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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5

Batch Active Learning for Multispectral and Hyperspectral Image Segmentation Using Similarity Graphs

Abstract Graph learning, when used as a semi-supervised learning (SSL) method, performs well for classification tasks with a low label rate. We provide a graph-based batch active learning pipeline for pixel/patch neighborhood multi- or hyperspectral image segmentation. Our batch active learning approach selects a collection of unlabeled pixels that satisfy a graph local maximum constraint for the active learning acquisition function that determines the relative importance of each pixel to the classification. This work builds on recent advances in the design of novel active learning acquisition functions (e.g., the Model Change approach in arXiv:2110.07739) while adding important further developments including patch-neighborhood image analysis and batch active learning methods to further increase the accuracy and greatly increase the computational efficiency of these methods. In addition to improvements in the accuracy, our approach can greatly reduce the number of labeled pixels needed to achieve the same level of the accuracy based on randomly selected labeled pixels.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Energy impact of human health and wellness lighting recommendations for office and classroom applications

The goal of this investigation was to evaluate potential energy impacts of circadian lighting design recommendations gaining attention in a variety of common applications such as offices and classrooms. The renewed focus on health along with advances in SSL technology capabilities has underscored that there is still much to learn regarding the relationship between light and human physiology. The energy implications of designing to address these possible physiological effects are not yet fully understood. Beyond the fact that the basic metric of luminous efficacy (lumens per watt) does not cover these other effects, the emerging science seems to indicate that addressing a holistic view of the human needs in most applications may mean a need for increased light and associated energy use by electric lighting systems. Within the two applications considered, lumen output, spectral characteristics, surface reflectance distribution and desk orientation were varied to explore the magnitude of potential effects. Meeting current IES illuminance recommendations did not satisfy existing EML and CS recommendations for any of the simulations. In some cases, satisfying circadian metric recommendations required average illuminance that was more than double IES recommendations, which may negatively impact lighting quality as well. Using results from 45 unique simulation conditions, it was estimated that lighting energy use may increase between 10% and 100% due to increased luminaire light levels used to meet circadian lighting design recommendations listed in current building standards such as WELL v2 Q2 2019, UL Design Guideline 24480, and CHPS Core Criteria 3.0.

circadian lighting, lighting simulation, solid sta↗

Tunable broadband luminescence in lead-free hybrid copper halides

Metal halides are an important class of optoelectronic materials combining exceptional optical and electronic properties. An inherent advantage of metal halides is their solution synthesis and processability, which render them as low-cost and environmentally friendly materials for a range of applications from photovoltaics and photodetection to solid-state lighting (SSL). Here, in this study, we synthesized three previously unreported lead-free organic–inorganic hybrid copper halides: (OA) 4 CuX 5 (X = Br, I; OA + = C 8 H 17 NH 3+ , n-octylammonium cation) and (HA) 2 CuI 3 (HA + = C 6 H 13 NH 3 + , n-hexylammonium cation), all of which exhibit broadband emissions arising from self-trapped excitons (STEs). Among these compounds, (OA) 4 CuI 5 demonstrates tunable dual-band white-light emission with a high color rendering index value of 91 at room temperature. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements and first-principles calculations reveal distinct behaviors between the two emission states in (OA) 4 CuI 5 . These findings highlight the potential of copper halide compounds for optoelectronic applications, particularly in the development of environmentally friendly solid-state lighting technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

OLEDs on planarized light outcoupling-enhancing structures in plastic

Light extraction from OLEDs remains a challenge. While consumer demand for OLEDs in display technology continues to grow as prices decline, commercial use of OLEDs in solid state lighting (SSL) applications is lagging due to low light extraction, which results in low efficiency. Previous studies have been directed toward increasing the light extraction factor η out , but cost effective approaches that will enable high throughput and potential upscaling, as well as elucidation of the extraction process, are still lagging. One promising approach is the use of buried light extraction enhancing patterns that are planarized with a high refractive index (RI) layer. When adding substrate mode extracting means, the highest external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) were achieved using a complex approach of planarized vacuum nano holes. Here we present η out -enhancing planarized extraction structures (PES) in plastic. While plastic substrates currently present long-term stability issues and other drawbacks, as we show, they provide a tool for simple, inexpensive, and rapid generation of various enhancing structures that importantly can be transferred to the preferred rigid and flexible glass substrates. Moreover, plastic substrates are attractive for biomedical applications. The successful structures we present are easily scalable periodic corrugations, e.g., with pitch a ~ 4.25 µm and pitch/depth ratio a/h ~2.4 planarized by a layer of RI ~1.9, resulting in maximal EQEs exceeding 60% for a green OLED and 48.5% for a white OLED. Comparable increased EQEs were achieved for structures with a ~ 15 and 16 µm, and a/h ~ 2.1 and 4, respectively. Enhanced extraction was also observed with a very simply fabricated quasiperiodic nanohole array, and surprisingly, with a random shallow design. The latter is at variance with simulations based on diffraction only. Results are discussed in terms of a, h, and structural parameters together with scattering matrix simulations to assess the effect of various PES parameters and the nanoparticle-embedded planarizing layer on η out . The experiments and simulations indicate contributions of diffraction, reflection, and scattering to EQE enhancement.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Pressure control of magnetic order and excitations in the pyrochlore antiferromagnet MgCr 2 ⁢O 4

MgCr 2 O 4 is one of the best-known realizations of the pyrochlore-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions are perturbed by small further-neighbor exchanges such that this compound may in principle realize a spiral spin liquid (SSL) phase in the zero-temperature limit. However, a spin Jahn-Teller transition below T N ≈ 13 K yields a complicated long-range magnetic order with multiple coexisting propagation vectors. We present neutron scattering and thermomagnetic measurements of MgCr 2 O 4 samples under applied hydrostatic pressure up to P = 1.7 GPa demonstrating the existence of multiple close-lying nearly degenerate magnetic ground states. We show that the application of hydrostatic pressure increases the ordering temperature by around 0.8 K per GPa and increases the bandwidth of the magnetic excitations by around 0.5 meV per GPa. We also evidence a strong tendency for the preferential occupation of a subset of magnetic domains under pressure. In particular, we show that the $k$ = (0,0,1) magnetic phase, which is almost negligible at ambient pressure, dramatically increases in spectral weight under pressure. This modifies the spectrum of magnetic excitations, which we interpret unambiguously as spin waves from multiple magnetic domains. Moreover, we report that the application of pressure reveals a feature in the magnetic susceptibility above the magnetostructural transition. We interpret this as the onset of a short-range ordered phase associated with $k$ = (0,0,1), previously not observed in magnetometry measurements.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Effects of axial boundary conductivity on a free Stewartson-Shercliff layer

The effects of axial boundary conductivity on the formation and stability of a magnetized free Stewartson-Shercliff layer (SSL) in a short Taylor-Couette device are reported. As the axial field increases with insulating endcaps, hydrodynamic Kelvin-Helmholtz-type instabilities set in at the SSLs of the conducting fluid, resulting in a much reduced flow shear. With conducting endcaps, SSLs respond to an axial field weaker by the square root of the conductivity ratio of endcaps to fluid. Flow shear continuously builds up as the axial field increases despite the local violation of the Rayleigh criterion, leading to a large number of hydrodynamically unstable modes. In conclusion, numerical simulations of both the mean flow and the instabilities are in agreement with the experimental results.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Constrained GAN-Generated X-Ray CT Data For Self-Supervised And Foundation-Model Segmentation Of Concrete Microstructures

Three-dimensional characterization of materials using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is challenging due to the complexity of internal structures, noise, and variations in resolution. Traditional computer vision models often struggle to accurately segment these images, particularly in domain-specific applications like materials science. While supervised deep learning approaches have been developed to address the limitations of conventional algorithms, they typically require large amounts of labeled training data and often fail to generalize across different datasets. Self-supervised, few-and zero-shot learning methods have gained prominence in natural image processing and segmentation tasks, but their application to scientific imaging remains limited due to the unique structural complexity, noise, and textural artifacts present in materials science data. In this work, we investigate how domain adaptation, leveraging physics-based and GAN-generated synthetic data, impacts segmentation performance. We introduce a modified Contrastive Unpaired Translation (CUT) model designed to generate realistic labeled data, which can be used for training, pre-training, and fine-tuning segmentation models for real XCT microstructure data. We evaluate the performance of two segmentation approaches: a self-supervised network (SSL-ALPNet) and a foundation model (Segment Anything Model), assessing their improvements when pre-trained and/or fine-tuned on the synthesized data. Our results demonstrate that leveraging synthetic data significantly enhances segmentation performance, particularly in challenging materials science applications.

Ziabari, Amir [ORNL] (ORCID:000000034776457X)↗

Vision Foundation Models in Remote Sensing: A survey

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have profoundly transformed the field of remote sensing (RS), revolutionizing data collection, processing, and analysis. Traditionally reliant on manual interpretation and task-specific models, RS research has been significantly enhanced by the advent of foundation models (FMs)—large-scale pretrained AI models capable of performing a wide array of tasks with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. This article provides a comprehensive survey of FMs in the RS domain. We categorize these models based on their architectures, pretraining datasets, and methodologies. Through detailed performance comparisons, we highlight emerging trends and the significant advancements achieved by those FMs. Additionally, we discuss technical challenges, practical implications, and future research directions, addressing the need for high-quality data, computational resources, and improved model generalization. Our research also finds that pretraining methods, particularly self-supervised learning (SSL) techniques like contrastive learning (CL) and masked autoencoders (MAEs), remarkably enhance the performance and robustness of FMs. This survey aims to serve as a resource for researchers and practitioners by providing a panorama of advances and promising pathways for the continued development and application of FMs in RS.

data models↗

Effects of Axial Boundary Conductivity on a Free Stewartson-Shercliff Layer

The effects of axial boundary conductivity on the formation and stability of a magnetized free Stewartson-Shercliff layer (SSL) in a short Taylor-Couette device are reported. As the axial field increases with insulating endcaps, hydrodynamic Kelvin-Helmholtz-type instabilities set in at the SSLs of the conducting fluid, resulting in a much reduced flow shear. With conducting endcaps, SSLs respond to an axial field weaker by the square root of the conductivity ratio of endcaps to fluid. Flow shear continuously builds up as the axial field increases despite the local violation of the Rayleigh criterion, leading to a large number of hydrodynamically unstable modes. Numerical simulations of both the mean flow and the instabilities are in agreement with the experimental results.

Shear flows↗

gait

SAND2022-6991 O gait is an extension to zeek, an open-source network analyzer that adds metadata to the existing connection and SSL logs. Most of this metadata is already exposed by the zeek script API. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Smutz, Charles↗

Estimating Sparse Direct Effects in Multivariate Regression With the Spike-and-Slab LASSO

The multivariate regression interpretation of the Gaussian chain graph model simultaneously parametrizes (i) the direct effects of p predictors on q outcomes and (ii) the residual partial covariances between pairs of outcomes. We introduce a new method for fitting sparse versions of these models with spike-and-slab LASSO (SSL) priors. We develop an Expectation Conditional Maximization algorithm to obtain sparse estimates of the p × q matrix of direct effects and the q × q residual precision matrix. Our algorithm iteratively solves a sequence of penalized maximum likelihood problems with self-adaptive penalties that gradually filter out negligible regression coefficients and partial covariances. Because it adaptively penalizes individual model parameters, our method is seen to outperform fixed-penalty competitors on simulated data. We establish the posterior contraction rate for our model, buttressing our method’s excellent empirical performance with strong theoretical guarantees. Using our method, we estimated the direct effects of diet and residence type on the composition of the gut microbiome of elderly adults.

EM algorithm↗

OLED Lighting Substrate and Encapsulation System for Breakthrough Cost Reductions

OLED lighting is predicted to contribute a significant part of the US energy savings that will result from the implementation of Solid-State Lighting (SSL). OLED lighting adoption is predicted to reach approximately 5% of the lighting market by 2020. The primary purpose of this study was to address a barrier in OLED lighting adoption, this being OLED production costs. This project enabled the elimination of the anode patterning steps, by physically insulating the cathode contact area from the blanket coated ITO anode. Furthermore, this technology eliminates the need to change shadow masks between the organic materials and the cathode, making the OLED deposition machines simpler, lower cost, and less prone to particle generation. Finally, the process developed here permits the creation of a perfectly hermetic seal thereby eliminating the cost of desiccant materials. In this project, we successfully developed an ultrasonic soldering process to create a perfectly hermetic metal-on-glass bond. This required the evaluation of many ultrasonic solder materials, soldering parameters, and solder hardware configurations. In addition, methods to evaluate the hermeticity of the solder seal were developed and successfully tested. Our work demonstrated the ability to make a hermetic solder seal between a device glass and a cover glass using a Cerasolzer 155 ultrasonic solder. The resulting process could be leveraged to almost any OLED configuration. As we did not have the opportunity to produce a significant quantity of OLED devices for environmental testing, hermeticity was verified by measuring helium leakage rates through the seal. A second facet of this project required the development of a patterned glass frit insulating barrier over surface of the anode. To accomplish this, the appropriate insulator formulation and geometry needed to be established. In addition, this insulator needed to be robust enough to hold up to the ultrasonic soldering process previously mentioned. Given the aggressive nature of the ultrasonic soldering process, it was a significant challenge to develop an insulator which would withstand the resulting solder cavitation. The frit material and firing process turned out to be quite expensive and time consuming which was a major contributor to the higher than anticipated cost of this technology. In the end, it was found that a Vanadium Phosphate glass frit provided the most reliable insulator over the ITO.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Hybrid Down-Converting Structures for Solid State Lighting

Achieving higher luminous efficacy in phosphor converted light emitting diodes (pcLED) requires breakthroughs in down-converting materials that provide high conversion efficiency, tunable narrow bandwidth emission, and temperature/chemical stability. While conventional bulk phosphors are currently the dominant down-converters used in high power solid-state lighting (SSL) applications, their performance is limited by intrinsic properties such as high scattering cross-sections and large emission bandwidth. On the other hand, conventional luminescent nanocrystals (e.g, quantum dots or QDs) have high self-absorption and poor thermal and chemical stability for HB LEDs. Ultimately, these materials will enable a new generation of solid state lighting devices with high luminous efficacies, high color and thermal stability, and with spectral efficiency near the theoretical maximum luminous efficacy of radiation (LER), as a result of their color tunability and narrow bandwidths (FWHM < 30nm).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

High Performance Green LEDs for Solid State Lighting

The development of white LEDs for solid state lighting (SSL) has been driven in recent years by phosphor converted LEDs (pc-LEDs). However, losses (known as Stokes’ losses) between the blue pump LED and phosphor impose a fundamental efficiency limit of ~300 lm/W on pc-LEDs. White light can also be generated from color mixed LEDs (cm-LEDs), which employ red, green, blue, and amber LEDs and have a fundamental efficiency limit of ~400 lm/W. Efficient group III-nitride materials are used for the blue LED, while efficient group III-phosphide materials are used for the red LED component. Currently, the poor efficiency of green and amber LEDs (i.e. the “green gap”) is the primary limitation for cm-LEDs. Relative to nitride-based blue LEDs, green and amber nitride LEDs suffer from lower radiative recombination rates and higher nonradiative recombination rates, which ultimately lead to reduced internal quantum efficiency (IQE). The IQE represents the portion of all electron-hole recombination events that result in a photon. In addition, long-wavelength LEDs have lower electrical efficiency (EE) compared to their blue counterparts. Addressing the green gap, would ultimately enable cm-LEDs that rival or exceed the performance of pc-LEDs. Our project focused on III-nitride materials growth and characterization, device fabrication and testing, and semiconductor physics to understand efficiency limitations of green LEDs and develop solutions to these challenges. Insights gained during our research has led to novel long-wavelength LED designs which will enable efficient solid-state lighting.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

Using Splunk® Enterprise Search Commands for Advanced Analysis of Ivanti Connect Secure© Logs

Analyzing the logs of even the smallest Information Technology (IT) system can be a challenge considering they can generate millions of lines of log data in a very short time. Splunk® Enterprise is an industry leading tool that allows analysis of log data, which can enhance troubleshooting capabilities, improve system performance, and improve the security posture of an IT system. Ivanti Connect Secure© (ICS) is a market-leading platform powered by the Ivanti Secure Socket Layer Virtual Private Network (SSL VPN) appliance, providing an architecture for secure access to and protection of network resources. This paper describes an approach for using Splunk Enterprise search capabilities to perform advanced data analysis of ICS logs.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Implementation of a Web Interface to Display Real-Time Statistics of a Dilution Refrigerator

The purpose of the project is to communicate with a Bluefors control unit and extract data. The Bluefors control unit is a piece of experimental equipment that measures various different data points in a dilution refrigerator and stores them. The goal was to access the control unit using the websockets library in Python. After accessing the control unit, the goal was to export the data to a web page in HTML/CSS. The tools that were used changed throughout the project. Python was used to communicate with the Bluefors unit via JSON requests and JSON objects, then the Python hosted its own websocket server to act as a proxy server to allow for the web page to access the data. This was done to bypass SSL verification. Then, the web page, which was created using JavaScript, React, Next.js, and NodeJS, accesses the proxy server to import the data from the dilution refrigerator and display the values in real time on the page.

Rasheed, Hammad↗

Building the next high voltage dc photogun polarized source for the ILC at JLab

During the ILC Global Design Effort (2007) two 200 kV high voltage photoguns based on an inverted insulator geometry were developed in 2010 and successfully tested at Jefferson Lab (JLab). One of the photoguns has been operated at 130 kV in the CEBAF accelerator for the JLab nuclear physics program. The inverted insulator replaces the electrode support structure, consequently significantly less metal prone to field emission is biased and surfaces contributing to the vacuum load are significantly reduced. Implementing a biased anode, and using a larger laser spot size has made this the state of the art polarized beam source with ~200 C charge lifetime from SSL GaAs photocathodes. However, operating at the design 200 kV voltage has been hindered by field emission at ~190 kV. To reliably operate without field emission requires lengthy conditioning applying 50-100 kV beyond the voltage needed for beam operations, without breakdown or damage to the insulator. Over the past decade, JLab has developed two photoguns with a larger version of the commercial inverted insulators used in the ILC design. One photogun operated at 300 kV for magnetized beam studies, and the concept has been implemented in the BNL polarized photogun. The second photogun has recently been installed in CEBAF to operate at 200 kV field emission free. Higher voltage photoguns help the ILC and CLIC achieve higher bunch charge (2013 TDR), and additionally provide margin for operating with shorter laser pulse length and/or smaller laser spot size (better emittance at higher peak current). Such photogun designs need to reach ~400 kV without breakdown or insulator damage to operate field emission free at > 300 kV. This also allows for direct injection into a SRF booster. JLab submitted a proposal to HEP for developing in partnership with industry an inverted geometry insulator to fit commercial 400 kV cables. This contribution describes JLab experience developing and testing high voltage photoguns, and what is needed to sufficiently condition for voltage levels higher than beam operational voltage.

Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos↗

Strained Superlattice photocathode development using CBE and MBE

High polarization electron beams for accelerators are generated using strained superlattice GaAs-based photocathodes. A collaboration of researchers at University of California Santa Barbara and Jefferson Lab has been investigating growth of SSL photocathodes using either chemical- or molecular-beam epitaxy (CBE or MBE) to re-establish a source of high polarization photocathode material. While calibrating growth parameters for the now standard GaAs/GaAsP strained superlattice structure, the UCSB personnel encountered the drawbacks of growing structures with phosphorus in a MBE or CBE system, including high vapor pressure byproducts, phosphorus contamination in both the GaAs layer and all subsequent materials grown in that chamber, and highly flammable and toxic chamber residues. For these reasons, the UCSB team began additionally investigating strained superlattices of InAlGaAs/AlGaAs, which has been successfully demonstrated in the literature1, to be a high QE, high polarization photocathode material. For GaAs/GaAsP, varying phosphorus content affects both the band gap and polarization. However for InAlGaAs/AlGaAs, In and Al content can be varied independently and allows optimization of both polarization and bandgap. Several variations on InAlGaAs/AlGaAs superlattice photocathodes, including those with distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structures to enhance QE, have been grown at UCSB and sent to Jefferson Lab for testing. The initial results are quite promising, with polarization over 80% and QE about 0.3%, and ongoing test results will be presented.

Stutzman, Marcy↗