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DOE OSTI2021

Cold ion beam in a storage ring as a platform for large-scale quantum computers and simulators: Challenges and directions for research and development

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of constructing a large-scale storage-ring-type ion-trap system capable of storing, cooling, and controlling a large number of ions as a platform for scalable quantum computing (QC) and quantum simulations. In such a trap, the ions form a crystalline beam moving along a circular path with a constant velocity determined by the frequency and intensity of the cooling lasers. In this paper, we consider a large leap forward in terms of the number of ions that serve as qubits in QC, from fewer than 100 available in state of the art linear ion-trap devices today to an order of 10 5 crystallized ions in the storage-ring setup. This new trap design unifies two different concepts: the storage rings of charged particles and the linear ion traps used for QC and mass spectrometry. In this paper, we use the language of particle accelerators to discuss the ion state and dynamics. We outline the differences between the above concepts, analyze challenges of the large ring with a revolving chain of ions, and propose goals for the research and development required to enable future quantum computers with 1000 times more qubits than available today. The challenge of creating such a large-scale quantum system while maintaining the necessary coherence of the qubits and the high fidelity of quantum logic operations is significant. Performing analog quantum simulations may be an achievable initial goal for such a device. Quantum calculations and simulations of complex quantum systems will move forward both the fundamental science and the applied research. Nuclear and particle physics, many-body quantum systems, lattice gauge theories, and nuclear structure calculations are just a few examples in which a large-scale quantum simulation system will become a very powerful tool to move forward our understanding of nature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2018

Preliminary Radiological Considerations for the Design and Operation of NSLS-II Storage Ring and Booster Synchrotron

Radiological conditions for the design and operation of NSLS II Storage Ring and Booster Synchrotron have been analyzed using the presently available design parameters. The Booster Synchrotron will be housed in the same tunnel as the Storage Ring at NSLS II. Calculations of the resulting radiation fields and required shielding have been made for normal stored beam loss and loss of beam during injection at the septum/extraction magnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Storage ring quantum computer

A system and method for storing information in a quantum computer using a quantum storage ring. The method comprises cooling ions in the quantum storage ring to a low temperature; and binding the ions into a lattice structure, forming an ion Coulomb crystal.

Brown, Kevin↗

DOE OSTI2023

Storage ring quantum computer

Brown, Kevin↗

DOE OSTI2022

Ultracold Storage Ring

The modern ring upgrades aim at reaching beam low emittance while paying little attention to the beam energy spread. The purpose of this note is to conjecture on a possibility of designing a storage ring with ultimately small energy spread. This might be of interest with respect to the following two applications: increasing brightness and coherence of radiation at higher harmonics of undulator radiation and a potential of building a soft X-ray FEL on a storage ring. Throughout the tech note we are taking a 3 GeV storage ring of the NSLS-II size as an example.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Experimental Study of a Single Electron in a Storage Ring via Undulator Radiation

A single electron orbiting around a ring and emitting single quanta at the rate of about one event per hundred turns could produce a wealth of information about physical processes in large traps (i.e. storage rings) for charged particles. It should be noted that Paul and Penning traps in the 1980s led to the Nobel prize for studying state and motion of single quantum particles, and just recently the Penning trap technique has enabled the measurement of a single proton magnetic moment with an unprecedented precision of 10 decimal places. The information from the storage ring traps could also be used for characterization of a quantum system as well as the "trap" itself, i.e. measuring properties of the storage ring lattice and electron interaction with the laser fields. Although, the interest in single electron quantum processes today is mostly academic in nature, the diagnostics and methodology developed for single electron radiation studies could find subsequent applications in a variety of applied disciplines in quantum technology, including quantum communications and quantum computing.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Angular dispersion enhanced prebunch for seeding ultrashort and coherent EUV and soft X-ray free-electron laser in storage rings

Prebunching is an effective technique to reduce the radiation saturation length and to improve the longitudinal coherence and output stability in storage-ring-based free-electron lasers (FELs). A novel technique is introduced which uses angular dispersion to enhance the high-harmonic bunching with very small laser-enabled energy spread. This technique can effectively reduce the radiation saturation length without significantly reducing the peak power of the FEL. Numerical simulations reveal that this technique can be used for the generation of 100 MW scale level, fully temporal coherent femtosecond extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation pulses through a 10 m-long undulator based on a diffraction-limited storage ring.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Storage ring nonlinear dynamics optimization with multi-objective multi-generation Gaussian process optimizer

Nonlinear beam dynamics optimization is essential in a low emittance storage ring design. Multi-objective optimization algorithms are needed in order to simultaneously optimize the dynamic aperture and the momentum aperture. In this study we demonstrate the application of a highly efficient stochastic optimization algorithm, the multi-generation Gaussian process optimizer (MG-GPO), to storage ring nonlinear dynamics optimization by successfully applying the method to the SPEAR3 upgrade lattice. It is shown that the new method, owing to its capability of selecting high rank candidates from a large number of trial solutions, converges significantly faster than the commonly used traditional algorithms, multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2016

Emerging Opportunities in High-Energy X-ray Science: The Diffraction-Limited Storage Ring Frontier

The worldwide march to electron storage rings with diffraction-limited photon properties in the X-ray regime is well underway. First out of the gate is MAX-IV in Sweden, scheduled for operation in 2016, followed by SIRIUS in Brazil in 2018; both are greenfield rings operating at 3 GeV with ~520 m circumference and emittances of ~250 pm-rad. They will be followed by the upgrade of ESRF, operating at 6 GeV with a target emittance of 150 pm-rad and operational date of 2020. The upgrade of the APS at Argonne National Laboratory (6 GeV, 60 pm-rad) is anticipated to follow shortly thereafter.

Almer, Jon↗

DOE OSTI2015

Safe operating conditions for NSLS-II Storage Ring Frontends commissioning

The NSLS-II Storage Ring Frontends are designed to safely accept the synchrotron radiation fan produced by respective insertion device when the electron beam orbit through the ID is locked inside the predefined Active Interlock Envelope. The Active Interlock is getting enabled at a particular beam current known as AI safe current limit. Below such current the beam orbit can be anywhere within the limits of the SR beam acceptance. During the FE commissioning the beam orbit is getting intentionally disturbed in the particular ID. In this paper we explore safe operating conditions for the Frontends commissioning.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Implementation of Maxwell's equations in the reconstruction of the magnetic field in the g -2 storage ring

We present a method for implementing the constraints that are implied by Maxwell's equations in fits to measurements of the magnetic field in the muon storage ring of the $g - 2$ experiment. The method that we use makes use of toroidal-harmonic solutions of Laplace's equation. We point out that the fitting problem can be approximated well as a linear-algebra problem. We have devised an efficient algorithm for the linear-algebra problem that makes it possible to find a solution for 10 5 data points and 10 4 harmonics in less than an hour on a present-day desktop computer. We illustrate our method by applying it to some preliminary measurements of the magnetic field in the $g - 2$ storage ring.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2011

Dynamic Aperture and Tolerances for PEP-X Ultimate Storage Ring Design

A lattice for the PEP-X ultimate storage ring light source, having 11 pm-rad natural emittance at a beam energy of 4.5 GeV at zero current, using 90 m of damping wiggler and fitting into the existing 2.2-km PEP-II tunnel, has been recently designed. Such a low emittance lattice requires very strong sextupoles for chromaticity correction, which in turn introduce strong non-linear field effects that limit the beam dynamic aperture. In order to maximize the dynamic aperture we choose the cell phases to cancel the third and fourth order geometric resonances in each 8-cell arc. Four families of chromatic sextupoles and six families of geometric (or harmonic) sextupoles are added to correct the chromatic and amplitude-dependent tunes. To find the best settings of the ten sextupole families, we use a Multi-Objective Genetic Optimizer employing elegant to optimize the beam lifetime and dynamic aperture simultaneously. Then we evaluate dynamic aperture reduction caused by magnetic field multipole errors, magnet fabrication errors and misalignments. A sufficient dynamic aperture is obtained for injection, as well as workable beam lifetime.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2016

NSLS-II storage ring insertion device and front-end commissioning and operation

The National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) is a state of the art 3 GeV third generation light source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. During spring/ summer of 2014, the storage ring was commissioned up to 50 mA without insertion devices. In the fall of 2014, we began commissioning of the project beamlines, which included seven insertion devices on six ID ports. Beamlines IXS, HXN, CSX-1, CSX-2, CHX, SRX, and XPD-1 consist of elliptically polarized undulator (EPU), damping wigglers (DW) and in-vacuum undulators (IVU) covering from VUV to hard x-ray range. In this paper, experience with commissioning and operation is discussed. We focus on reaching storage ring performance with IDs, including injection, design emittance, compensation of orbit distortions caused by ID residual field, source point stability, beam alignment and tools for control, monitoring and protection of the ring chambers from ID radiation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Low-Alpha Operation of the IOTA Storage Ring

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Low-alpha Operation of the Iota Storage Ring

Operation with ultra-low momentum-compaction factor (alpha) is a desirable capability for many storage rings and synchrotron radiation sources. For example, low-alpha lattices are commonly used to produce picosecond bunches for the generation of coherent THz radiation and are the basis of a number of conceptual designs for EUV generation via steady-state microbunching (SSMB). Achieving ultra-low alpha requires not only a high-level of stability in the linear optics but also flexible control of higher-order compaction terms. Operation with lower momentum-compaction lattices has recently been investigated at the IOTA storage ring at Fermilab. A procedure for lowering the ring compaction using the linear optics along with compensations from the higher-order magnets was developed with the aid of a model, and an experimental technique for measuring the momentum compaction was developed. The lowest momentum compaction achieved during the available run-time was $3.4\times10^{-4}$, around 15 times lower than previously operated. These feasibility studies ensure an improved experimental understanding of the IOTA optics and potentially will enable new research programs at the facility.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Dual Energy Electron Storage Ring Cooler Design for Relativistic Ion Beams

Collider experiments demand small beam emittances in order to achieve high luminosity. For light particles such as electrons, there exists a natural synchrotron radiation damping resulting in low emittance beams at equilibrium. In the case of heavy particle beams such as proton or ion beams, there is no significant synchrotron radiation damping effect and some cooling mechanism is needed to get to low emittance beams. A dual energy storage ring cooler is a novel concept proposed to cool hadron beams at higher energies. The design consists of two rings: a low energy ring and a high energy ring connected by the energy recovering linac (ERL) that provides the necessary energy difference. The low energy ring has an electron cooler where the cooling interaction takes place between the electron and hadron beams whereas electron beam going through the high energy ring undergoes synchrotron radiation damping. In this document, we present a possible design of a dual energy storage ring-based electron cooler for high energy proton beam cooling suitable for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) to be built at Brookhaven National laboratory (BNL). A special feature of a dual energy storage ring cooler design is that the electron beam energy in the low energy section must be tuned to match the hadron beam velocity in the cooling section, and the electron beam energy in the high energy section is chosen to provide an adequate synchrotron radiation damping. In addition, the ring optics design is carried out considering chromaticity correction, dynamic aperture, momentum aperture, beam lifetime, radiation damping and the intrabeam scattering effect. Finally, the cooling performance is simulated for 275 GeV proton beams at the top energy of the EIC. In such a collider it is desirable to cool the hadron beams to balance the emittance growth rates due to intra-beam scattering (IBS) to maintain a high luminosity during the collision runs. In such a situation, a dual energy storage ring based cooler could be a practical approach to be used for hadron beam cooling.

Dhital, Bhawin↗

DOE OSTI2016

Towards a 4{sup th} generation storage ring at the Canadian Light Source

Demands from beamline scientists for more brilliant sources of synchrotron radiation have resulted in the emergence of 4{sup th} generation (diffraction-limited) storage rings. The practical development of the multi-bend achromat (MBA) concept by MAX IV lab has spurred many synchrotron light sources around the world to develop similar machines. For existing facilities two options are available: upgrading existing machines or building a new structure. The Canadian Light Source (CLS) has explored both options. For a new low emittance source in the existing CLS tunnel a decrease in electron energy would be required. A machine similar to the ALS upgrade could be contemplated. To achieve low emittance at our present energy of 2.9 GeV a new storage ring is desirable. Several options have been investigated. These designs use extremely strong focusing magnets to achieve extremely low emittances in compact lattice achromats.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2016

How to Reach a Thousand-Second in-Plane Polarization Lifetime with 0.97 - GeV / c Deuterons in a Storage Ring

Here, we observe a deuteron beam polarization lifetime near 1000 s in the horizontal plane of a magnetic storage ring (COSY). This long spin coherence time is maintained through a combination of beam bunching, electron cooling, sextupole field corrections, and the suppression of collective effects through beam current limits. This record lifetime is required for a storage ring search for an intrinsic electric dipole moment on the deuteron at a statistical sensitivity level approaching 10 -29 $e$ cm.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗