

Cusano, C.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Sliding induced crystallization of metallic glass

Sliding friction and wear experiments, electron microscopy, and diffraction studies were conducted with an Fe67Co18B14Si1 ferrous-base metallic glass in sliding contact with aluminum oxide at room temperature in air. The results indicate that the amorphous alloy can be crystallized during the sliding process. Crystallization of the wear surface causes high friction. Plastic flow occurred on the amorphous alloy with sliding, and the flow film of the alloy transferred to the aluminum oxide surface. Two distinct types of wear debris were observed as a result of sliding: an alloy wear debris, and powdery and whiskery oxide debris. Generation of oxide wear debris particles on an alloy can cause transitions in friction behavior.

Miyoshi, K.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Geared Electromechanical Rotary Joint

Geared rotary joint provides low-noise ac or dc electrical contact between electrical subsystems rotating relative to each other. Designed to overcome some disadvantages of older electromechanical interfaces, especially intermittency of sliding-contact and rolling-contact electromechanical joints. Hollow, springy planetary gears provide continuous, redundant, low-noise electrical contact between inner and outer gears.

Vranish, John M.↗